获得性免疫接种的方式课件

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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,获得性免疫,接种,的方式,那些方式应用于那些情况,不同方式免疫接种的优缺点,免疫接种的风险和益处,获得性免疫接种的方式,IMMUNIZATION,免疫接种免疫学预防,IMMUNIZATION免疫接种免疫学预防,获得性免疫接种的方式课件,百日咳,白喉,腮腺炎,麻疹,百日咳白喉腮腺炎麻疹,获得性免疫接种的方式课件,Edward Jenner,Louis Pasteur,Jenner 和 Pasteur , 著名的免疫学家,公认为免疫接种和主动免疫的先驱。,Edward JennerLouis PasteurJenn,患天花的小儿 (Infant with smallpox),1979,年WHO宣布在全球范围内消灭了天花病毒。,患天花的小儿 (Infant with smallpox),患脊髓灰质炎的儿童 (Child with polio sequelae WHO),WHO 宣称将在,2003,年在全球消灭脊髓灰质炎,患脊髓灰质炎的儿童 (Child with polio se,Mycobacterium tuberculosis.,HIV,许多引起高死亡率和高发病率的疾病的控制有了极大的进展,但是,仍迫切需要大量的疫苗预防其他的疾病。每年,世界上仍有数以百万的人死于疟疾(,malaria,), 结核(,tuberculosis,)和爱滋病 (,AIDS,), 原因是没有有效的疫苗来控制这些疾病。到九十年代末,已有40,000,000人死于爱滋病,9,000,000 的儿童沦为孤儿。,Four Plasmodium species are responsible for human,malaria,P. falciparum, P.vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae,Mycobacterium tuberculosis. H,需要增加现行疫苗的,安全性和有效性,,还需寻找低成本的途径,使其有效的应用, 尤其是,发展中的国家,。WHO估算,大约有,20%-30%,的儿童死于能够用现行的疫苗预防的疾病。,需要增加现行疫苗的安全性和有效性,还需寻找,免疫接种 IMMUNIZATION,免疫接种(Immunization),是一种对,常见,的和,致病,的病原提供,特异性,的保护作用(,specific protection,) 。特异性免疫可通过两种方式获得:,被动免疫,(,passive,)或,主动免疫,(,active,),它们都可通过天然 (,natural,)和人工 (,artificial,)的途径获得 。,免疫接种 IMMUNIZATION 免疫接种,免疫Immunity,天然 Innate,获得性Acquired,被动 Passive,主动Active,人工Artificial,天然Natural,人工Artificial,天然Natural,免疫接种的方式 (Modes of immunization),免疫Immunity天然 Innate获得性Acquired,Acquisition of passive and active immunity,Type Acquired through,被动免疫,来自母亲的抗体,免疫球蛋白,抗毒素,主动免疫,自然感染,疫苗,减毒的微生物,灭活的微生物,纯化的微生物的分子,克隆化的微生物抗原,(单独或与插入载体 ),多价符合疫苗,类毒素,Acquisition of passive and act,1. Diphtheria 白喉 2. Pertussis 百日咳 3 .Tetanus 破伤风 4. mohilus 流感,5. Poliovirus 脊髓灰质炎 6. Mumps 流行性腮腺炎 7. Measles 麻疹 8. Rubella 风疹,Pre and post vaccine incidence of common infectious diseases,Post,Pre,10,2,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10,4,10,6,0,Number of cases,1. Diphtheria 白喉 2. Pertussis,免疫接种的里程碑 Milestones in immunization,3000BC,2000BC,1500BC,1700AC,1780AC,1885AC,*,埃及 鼻吸 粉状天花痂,(sniffing powdered small pox crust ),*,中国 鼻吸 天花痂 ( Sniffing of small pox crust ),*,天花接种传入土耳其,*,天花接种传入英国,后传入美国,*,Edward Jenner,发现天花疫苗,*,Pasteur 发现狂犬病减毒疫苗( rabies attenuated vaccine),Variolation:天花接种或牛痘接种,免疫接种的里程碑 Milestones in immuniz,Emial von Behring and Hidesaburo Kitasato were the first to show that immunity elicited in one animal can be,transferred,to another by injecting it with,serum,from the first.,von Behring,18-1 Passive Immunity,Emial von Behring and Hidesab,机体接受抗原,产生抗体,Pre and post vaccine incidence of common infectious diseases,白喉 Diphtheria,falciparum, P.,First response to antigen B,Secondary response to antigen白喉,produced by the body following exposure to antigens.,乙肝Hepatitis B,1 in 100-300 doses,人免疫球蛋白 Pooled human immune gamma globulin,WHO 宣称将在2003年在全球消灭脊髓灰质炎,白喉Diphtheria, 破伤风tetanus,百日咳pertussis,First response to antigen B,免疫接种(Immunization)是一种对常见的和致病的病原提供特异性的保护作用( specific protection ) 。