英汉对比之刚性与柔性ppt课件

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Lecture 3,刚性与柔性,Rigid vs. Supple,一、英语的刚性,英语有综合语的特点，受形态约束，其语法具有刚性，没有弹性。,汉语是分析语，不受形态约束，其语法具柔性，富于弹性。,上述差异构成英汉互译和中国学生英语写作的错误之源。比如：,E.g. Run-on sentences,Because of,AIDS only have the four infect ways, we stay with HIV carriers is safety,（,It is safe for us to because there are only four channels for HIV to spread. ,）,.,（一）英语基本句型及其扩展句型,英语的刚性体现在句子有,严谨的主谓结构,。,即：,名词性短语（,NP,）,+,动词性短语（,VP,）。,主语,+,谓语,注意：主语不可或缺，谓语动词是句子的轴心，两者协调一致（,S-V concord,）。,特点：,英语句子主次分明，层次清楚，前呼后应，严密规范，句式呈“聚集型”（,compactness,）。,Fragments,破碎句,/,碎片句,若主谓结构不完整，只有词、短语或从句，,则称为破碎句,/,碎片句（,fragments,）。,E.g.,1) Then how to solve the problem?,2) Avoiding using Chinese thinking way to make English sentence.,As we all known, AIDS is.,尽管英语句子错综复杂，千变万化，但其主谓结构可以归结为五种基本句型：,SV, SVP, SVO, SVoO, SVOC.,注意：,从句的三大成分缺一不可,conj. + S + PV,When I going (X),As we all known, AIDS is.(X),基本句型一：主语,+,动词,SV,The telephone rang.,The meeting has begun.,基本句型二：主语,+,动词,+,表语,SVP,We are students.,She appeared cheerful.,基本句型三：主语,+,动词,+,宾语,SVO,Labor created man.,The news surprised me.,基本句型四：主语,+,动词,+,间接宾语,+,直接宾语,SVoO,She sang us a song.,I sent him a letter.,基本句型五：主语,+,动词,+,宾语,+,宾语补足语,SVOC,He painted the door green.,We elected him our monitor.,英语各种长短句均可看成是这五种基本句型及其变式、扩展、组合、省略、倒装。,1,基本句型的变式。,a),陈述句变疑问句,Has the meeting begun?,b),肯定句变否定句,We are not students.,c),主动句变被动句,The door was painted green.,d) “There+be,+,主语”结构,There was a meeting yesterday.,（二）,.,基本句型的扩展手段。,1.,增加修饰语,主,-,谓,-,宾,The lady was scolding the girl.,定,主,-,状,谓,-,定,宾,-,状,The,middle-aged,lady was,angrily,scolding the,pitiful,girl,yesterday,.,2.,扩展基本句型的成分,状,(,从,),定,主,定（从）,-,状,谓,-,定,宾,定（从）,状（从,),When I got in,the,middle-aged,lady,who you may know,was,angrily,scolding,the,pitiful,girl,who may just have come from the country,in the restaurant,for she had spilt soup on her dress,.,3.,基本句型的组合。使用并列连词与标点符号组成并列复合句,A few stars are known,which,are hardly bigger than the earth,but,the majority are,so,large,that,hundreds of thousands of earths could be packed inside each and leave room to spare,;,here and there we come upon a giant star large enough to contain millions of millions of earths.,4.,基本句型的省略。,Late afternoon. The sky hunkers down, presses, like a lover, against the land. Small sounds. A far sheep, faint barking. Time to drive on, toward Strathpeffer, friends, a phone call from my father.,( From Culloden- a travelers journal in stream of consciousness),5.,基本句型的倒装。,The greatest truths are the simplest, so are the greatest men.,Neither could theory do without practice, nor (could) practice (do) without theory.,（三）、英语聚集型句式的成因,原因,1,聚集句子的,手段众多,注重句子结构完整，,结构形式规范，,使用形态标志,及,连接词,语使各种成分关系明确,，,使用表照应关系的“,it”,、“,there,”,以及大量其它代词使句子结构紧凑、完整。,原因,2,：句子成分之间或词语之间必须在人称、数、性和意义等方面保持协调一致的关系。,a),语法一致（,grammatical concord,）,She is a student.They are students.,I found the boy a bright pupil.,I found the boys bright pupils.,The girl has seen her mother.,b),意义一致（,notional concord,）,Two thousand dollars is more than he can afford.,My family are all fond of playing table tennis.,Sent to zoos in Tokyo and other cities, the pandas are reported to have settled down very well.,c),就近原则（,principle of proximity,）,Either you or I am going.,Neither you, nor I, nor anyone else knows the answer.,二、汉语的柔性,汉语不受形态约束，无“主谓一致”之刚性要求，具有多样性、复杂性、灵活性等柔性特点，因而句式呈“流散型”。