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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,第五讲,四大平衡,酸碱平衡,沉淀溶解平衡,配位平衡,氧化还原平衡,一,.,酸碱质子理论,1.,酸碱的定义,5-1,酸碱平衡,2.,共轭酸碱对,3.,酸碱反应,实质:质子的转移,(,1,)质子理论中没有盐的概念。,(,2,)质子理论扩大了酸碱反应的范围。,局限:只限于质子的放出和接受,必须含氢,4.,酸碱的强弱及,离解常数,HAc, H,+,+,Ac,-,NH,3,+ H,2,O, NH,4,+,+OH,-,5.,水的质子自递反应,6.,共轭酸碱对,K,a,和,K,b,的,关系,二,.,酸碱平衡的移动,1.,稀释定律,2.,同离子效应和盐效应,三,.,酸碱平衡中有关浓度的计算,1.,强酸、碱溶液,(,2,)当,c 10,-6,molL,-1,时,水的离解不可忽略,如,c(HCl,)=10,-8,molL,-1,,,pH=,?,(,1,)当,c,10,-6,molL,-1,时,水的离解可忽略,,c(,酸,)=c(H,+,),,,C(,碱,)=c(OH,-,),溶液中存在:,c(H,+,)=,c(Cl,-,)+c(OH,-,),同理,2.,一元弱酸、弱碱溶液,c/K,a,500,c K,a,/ K,W,20,c/K,b,500,c K,b,/ K,W,20,3.,多元弱酸、弱碱溶液,只,考虑第一级离解,按一元弱酸、碱处理。,4.,两性物质溶液酸碱度的计算,c/K,a,1,20,cK,a,2,/K,W,20,HA,2-,型,c/K,a,2,20,cK,a,3,/K,W,20,HA,-,型,例,1,:计算,0.20molL,-1,邻苯二甲酸氢钾溶液的,pH,。,邻苯二甲酸的,K,a,1,=1.110,-3,,,K,a,2,=3.910,-6,。,解: ,c/K,a,1,=0.20/1.110,-3,20,,,cK,a,2,/K,W,= 0.20 3.910,-6,/1.010,-14,20,= 6.510,-5,molL,-1,pH=4.18,2.,计算下列溶液的,pH,值:,0.10molL,-1,HAc,、,NH,4,Cl,、,NaCN,、,H,2,C,2,O,4,、,CHCl,2,COOH,、,NaHCO,3,、,NaH,2,PO,4,。,例,3,:计算,0.010molL,-1,NH,4,Ac,水溶液的,pH,。,K,a,(,HAc,),=1.810,-5,,,K,b,(,NH,3,),=1.810,-5,解:用最简公式计算,K,a,(NH,4,+,)=K,W,/,K,b,(NH,3,),=5.610,-10,=,1.010,-7,molL,-1,pH=7.00,例,4.,计算,0.40molL,-1,H,2,SO,4,溶液中各种离子的浓度。,K,a,2,=1.210,-2,解:,H,2,SO,4,的,第一步完全电离。,则,HSO,4,-, H,+,+ SO,4,2-,即:,H,2,SO,4,= H,+,+ HSO,4,-,平衡时,0.4-,x,0.4+,x,x,K,a,2,=(0.4+x)x/(0.4-x),解,得,x,=0.01,则,,c(H,+,),、,c(HSO,4,-,),、,c(,SO,4,2-,),分别为,0.41,、,0.39,、,0.01molL,-1,。,四,.,缓冲溶液,1.,基本概念,.,缓冲溶液和缓冲作用,.,缓冲体系(缓冲对)及缓冲溶液的类型,2.,缓冲原理,3.,缓冲溶液,pH,值的计算,4.,缓冲容量和缓冲范围,.,缓冲容量,指单位体积缓冲溶液的,pH,值改变极小值所需的酸或碱的“物质的量”。,.,缓冲比,:,c,(,酸,),/c,(,碱,),或,c,(,碱,),/c,(,酸,),。,.,缓冲范围,pH=pK,a,1,(,or,pOH,=pK,b,1,),的范围。,5.,缓冲溶液的配制,.,选择缓冲对,原则:,pH,接近,pK,a,,或,pOH,接近,pK,b,。,.,计算缓冲比,例,1,:如何配制,pH=5.00,的缓冲溶液。,解,:(,1,),因,HAc,的,pKa,=4.75,接近,5.0,因此选,HAc,NaAc,。