,2) 对所有保护性抗原均产生免疫应答,不同于抗原性发生改变的死疫苗的。,*Edward Jenner 发现天花疫苗,破伤风 Tetanus,The wild type (non-vaccine) strain of polio has recently been declared to be wiped out from the Western Hemisphere.,von Behring,Wild poliovirus 1988,18-1 被动免疫( Passive Immunity),将一个免疫了的供体(immune donor)的血清或免疫球蛋白(,gamma-globulins,)转入到一个未免疫的个体.,没有抗原刺激免疫系统,天然naturally,人工artificially,被动免疫,Passive Immunity,免疫细胞,?,机体接受抗原,产生抗体18-1 被动免疫( Passive,I,天然被动免疫,:,母亲通过胎盘将,IgG、,通过初乳将,IgA,传给婴儿。,Immunity is transferred from,mother,to,fetus,through,placental,transfer of,IgG,or,colostral,transfer of,I,gA,.,I 天然被动免疫: 母亲通过胎盘将IgG、通,急性感染,(diphtheria, tetanus, measles, rabies, etc.),中毒,(insects, reptiles, botulism),预防措施,(,hypogammaglobulinemia,).,破伤风抗毒素,(马血清),异源 Heterologous,?,同源Homologous,II,人工被动免疫,人工注射人的,球蛋白(gamma-globulins)或免疫动物的,球蛋白。,急性感染 (diphtheria, tetanus, mea,Artificially acquired,passive,immunity,异种,gamma-球蛋白,常常导致病理,合并症,(血清病)和,过敏反应,。,人的gamma-球蛋白是最理想的;,其他来源的特异性抗体用于: 中毒、白喉、破伤风、气性坏疽、波特淋菌等重度病症;,有,立即,提供保护的优势,但是,短期,有效;,同源性免疫球蛋白则具有传播,肝炎和爱滋病,的风险。,Artificially acquired passive,马血清,抗毒素,的两重性:,2、异种抗原,可刺激机体产生抗马血清抗体。,1、特异性抗体-中和毒素,马血清抗毒素的两重性:2、异种抗原,可刺激机体产生抗马血清抗,1. 免疫,缺陷,(Deficiency) :先天或后天B细胞缺陷导致的抗体合成障碍或合并其他免疫缺陷。,2.,易感人群,接触或可能接触某种疾病,而,时间,不允许主动免疫产生足够的保护作用。,3. 疾病,已经存在,,抗体起改善和帮助抑制毒素作用,如破伤风。,下列情况需应用被动免疫:,1. 免疫缺陷 (Deficiency) :先天或后天B细胞,Disease Agent,Black widow spider bite,黑寡妇蜘蛛咬伤,Botulism 波特淋菌中毒,Diphtheria 白喉,Hepatitis A and B,甲肝和乙肝,Measles 麻疹,Rabies 狂犬病,Snake bite 蛇咬伤,Teranus 破伤风,马抗蛇毒血清 Horse antivenin,马抗蛇毒血清 horse antivenin,马抗毒素血清 Horse antivenin,人免疫球蛋白 Pooled human immune gamma globulin,人免疫球蛋白 Pooled human immune gamma globulin,人免疫球蛋白 Pooled human immune gamma globulin,马抗蛇毒血清 Horse antivenin,人免疫球蛋白 Pooled human immune gamma globulin 或 马抗毒素,Common agents used for passive immunization,Disease,!,某些疾病(癌、,cancer,免疫缺陷,immunodeficiency,)可进行细胞免疫(,cell-mediated immunity,)的被动转入。然而很难发现,组织相容性,(,matched,) 的供体(,donors,),并有,移植物抗宿主反应,(graft versus host disease)的巨大风险。,被动免疫不能激活免疫系统,所以,,不能产生记忆,反应,其保护作用是,短暂,的。,!某些疾病(癌、cancer, 免疫缺陷 immunodef,Advantages and Disadvantages of Passive Immunization,作用迅速,作用时间短,血清病,感染肝炎和爱滋病,移植物抗宿主反应 Graft vs. Host disease (只见于细胞免疫),Advantages Disadvantages,Advantages and Disadvantages o,18-2 Active Immunity,机体接受,抗原,,产生抗体,produced by the body following exposure to,antigens,.,Naturally 天然 Artificially 人工,Active Immunity,主动免疫,18-2 Active Immunity机体接受抗原,产生抗,免疫缺陷 (Deficiency) :先天或后天B细胞缺陷导致的抗体合成障碍或合并其他免疫缺陷。