,（一）、汉语句型结构的大致分类,形式多样的主语；,汉语主语,不仅形式多样，而且可有可无；,它可表示施事、受事，也可表示时间、地点；,可用名词、动词，也可用形容词、数量词；,句子可以没有主语，也可以省略主语，,还可以变换主语并予以隐含。,形式多样的汉语主语,文章翻译完了。,The article has been translated.,累得我站不起来了。,Im so exhausted that I cant stand up.,他有个女儿，（）在北京工作，（）已经打电话去了，（）听说明天就能回来。,He has a daughter, who works in Beijing. Someone has phoned her and it is said that she will be back tomorrow.,汉语的谓语复杂多样,它可以是动词、名词、形容词；,可以是一个动词，也可以是多个动词，还可以没有动词；,它可以是一个单词，也可以是多个词组,;,可以是连动式、兼语式、把字时、紧缩式或主谓式；,可以不必与主语搭配而独立成句，构成非主谓句。,汉语的谓语复杂多样,天,高,云,淡,。（形容词作谓语）,The sky is high and the clouds are pale.,他,出国留学,去了。（连动式）,He has gone abroad for further studies.,我,介绍他加入,协会。（兼语式）,I recommended him for membership of the association.,这项合同,经理要签名,。（主谓词组）,This contract should be signed by the manager.,汉语的句型,英语重形合（,hypotaxis,），一般以成分格局为主、功能意义为辅来划分句型；,汉语重意合（,parataxis,），一般以功能意义为主、成分格局为辅来划分句型。,汉语的主谓结构大约占,50%,话题结构约占,50%,，即“话题,(topic)+,说明,(comment)”,。,按,表意功能,及,表达形式,，汉语句型大致分为,九大类,：,1,话题句：话题语,+,评论语,开车他没有经验。,He is inexperienced in driving.,2.,施事句：施事语,+,动作语,他在学习开车。,He is learning how to drive.,3.,关系句,（因为）他天天练习开车，（所以）很快就学会了。,He soon learnt how to drive because of his daily practice.,4.,呼叹句,是呀，他车开得真好！,Yes, he is an excellent driver!,5.,祈使句,请勿酒后开车。,Please dont drink and drive.,6.,存现句,黑暗中来了一辆车。,A car is coming in the dark.,7.,有无句：领有者,+,（没）有,+,被领有者,他有两部小车。,He has two cars.,8.,描写句：主题语,+,描写语（形容词）,这部小车很新。,This car is brand-new.,9.,说明句：主题语,+,说明语（名词）,这箱子八十磅。,This box weighs eighty pounds.,汉语中的非逻辑表达,尽管汉语可以从功能意义划分出几大类型，但其表现形式仍十分复杂。许多表达形式灵活多变，往往靠约定俗成。从形式看，似乎有不少非逻辑表达方式（,illogical expressions,）：,晒太阳,to bask in the sun,吃食堂,to have ones meals in the mess,打扫卫生,to do some cleaning,恢复疲劳,to get refreshed,汉语缺乏形态变化，缺乏词性标记，较少使用连接词，语句的结构关系较难分辨，因而语法歧义的现象也比较多：,两个乡干部,two village cadres,cadres from two villages,鸡不吃了。,The chicken has stopped eating.,I wont eat any more chicken.,汉语偏重意会，略于形式，因而脱离一定语境的语句也较容易产生语法歧义：,准备了两年的食物,对于他的态度,英语的语法歧义,英语受形态变化规则的约束，语法歧义比汉语少。英语语法歧义主要见于表意形式含糊的结构，尤其是模棱两可的修饰关系：,He loves the dog more than his wife.,than he loves his wife,than his wife loves the dog,（二）、汉语流散型句式的成因,汉语里有整句（,full sentence,），也有零句（,minor sentence,）。,整句有主谓结构,；零句没有主谓结构，由词或词组构成。,零句是汉语的基本句型,，可以作整句的主语，也可以作整句的谓语。,整句由零句组成，复杂多样，灵活多变,.,整句与零句混合交错，组成了流水句。这种句式口语及书面语中均不乏其例。,河面大小船只泊定后，莫不点了小小的油灯，拉了篷。各个船上皆在后舱烧了火，用铁鼎罐煮饭，饭焖熟后，又换锅子熬油，哗的把蔬菜倒进热锅里去。一切齐全了，各人蹲在舱板上三碗五碗把腹中填满后，天已夜了。,After the boats large and small had moored, all lit tiny oil lamps and fixed up mat canopies. Rice was boiled in iron cauldrons over fires in the stern, and once this was cooked the vegetables were fried in another pan of sizzling oil. When the meal was ready, everyone aboard could wolf down three or five bowls. By then it was dark.,汉语不受形态的约束，没有主谓形式协调一致的关系，也就没有这种关系可以驾驭全句。汉语主谓结构具有很大的多样性、复杂性和灵活性，因而句式呈“流散型”（,diffusiveness,）。,英语重形合，造句注重形式接应（,formal cohesion,），要求结构完整，句子以形驭意，以法摄神，因而严密规范，采用的是焦点句法。,汉语重意合，造句注重意念连贯（,semantic coherence,），不求结构完整，句子以意役形，以神统法，因而流泻铺排，采用的是散点句法。,英语有综合语的特征，受形态的约束，因而“语法是硬的，没有弹性”；汉语是分析语，不受形态的约束，因而“语法是软的，富于弹性”。,小结,.,