,(2),求缓冲比,5.00=4.75+lgc,(,碱,),/c,(,酸,),即,c,(Ac,-,),/c,(HAc,),=1.78,。,若配制,1,升缓冲溶液,假设混合前,HAc,NaAc,浓度均为,0.10,molL,-1,则可,计算所需,V(,HAc,),、,V,(NaAc,),显然,混合后,又,V(NaAc,)+,V(HAc,)=1000ml,即,V(NaAc,)=1.78V(HAc),则,V(HAc,)=360ml,,,V(NaAc,)=640ml,例,2,:欲配制,pH=9.0,的缓冲溶液,应在,500ml0.1,molL,-1,氨水中加入固体,NH,4,Cl,多少克?(设加入,NH,4,Cl,后总体积不变),n,(NH,4,Cl),=0.089mol,4.76g,50ml0.10,molL,-1,H,3,PO,4,+25ml 0.10,molL,-1,NaOH,50ml0.10,molL,-1,H,3,PO,4,+50ml 0.10,molL,-1,NaOH,50ml0.10,molL,-1,H,3,PO,4,+75ml 0.10,molL,-1,NaOH,1.,已知,H,3,BO,3,ClCH,2,COOH,和,CH,3,COOH,的,Ka,值分别为,6.010,-10,1.410,-3,和,1.810,-5,。,(1),若要配制,pH=3.0,的缓冲溶液,应选取哪种酸,;(2),若用上述选取的酸和,NaOH,配制,1L,缓冲溶液,用去,NaOH,固体,4.0g,则需该酸多少克?,(,原子量,H:1 O:16 C:12 B:10.8 Na:23 Cl:35.5),2.,求下列各题,pH,值,3.,40ml0.1 molL,-1,Na,2,HPO,4,溶液与,20ml 0.1 molL,-1,H,3,PO,4,溶液相混合后,pH,为( )。,(,已知,H,3,PO,4,的,K,a1,=7.510,-3,,,K,a2,=6.210,-8,,,K,a3,=2.210,-13,),A.2.12,B.12.65 C.7.21 D.6.91,D,4.Al(H,2,O),5,(OH,-,),2+,的共轭酸是,,共轭碱,是。,5.,在饱和,H,2,S,溶液中,各物质浓度关系正确的是(,);,A.S,2-,2H,+, B. HS,-,H,+,C. H,2,SH,+,+HS,-, D. H,2,SS,2-,6.,酸碱质子理论认为,下列物质全部是酸的是( );,H,2,S , C,2,O,4,2-, HCO,3,-,B. HPO,4,2-, NH,4,+, Fe(H,2,O),6,3+,C. Na(s), BF,3, H,2,O,D.,HCl, PO,4,3-, H,2,CO,3,B,B,5-2,沉淀溶解平衡,一,.,沉淀溶解平衡常数,溶度积,A,m,B,n,(s,),mA,n+,(aq,),+,nB,m,-,(,aq,),溶解,沉淀,K,sp,=,c,m,(A,n+,)c,n,(B,m,-,),1.,溶度积,2.,溶度积与溶解度的关系,几种难溶电解质溶解度和溶度积比较,化合物,Ksp,表达式,m+n,溶度积,溶解度,(molL,-1,),AgCl,AgBr,K,sp,=,c,(Ag,+,),c(,Cl,-,),K,sp,=,c,(Ag,+,),c(,Br,-,),2,2,1.810,-10,5.010,-13,1.310,-5,7.110,-7,Mg(OH),2,Ag,2,CrO,4,K,sp,=,c,(Mg,2+,),c,2,(OH,-,),K,sp,=,c,2,(Ag,+,),c,(CrO,4,2-,),3,3,1.810,-11,1.110,-12,1.710,-4,6.510,-5,3.,溶度积规则,Q,B,=,c,m,(A,n+,)c,n,(B,m,-,),Q,B,:,离子积,(,1,)当,Q,B,=,K,sp,时,溶液是饱和溶液,达平衡状态。,(,2,)当,Q,B,K,sp,时,溶液暂时处于过饱和状态,有沉淀生成,直至,Q,B,=,K,sp,。,(,3,)当,Q,B,K,sp,时,不饱和溶液,沉淀溶解,直至,Q,B,=,K,sp,。