,每年,世界上仍有数以百万的人死于疟疾(malaria), 结核(tuberculosis)和爱滋病 ( AIDS), 原因是没有有效的疫苗来控制这些疾病。,Smallpox virus,Polio Statistics,for vaccine-preventable diseases,Pre and post vaccine incidence of common infectious diseases,I SMALLPOX (Variola),急性感染 (diphtheria, tetanus, measles, rabies, etc.,1 in 2-3 doses,到九十年代末,已有40,000,000人死于爱滋病,9,000,000 的儿童沦为孤儿。,falciparum, P.,Hepatitis A and B,-克隆到酵母菌( yeast),Inactivated,下列情况需应用被动免疫:,温度敏感 temperature sensitive,在流感发病过程中, TS基因(TS gene)可在实验室进行重排,产生一株病毒,它具有现在流行株的外壳,和减毒株的内部蛋白。,免疫接种的方式 (Modes of immunization),毒素基团,*Pasteur 发现狂犬病减毒疫苗( rabies attenuated vaccine),Exposure to different pathogens,leads to sub-clinical or clinical,infections,which result in a,protective,immune response against these pathogens.,I,天然自动免疫:,自然,感染或接触不同的病原性因子,引起亚临床或临床感染,机体可产生对这些致病因子的,保护性免疫,。,免疫缺陷 (Deficiency) :先天或后天B细胞缺陷导,用于主动免疫的疫苗(,Vaccines,)包括,活,的 ( 减毒attenuated ) 微生物,杀,死,的微生物,微生物的,成分,,,分泌的毒素(,toxins,)( 脱毒的毒素detoxified ).,II,人工自动免疫:,通过注射等途径将,活的或死,的致病菌或其,成分,导入人体, 而获得的免疫称为人工自动免疫。,用于主动免疫的疫苗( Vaccines )包,抗原 (Ag),与T细胞结合,激活T细胞,记忆T细胞,活化的T杀伤细胞,与B细胞结合,诱导B细胞释放抗体,记忆B细胞,活化的B细胞,抗体,抗原 (Ag)与T细胞结合,激活T细胞记忆T细胞活化的T杀,免疫记忆 Immunologic memory,A,B,白喉vaccine,D,E,Anti-,白喉,antibody,白喉,Bm cell,Anti-,白喉,antibody against,白喉,白喉,Bm cell,免疫记忆 Immunologic memoryAAnti,days,First response to antigen,白喉,白喉 vaccine,immunity,白喉,Antigen,B,immunity,Antibody concentration,First response to antigen,B,Secondary response to antigen,白喉,daysFirst response to antigen白,多价抗原,Surface antigen,Toxic antigen,多价抗原Surface antigen,多价抗原,Surface antigen,Toxic antigen,Surface antigen,vaccine,多价抗原Surface antigenSurface ant,多价抗原,多价抗原,VACCINES: PAST SUCCESSES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS,活疫苗,病毒疫苗,脊髓灰质炎 , 麻疹, 腮腺炎, 风疹, 甲肝, 黄热病,结核,(,Mycobacterium bovis,: BCG).,活菌疫苗(唯一),死病毒疫苗,( 加热, 化学或紫外光照射),脊髓灰质炎, 流感, 狂犬病,伤寒, 霍乱, 瘟疫, 百日咳,死疫苗,死菌疫苗,(大多数细菌),VACCINES: PAST SUCCESSES AND F,Comparison of attenuated (live) and inactivated (killed) vaccines,Characteristic Attenuated vaccine Inactivated vaccine,制备,接种次数,诱导的免疫类型,恢复倾向,筛选无毒株:,有毒株在逆环境中培养,或将人的毒株在其它宿主中连续传代,一般仅需要一次,相对稳定性,不稳定,体液免疫和细胞免疫,可以回复为毒株,通过化学或照射 (,g,ray),灭活毒株,需要多次接种,较稳定,体液免疫,不回复为毒株,Comparison of attenuated (live,3) 可用于免疫缺陷的病人,0 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000000,Maximum cases,Botulism 波特淋菌中毒,WHO估算,大约有20%-30%的儿童死于能够用现行的疫苗预防的疾病。