第8章__国际贸易壁垒：关税

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,1,Part 2,International trade policy,国际贸易政策,2,Chapter 8,Trade Restrictions,：,Tariffs,（贸易壁垒：关税）,Main points of this chapter:,the concept of tariff,关税的概念,partial equilibrium analysis,of a tariff,关税的局部均衡分析,the rate of effective protection,有效保护率,general equilibrium analysis of a tariff,关税的一般均衡分析,the optimum tariff,最优关税,3,8.1 introduction,tariff:,a tax or duty levied on the traded commodity as,it crosses a national boundary.,关税,：对通过一国国境的贸易商品所课征的一种税收。,征收关税的目的,：,增加政府的财政收入（,revenue tariff,财政关税）；,保护本国的产品和市场（,protective tariff,保护关税）。,4,关税的种类,import duty (tariff),进口关税：对进口商品课征的关税；,export duty (tariff),出口关税：对出口商品课征的关税；,transit duty (tariff),过境关税：对途经本国关境，运往他国的外国商品课征的关税。,5,关税的征收方式,Ad Valorem Duty,从价税,：,a fixed percentage of the value of the traded commodity,；按贸易商品价值的固定百分比征收,;,Specific Duty,从量税,：,a fixed sum per physical unit of the traded commodity,；对每单位贸易商品征收固定税额；,Compound Duty,混合税,：,a combination of an ad valorem duty and a,specific duty,；同时采用从价、从量两种方法征收。,6,8.2A,partial equilibrium effects,of a tariff,关税的局部均衡效应（,small nation,）,经济学意义上的“小国”指的是该国在世界生产和贸易中所占的份额甚小，以至于其产量和贸易量的任何变化都不足以影响国际市场上商品的价格，它只能是世界价格的接受者。,7,a,S,1,图,8.1,小国关税的局部均衡效应,P,W,P,t,P*,P,X,E,S,2,D,2,D,1,X,0,M,1,M,2,b,c,d,S,X,D,X,A,H,B,S,F,J,C,D,M,N,T,S,F,+T,关税对小国消费量、产量、贸易量和财政收入的影响,Consumption effect of a tariff,关税消费效应,：,由关税带来的国内消,费的减少，即：,D1,D2,；,Trade effect of a tariff,关税收入效应：由关税所导致的,政府财政收入的增加，即：,c,。,Production effect of a tariff,关税生产效应：由关税导致的国,内生产的增加，即：,S2,S1,；,Trade effect of a tariff,关税贸易效应：由关税导致的进,口的减少，即：,M1,M2,；,8,Consumer surplus,：消费者购买一定数量的产品愿意支付的价格与实际支付的价格之间的差额；,Producer surplus,： 企业销售一定数量的商品愿意接受的价格与实际得到的价格之间的差额。,consumer surplus,producer surplus,E,P,P,E,Q,E,Q,D,S,F,G,o,Q,1,P,1,P,2,Q,2,P,1,P,2,8.2B,effect,of a tariff on consumer and producer surplus,消费者和生产者剩余的关税效应,9,1.,Tariff leads to a reduction in consumer surplus,(shaded area AGHB) : from ARB to GRH,消费者剩余减少梯形,AGHB,D,X,1,2,X,P,X,A,H,B,R,G,Q,1,Q,2,图,8.2,关税对消费者剩余的影响,征收关税前消费者剩余,为三角形,ARB,征收关税后消费者剩余,为三角形,GRH,10,征收关税前，生产者剩余,为三角形,0AC,征收关税后，生产者剩余,为三角形,0GJ,2.,Tariff leads to an increase in producer surplus,(shaded area AGJC) : from 0AC to 0GJ,S,X,P,X,10,20,X,2,C,A,1,V,J,U,G,0,生产者剩余增加梯形,AGJC,图,8.2,关税对生产者剩余的影响,11,P,Q,D,S,H,P,W,P,T,T,Q,1,C,G,Q,2,A,Q,3,B,Q,4,When small nation imposes a tariff,，,P,，,S,（供给） ，,D,（需求） ，,M,（进口）,自由贸易下，价格为,P,W,征收关税后，国内价格为,P,T,=P,W,+T,8.2C,Costs and Benefits,of a Tariff,关税的成本和利益,12,S,C,E,F,3,、,government tariff revenue: +c,1.,consumer surplus: -(a+b+c+d),8.2C,Costs and Benefits,of a Tariff,关税的成本和利益,P,Q,D,H,P,W,P,T,T,Q,1,G,Q,2,A,Q,3,B,Q,4,b,c,d,2.,producer surplus: +a,Deadweight loss (protection cost):,b+d,a,13,总结,：,小国征收关税，对生产者有利，损害消费者的利益，,整个国家存在净福利损失,b+d,其中,b,：生产净损失：多余的生产消耗,d,：消费净损失：获取消费者剩余机会的丧失。,14,习题,：,用局部均衡法作图分析，一小国取消关税后，其国内生产、消费、贸易量、生产者剩余、消费者剩余、政府收益及国民福利的变化，用字母表示。,15,8.3 the theory of tariff structure,关税结构理论,Definition of the rate of effective protection,有效保护率的定义,Measurement of the rate of effective protection,有效保护率的测度,Relationship between rate of effective protection and nominal rate of protection,有效保护率与名义保护率的关系,16,8.3A the rate of effective protection,有效保护率,名义保护率,t,（,nominal rate of protection,）,：,是指由进口的最终产品的关税所决定的一种保护率。