,二,.,沉淀的生成和溶解,1.,沉淀的生成,Q,B,K,sp,例,1,:某溶液中,Pb,2+,浓度为,1.010,-3,molL,-1,,,若要生成,PbCl,2,沉淀,,Cl,-,浓度至少应为多少?,K,sp,PbCl,2,= 1.710,-5,c(Cl,-,),0.13molL,-1,例,2,:判断下列情况是否有沉淀生成,:将,0.01molL,-1,的,CaCl,2,溶液与同浓度的,Na,2,C,2,O,4,溶液等体积混合;在,1.0molL,-1,的,CaCl,2,溶液中通入,CO,2,至饱和。已知:,K,sp,(CaC,2,O,4,),=4.0 10,-9,,,K,sp,(CaCO,3,),=2.810,-9,。,解:,c(Ca,2+,)=c(C,2,O,4,2-,)=0.01/2=0.005,molL,-1,,,Q,B,=,c(Ca,2+,)c(C,2,O,4,2-,)=2.510,-5,Q,B,K,sp,,有,CaC,2,O,4,沉淀产生。,在饱和,CO,2,溶液中,,c(CO,3,2-,)Ka,2,=5.6,10,-11,molL,-1,,,Q,B,=,c(Ca,2+,)c(CO,3,2-,)=5.610,-11,,,Q,B,K,sp,,,没有,CaCO,3,沉淀产生。,例,3,:在,10ml0.08molL,-1,FeCl,3,溶液中,加,30ml,含有,0.1molL,-1,NH,3,和,1.0molL,-1,NH,4,Cl,的,混合溶液,能否产生,Fe(OH),3,沉淀。,K,sp,(Fe(OH),3,),= 2.7910,-39,解:混合后溶液中各物质的浓度为,C(Fe,3+,)=(100.08)/(10+30)=0.020molL,-1,在,NH,3,-,NH,4,Cl,缓冲溶液中,C(NH,3,)=(300.1)/(30+10)=0.075molL,-1,C(NH,4,+,)=(301.0)/(30+10)=0.75molL,-1,C(OH,-,)=K,b, c(NH,3,)/ c(NH,4,+,)=1.810,-5, 0.075/0.75=1.810,-6,molL,-1,Q,B,= c(Fe,3+,)c,3,(OH,-,)=0.02(1.810,-6,),3,= 1.2 10,-19,,,Q,B,K,sp,Fe(OH),3,有,Fe(OH),3,沉淀产生,(,1,)同离子效应,结果:降低了溶解度,2.,沉淀溶解平衡中的同离子效应和盐效应,(,2,)盐效应,结果:增大溶解度。,例:求,298K,时,,Ag,2,CrO,4,分别在,0.010molL,-1,的,AgNO,3,溶液和,0. 010molL,-1,K,2,CrO,4,溶液中的溶解度。,解:设在,0.010molL,-1,的,AgNO,3,溶液中,Ag,2,CrO,4,的溶解度为,x,molL,-1,,,则,AgNO,3,(aq)Ag,+,(aq),+ NO,3,-,(aq),Ag,2,CrO,4,(s), 2,Ag,+,(,aq,),+ CrO,4,2-,(,aq,),平衡浓度,molL,-1,0.010+2,x,0.010,x,K,sp,(,Ag,2,CrO,4,),=,c,2,(Ag,+,)c(CrO,4,2-,) =(0.010),2,x,=1.1 10,-12,,,x,=1.110,-8,(molL,-1,),同理可求在,K,2,CrO,4,溶液中的溶解度,y=5.210,-6,molL,-1,例:判断下列情况沉淀的先后次序:,向,Cl,-,、,I,-,和,CrO,4,2-,的浓度都是,0.010 molL,-1,的,溶液中加入,AgNO,3,溶液。,解,:,(,1,)开始析出沉淀时的,c(Ag,+,),AgCl,:,c,(Ag,+,),=,K,sp,(AgCl),/c,(Cl,-,),=1.810,-8,molL,-1,同理:,AgI,,,c,(Ag,+,)=8.310,-15,molL,-1,Ag,2,CrO,4,,,c,(Ag,+,)=1.110,-5,molL,-1,故沉淀顺序:,AgIAgClAg,2,CrO,4,2.,分步沉淀,3.,控制溶液,pH,值的沉淀,例:计算欲使,0.01 molL,-1,Fe,3+,开始沉淀和沉淀完全时溶液的,pH,值。,K,sp,Fe(OH),3,=2.7910,-39,解:,Fe(OH),3,(s),Fe,3+,(aq)+3OH,-,(aq),开始沉淀时,,c(Fe,3+,)c,3,(OH,-,)= K,sp,Fe(OH),3,pOH,=12.2,,,pH=1.8,沉淀完全时,,c(Fe,3+,) 1.010,-5,molL,-1,pH=14-pOH=2.8,故,Fe,3+,开始沉淀时,溶液的,pH,值为,1.8,;沉淀完全时,溶液的,pH,值为,2.8,。