,流感病毒 influenza virus,*Edward Jenner 发现天花疫苗,白喉 Diphtheria,The last known person in the world to have smallpox of any kind.,人免疫球蛋白 Pooled human immune gamma globulin,New methods of vaccine production,The wild type (non-vaccine) strain of polio has recently been declared to be wiped out from the Western Hemisphere.,Characteristic Attenuated vaccine Inactivated vaccine,Measles 麻疹,Variolation:天花接种或牛痘接种,18-1 Passive Immunity,The wild type (non-vaccine) strain of polio has recently been declared to be wiped out from the Western Hemisphere.,New methods of vaccine production,I 减毒活疫苗 Attenuated Vaccines,百日咳 pertussis,微生物片段疫苗 (Microbial Fragment Vaccines),乙型肝炎病毒,-克隆到酵母菌( yeast),流感杆菌,百日咳,脑膜炎球菌,肺炎球菌,-细胞壁成分,破伤风梭菌,-灭活毒素 (类毒素toxoid ),白喉棒状杆菌,-灭活毒素 ( 类毒素 toxoid ),霍乱弧菌,-毒素亚单位,波得特,百日咳,-毒性因子蛋白,流感嗜血杆菌,-蛋白连接到多糖,肺炎链球菌,-多糖复合物,奈氏脑膜炎双球菌,-多糖,病毒疫苗 (hepatitis-B, rabies,etc,.)含有克隆到合适载体(vector)中的抗原蛋白,3) 可用于免疫缺陷的病人微生物片段疫苗 (Microbi,毒素,类毒素,化学修饰,毒素基团,抗原决定基,化学修 饰,当致病作用是由毒素引起的,可把毒素处理为类毒素作为疫苗,如白喉,破伤风和霍乱等。,毒素 类毒素 化学修饰 毒素基团,Comparison of maximum and current morbidity,for vaccine-preventable diseases,Disease,Maximum cases,Year,1992,Percentage change,白喉 Diphtheria,麻疹 Measles,腮腺炎 Mumps,百日咳 pertussis,脊髓灰质炎,Polio (paralytic),风疹 Rubella,CRS,破伤风 Tetanus,乙型流感 Heamophilus,influenzae type B,乙型肝炎 Hepatitis B,206,939,694,134,152,209,265,269,21,269,57,686,20,000,1,560,20,000,26,611,1921,1941,1968,1934,1952,1969,1964, 65,1923,1984,1985,4,2,237,2,572,4,083,4,160,11,45,1,412,16,126,99.99,99.75,98.31,98.46,99.98,99.72,99.95,97.12,92.94,39.40,Comparison of maximum and curr,0 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000000,白喉 Diphtheria,1921,风疹 Rubella,1969,脊髓灰质炎 Polio (paralytic),1952,百日咳 pertussis,1934,腮腺炎 Mumps,1968,麻疹 Measles,1941,报道的病例数 Number of reported cases,0 例,美国报道的几种病在高峰年 和1996年 的病例数相比,0 10 100,天花病毒,Smallpox virus,The mummified head of Ramses V (died 1157 BCE) with rash that is probably the result of smallpox,18-3 PAST SUCCESSES,I SMALLPOX (Variola),天花病毒The mummified head of Ram,The last known person in the world to have smallpox of any kind. Variola minor in 23-year-old Ali Maow Maalin, Merka,Somalia,The last case of natural smallpox in,U.K,. occurred in the,1930s,; the last in,U.S.A.,was in the,1940s,. The last natural case in the world was in,Somalia,and occurred in October,1977.,The last known person in the w,1),没有动物感染源和病毒储存的场所,2),终生免疫,3),亚临床症状极少,4),明显症状出现前没有传染性,5),一种天花血清型,6),疫苗效果显著,7),政府承担主要的义务,天花免疫预防成功的原因,Reasons for success of smallpox vaccination,1) 没有动物感染源和病毒储存的场所 天花免疫预防成功的原,In,western,countries polio is no longer a problem but it is still a major problem in,less developed countries,though some have had very major successes e.g. Cuba, Nicaragua . The wild type (non-vaccine) strain of polio has recently been declared to be wiped out from the,Western Hemisphere,.,Polio Virus,II POLIO,In western countries polio is,Polio Statistics,Wild poliovirus 1988,Know poliovirus transmission,Polio