,t=,（征税后的国内市场价国际市场价）,/,国际市场价,有效保护率,g,（,effective rate of protection,）：是指由进口的最终产品的关税和进口的中间产品的关税所共同决定的一种保护率，有效保护率反映了关税对国内进口竞争产业生产者的实际保护水平。,17,nominal tariff rate,is important to,consumers,it indicates how much the price of the final commodity increases as a result of the tariff.,effective tariff rate,is important to,producers,it indicates how much protection is actually provided to the domestic processing of the import-competing commodity.,18,Measurement of the rate of effective protection,有效保护率的测度,V:,domestic value added with a tariff on imports of final commodity and/or on imported inputs.,V:,domestic value added under free trade.,domestic value added=,the price of the final commodity,the cost,of the inputs,the rate of effective protection,（,g,）,measures the percentage increase in,domestic value added,as a result of tariff,.,19,the calculating formula of the rate of effective protection,有效保护率的计算公式,其中：,g=,对最终产品的有效保护率；,t=,对最终产品的名义保护率；,a,i,=,无关税时进口中间投入品,i,的成本与最终产品价格比率；,t,i,=,对进口中间投入品,i,征收的关税率。,在上例中：,t=,0.5,，,a,i,=,0.8,，,t,i,=,0.25,，因此有：,g=,(0.5-0.80.25)/(1-0.8),150,20,If,a,i,=0,，,g=t,；,For given values of,a,i,and,t,i,，,g,is larger the greater is the value of,t,；,For given values of,t,and,t,i,，,g,is larger the greater is the value of,a,i,；,The value of,g,exceeds, is equal to, or is smaller than,t, as t,i,is smaller than, equal to, or larger than,t,；,When,a,i,t,i,exceeds,t,g,is negative.,8.3B the relationship between,g,and,t,21,如果,a,i,=0,，则,g=t,；,对给定的,a,i,和,t,i,值，,t,越大，则,g,越大；,对给定的,t,和,t,i,，,a,i,的值越大，则,g,越大；,当,t,i,小于、等于或大于,t,时，则,g,值大于、等于或小于,t,；,若,a,i,t,i,t,则,g0,8.3B the relationship between,g,and,t,22,8.4 General equilibrium analysis of a tariff in a small country,Small country,: the nation is too small to affect world prices by its trading.,Large country:,the nation is,large enough to affect world prices by its trading.,23,8.4B illustration of the effects of a tariff,in a small country,小国关税效应分析,From figure 8.5, we can see,:,free trade equilibrium:,Pw=1,producing point: B,consuming point:,E,import 60X, export 60 Y,tariff trade equilibrium,:,Pw=1,producing point: F,（进口品,X,的国内价格上升，生产增加，替代进口；出口品,Y,的生产减少，出口下降）,consuming point:,H,import 30X,（,GH,）, export 30Y,（,FG,）,HH:,政府关税收入,From E to H,Deadweight loss E-H,24,8.4B illustration of the effects of a tariff,in a small country,小国关税效应分析,From figure 8.5, we can see,:,free trade equilibrium:,Pw=1,producing point: B,consuming point:,E,import 60X, export 60 Y,tariff trade equilibrium,:,Pw=1,producing point: F,（进口品,X,的国内价格上升，生产增加，替代进口；出口品,Y,的生产减少，出口下降）,consuming point:,H,import 30X,（,GH,）, export 30Y,（,FG,）,HH:,政府关税收入,From E to H,Deadweight loss E-H,25,8.6 the optimum tariff,最优关税,the optimum tariff,: rate of tariff that maximizes the net benefit resulting from the improvement in the nations terms of trade against the negative effect resulting from reduction in the volume of trade.(,使得一国贸易条件的改善相对于其贸易量减少的负面影响的净所得最大化的关税率,),26,partial equilibrium,effects of a tariff in a large country,Q,P,S,D,P,W,P,W,P,T,T,A,B,C,G,Q1,Q3,Q4,Q2,e,e,部分代表征税后进口费用,节约的部分，也就是国际贸,易条件改善而获得的 福利。,称为贸易条件效应。,大国的征收关税净效应,要通过比较,b+d,与,e,的值。,a,b,c,d,27,the optimum tariff ( t*),Large nation: when Max e-(b+d), t=t*,Small nation: t*=0,