,4.,沉淀的溶解,条件:,Q,c,K,sp,1.,酸溶法,CaCO,3,+,2H,+, Ca,2+,(aq),+,H,2,CO,3,(aq),Mg(OH),2,(s)+ 2NH,4,+,(aq), Mg,2+,(aq)+,2NH,3,(aq)+2H,2,O(l),练习:分别写出,FeS,、,ZnS,、,Mn(OH),2,、,Fe(OH),3,溶于盐酸时的,K,j,。,例,1,:计算下列情况中需要多大浓度的酸(,1,),0.1molMnS,溶于,1L,乙酸中,(,2,),0.1molCuS,溶于,1L,盐酸中。,解,:,(,1,),MnS(s,)+ 2HAc, Mn,2+,+ 2Ac,-,+ H,2,S,平衡浓度,/,molL,-1,c,(HAc,),0.1 0.2 0.1,故溶解,0.1molMnS,所需,HAc,的最低浓度为:,0.12+1.67=1.87molL,-1,(,2,),CuS(s,) + 2H,+, Cu,2+,+ H,2,S,平衡浓度,/,molL,-1,c,(,H,+,),0.1 0.1,C(H,+,)=2.8110,7,molL,-1,没有如此高浓度的盐酸,说明,CuS,不溶于盐酸中。,练习:在,0.050 molL,-1,CuSO,4,溶液中通入,H,2,S,至饱和,( 0.10molL,-1,),,,溶液中残留的,Cu,2+,的浓度?,(,不考虑,H,+,+SO,4,2-,HSO,4,-,),已知,K,sp,(CuS,),=6.310,-36,,,H,2,S,的,K,a,1,=9.110,-8,,,K,a,2,=1.110,-12,如,考虑,H,+,+SO,4,2-,HSO,4,-,,,K,a,2,=1.210,-2,2.,氧化还原溶解法,3.,生成配合物,2.,计算,CaF,2,分别在,pH=2,时的,溶解度。,K,sp,(CaF,2,),=1.4610,-10,K,a,(HF),=3.5310,-4,例:在,500ml0.20 molL,-1,MnCl,2,溶液中,加入等体积的,(,含有,NH,4,Cl)0.010 molL,-1,氨水溶液,问在此氨水溶液中需要含有多少克的,NH,4,Cl,才不致生成,Mn(OH),2,沉淀,?,K,sp,Mn(OH),2,=1.910,-13,,,K,b,(NH,3,),=1.8 10,-5,。,解:,c(Mn,2+,)=0.10 molL,-1,,,c(Mn,2+,)c,2,(OH,-,) ,K,sp,Mn(OH),2,n,盐,=0.064mol,m=3.42g,c(OH,-,)1.4 10,-6,molL,-1,5-3,配位平衡,一,.,配位化合物的组成与命名,1.,配位化合物及其组成,组成,中心离子或原子,配位体,单齿配体,(,亦称“单基配体”,),多齿配体,(,亦称“多基配体”,),内界,外界,配位原子、配位数、配阳离子、配阴离子,2.,配合物的命名,内界的命名,配体的命名(名称、顺序),配合物的命名,某化,某、某酸某,Ag(NH,3,),2,Cl,Co(NH,3,),5,(H,2,O)Cl,3,Co(NH,3,),5,(ONO)SO,4,K,2,HgI,4,Na,3,Ag(S,2,O,3,),2,四,(,异硫氰酸根,) ,二氨合铬,(),酸铵,H,2,SiF,6,H,2,PtCl,6,Fe(CO),5,Pt(NH,3,),2,Cl,2,Co(NH,3,),3,(NO,2,),3,氯化二氨合银,(),三氯化五氨,水合钴,(),硫酸亚硝酸根,五氨合钴,(),四碘合汞,(),酸钾,二,(,硫代硫酸根,),合银,(),酸钠,NH,4,Cr(NH,3,),2,(NCS),4,六氟合硅,(),酸,(,俗名氟硅酸,),六氯合铂,(),酸,(,俗名氯铂酸,),五羰基合铁,二氯,二氨合铂,(),三硝基,三氨合钴,(),二,.,配合物的价键理论,1.,价键理论要点,例,:Ag(NH,3,),2,2+,、,Zn(NH,3,),4,2+,、,Cu(NH,3,),4,2+,杂化空轨道,+,孤对电子,配位键,2.,磁矩,与中心离子未成对电子数的关