Statistics Wild poliovir,Polio Statistics,Wild poliovirus 1998,Know poliovirus transmission,Polio Statistics Wild poliovir,美国报道的几种病在高峰年 和1996年 的病例数相比,Smallpox virus,Sabin 脊髓灰质炎疫苗,Pre and post vaccine incidence of common infectious diseases,Mild/moderate systemic,0 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000000,Variola minor in 23-year-old Ali Maow Maalin, Merka, Somalia,-克隆到酵母菌( yeast),I SMALLPOX (Variola),患天花的小儿 (Infant with smallpox),The last known person in the world to have smallpox of any kind.,( foreign host),有立即提供保护的优势,但是短期有效;,1) 许多接种者不产生免疫反应,3) 扩散未标化的疫苗,von Behring,马抗蛇毒血清 horse antivenin,免疫接种的方式 (Modes of immunization),获得性免疫接种的方式,Measles 麻疹 8.,Victims of polio WHO,美国报道的几种病在高峰年 和1996年 的病例数,18-4 Common currently used anti-viral vaccines,流行性感冒Influenza,Inactivated,风疹Rubella,Attenuated,轮状病毒Rotavirus,Attenuated,水痘Varicella,Attenuated,甲肝Hepatitis A Inactivated,乙肝Hepatitis B Subunit,脊髓灰质炎Polio,Inactivated,Attenuated,狂犬病Rabies,first attenuated,inactivated,鸡胚,培养细胞,大量突变病毒,原代猴肾细胞,减毒,繁殖快,生长迅速,I,减毒活疫苗 Attenuated Vaccines,生长迅速,无毒性,只在非神经组织(,non-nervous,)中生长(肾),不在CNS生长,Sabin 疫苗,Sabin polio vaccine,传代病毒于其他宿主,( foreign host),鸡胚培养细胞大量突变病毒原代猴肾细胞减毒繁殖快,生长迅速I,牛分支杆菌,Mycobacterium bovis,置于含胆汁的培养基,逐渐增加胆汁的浓度,13年,卡介苗 Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG),在胆汁中适应性生长,充分减毒成为预防肺结核的疫苗。,牛分支杆菌置于含胆汁的培养基,逐渐增加胆汁的浓度13年卡介苗,1 减毒的分子基础 Molecular basis of attenuation,温度敏感 temperature sensitive,grow better at 32-35,degrees than 37 degrees,冷适应cold adapted,grow as low as 25 degrees,脊髓灰质炎I型减毒疫苗,基因组57个碱基改变,21个氨基酸改变,减毒疫苗是由病毒表面蛋白发生改变产生的,!,1 减毒的分子基础 Molecular basis of,Molecular basis of attenuation,减毒鼻疫苗,attenuated nasal vaccine,冷适应疫苗,cold-adapted vaccine,culture,cells,渐进性低温传代,12代,或12代以上,只在25C,生长良好,限制病毒在上呼吸道,流感病毒 influenza virus,Molecular basis of attenuation,用5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil)突变并经过筛选温度敏感而获得的流感病毒A和RSV,温度敏感突变株,(Temperature-sensitive mutants).,在流感发病过程中,,TS基因,(TS gene)可在实验室进行,重排,,产生一株病毒,它具有现在,流行株的外壳,,和,减毒株,的,内部蛋白,。,New methods of vaccine production,*,基因重排,用5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil),Attenuated influenza vaccine strain using a cold-sensitive mutant that can be reassorted with new virulent strains,NA:神经氨酸酶,HA:血凝素 (中和抗体的靶位),Attenuated influenza vaccine s,减毒株,新的毒株(流行株),重排病毒,(新疫苗),基因重排,减毒株新的毒株(流行株)重排病毒基因重排,2 Advantages of attenuated vaccines,1),激活免疫系统的所有时相。 可产生体液IgG和局部IgA。,2),对所有保护性抗原均产生免疫应答,不同于抗原性发生改变的死疫苗的。,3),免疫性持久,交叉反应多,4),成本低,5),在大多数的疫苗接种者中可迅速产生免疫性,6),接种方便,如 polio and adenovirus vaccines,7),容易运输,8),可在某一群体内消除野型病毒,2 Advantages of attenuated vac,produced by the body following exposure to antigens.,人免疫球蛋白 Pooled human immune gamma globulin,人免疫球蛋白 Pooled human immune gamma globulin,杀死的微生物,produced by the body following exposure to antigens.,I 减毒活疫苗 Attenuated Vaccines,免疫接种的方式 (Modes of immunization),化学修 饰,in the United States, January-December 1999,纯化的微生物的分子,in the United States, January-December 1999,Variola minor in 23-year-old Ali Maow Maalin, Merka, Somalia,有立即提供保护的优势,但是短期有效;,Sabin 脊髓灰质炎疫苗,1) 没有动物感染源和病毒储存的场所,Mild/moderate systemic,Variolation:天花接种或牛痘接种,不同方式免疫接种的优缺点,Maximum cases,Cuba, Nicaragua .,1),突变,复毒,2),扩散到其他没有接种的人,3),扩散未标化的疫苗,4),很难传入到热带地区,5),对免疫缺陷病无能为力,3 Disadvantages of Attenuated vaccine,produced by the body following,1),产生充分的体液免疫,2),不出现突变和复毒,3),可用于免疫缺陷的病人,4),一般在热带地区活性不受影响,1 Advantages of inactivated vaccine,II,inactivated Vaccines,1) 产生充分的体液免疫1 Advantages of in,1),许多接种者不产生免疫反应,2),需要多次免疫,3),无局部免疫,4),成本高,5),猴子短缺,6),灭活失败,接种病毒的毒株,2 Disadvantages of inactivated vaccines,1) 许多接种者不产生免疫反应 2 Disadvantage,肌肉注射灭活的(左)和口服减毒活的(右)脊髓灰质炎疫苗后产生的分泌型抗体(鼻部和肠道IgA)和血清抗体(血清IgG,IgM和IgA).,肌肉注射灭活的(左)和口服减毒活的(右)脊髓灰质炎疫苗后产生,引起发烧,不适,有的可以引起关节痛,关节炎( rubella), 抽搐 , 和致死 (pertussis), or 神经紊乱 (influenza).,18-7,疫苗应用的副作用 undesirable,effect of Vaccines),对鸡蛋产生过敏反应Allergies是接种了在鸡蛋里制备的病毒疫苗 (measles, mumps, influenza, yellow fever)的后果.,引起发烧,不适,有的可以引起关节痛,关节炎( rubella,Event,Frequency,Local,红, 肿, 痛,1 in 2-3 doses,Mild/moderate systemic,热,嗜睡 , 烦躁,1 in 2-3 doses,呕吐, 厌食,1 in 5-15 doses,More serious systemic,持续哭闹, 发烧,1 in 100-300 doses,虚脱, 抽搐,1 in 1750 doses,急性脑病,1 in 100,000 doses,永久性的神经损伤,1 in 300,000 doses,DTP( diphtheria-tetanus-polio)免疫后引起的一些副反应的发生率,EventFrequencyLocal红, 肿, 痛1 in,18-8 Active Immunization,Recommended childhood immunization schedule,in the United States, January-December 1999,Vaccine,Age,Birth 1mo 2mos 4mos 6mos 12mos 15mos 18mos 4-6 yrs,乙肝Hepatitis B,白喉Diphtheria, 破伤风tetanus,百日咳pertussis,流感,H.influenzae, type b,脊髓灰质炎Poliovirus,轮状病毒Rotavirus,麻疹Measles, 腮腺炎mumps,风疹rubella,水痘Varicella,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,18-8 Active ImmunizationRecomm,Sabin 脊髓灰质炎疫苗,三种(型)减毒脊髓灰质炎病毒,糖丸 (糖浆),口服,sIgA,Th,巨噬细胞,IgA,sIgA,浆细胞,B,M细胞,上皮细胞,辅助,野型病毒,Sabin 脊髓灰质炎疫苗三种(型)减毒脊髓灰质炎病毒糖丸,Teranus 破伤风,1 in 2-3 doses,II POLIO,I 减毒活疫苗 Attenuated Vaccines,脊髓灰质炎 Polio (paralytic),Know poliovirus transmission,脊髓灰质炎Polio,Rabies 狂犬病,Polio Virus,II POLIO,1979年WHO宣布在全球范围内消灭了天花病毒。,18-3 PAST SUCCESSES,grow better at 32-35,Pre and post vaccine incidence of common infectious diseases,mohilus 流感,(单独或与插入载体 ),疾病已经存在,抗体起改善和帮助抑制毒素作用,如破伤风。,灭活的微生物,急性感染 (diphtheria, tetanus, measles, rabies, etc.,grow better at 32-35,sIgA,三种(型) Sabin 脊髓灰质炎疫苗,糖丸,第一次口服,第二次口服,第三次,?,Teranus 破伤风sIgA三种(型) Sabin 脊髓,
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