系,当,仅,考虑电子自旋运动时,过渡金属离子及其配离子,(,假定配离子本身无未成对电子,),的磁矩,与中心离子未成对电子数,n,的关系为:,单位:波尔磁子(,B.M,),不同,n,值时磁矩,的理论值,未成对电子数,n,0,1,2,3,4,5,磁矩,(,B.M,),0,1.73,2.83,3.87,4.90,5.92,例:经测定,FeF,6,3-,、,Fe(CN),6,3-,的,值,分别为,5.90,、,2.0B.M,,,杂化方式如何?,3.,外轨型配合物与内轨型配合物,外:,Fe(H,2,O),6,Cl,3,、,Na,3,CoF,6,、,Cr(NH,3,),6,Cl,3,内:,Cu(NH,3,),4,2+,、,Ni(CN),4,2-,、,Co(NH,3,),6,3+,三,.,配位平衡,1.,配离子的稳定常数,(,K,f,),和逐级稳定常数,2.,配位平衡移动,配位平衡和酸碱平衡,配位平衡与沉淀平衡,配位平衡与氧化还原平衡,配位平衡之间的移动,例,1. ,计算,0.01 mol,.,L,-1,Ag(NH,3,),2,+,在下列情况下的,c(Ag,+,),。,(1),含,0.01 mol,L,-1,NH,3,(2),含,1 mol,L,-1,NH,3,。,计算,0.01mol,L,-1,Ag(CN),2,-,溶液中含,0.01,mol,L,1,CN,-,的,c(Ag,+,),。通过计算说明什么问题?,解,(1),:,Ag,+,+ 2NH,3,Ag(NH,3,),2,+,x,= c(Ag,+,),1,= 9.1,10,-6,mol,.,L,-1,c,平,/mol,.,L,-1,x,0.01+2,x,0.01,0.01-,x,0.01,K,MY,=,cAg(NH,3,),2,+,c(Ag,+,)c,2,(NH,3,),1.1,10,7,= 0.01/,x,(0.01),2,(2) c(Ag,+,),2,=0.01 / 1.1,10,7,1,2,= 9.110,-10,mol,.,l,-1,c(Ag,+,),1, c(Ag,+,),2,从计算结果可知:浓度相同的同种配离子,配位剂的浓度越高,配离子越稳定。,同 理:,同类型配离子,K,f,越大,配离子越稳定,.,(,二,) Ag,+,+2CN,-,Ag(CN),2,-,c(Ag,+,),3,=0.01/1.3,10,21,(0.01),2,= 7.710,-20,mol,.,L,-1,K,MY,=,cAg(CN),2,-,c(Ag,+,)c,2,(CN,-,),c,平,/mol,.,L,-1,x,0.01+2,x,0.01,0.01-,x,0.01,(一)中,c(Ag,+,),1,= 9.110,-6,mol.L,-1,c(Ag,+,),3,例,2,:,50ml0.2molL,-1,的,Ag(NH,3,),2,+,溶液与,50ml0.6molL,-1,HNO,3,等体积混合,求平衡后体系中,Ag(NH,3,),2,+,的,剩余浓度。,K,f,Ag(NH,3,),2,+,=1.710,7,,,K,b,(NH,3,),= 1.810,-5,。,解:,Ag(NH,3,),2,+,+ 2H,+, Ag,+,+ 2NH,4,+,反应后:,0.3-0. 1 2=0.1,0.1,2 0.1,平衡时:,x,0.1+2,x,0.1 0.1-,x,0.1 0.2-2,x,0.2,x,=2.1 10,-12,molL,-1,例,3:,要使,0.1molAgI,固体完全在,1,升氨水中溶解,氨水浓度至少为多大,?,若用,1,升,KCN,溶液溶解,至少需多大浓度,?(,已知,K,sp,(AgI,),=1.510,-16,,,K,f,Ag(NH,3,),2,+,=1.710,7,,,K,f,Ag(CN),2,-,=1.010,21,),解,:,设,0.1molAgI,完全溶于,1L,氨水,则有竞争平衡,:,AgI,+ 2NH,3, Ag(NH,3,),2,+,+ I,-,平衡时,c-0.1 2 0.1 0.1,c-0.2=6.25 10,3,(,molL,-1,),,c 6.25 10,3,(molL,-1,),,,氨水不能达到如此浓度,故不能溶解。,同样可计算,c(CN,-,)=2.5810,-4,molL,-1,,,起始,KCN,浓度为:,c=0.1 2+ 2.5810,-4,=0.2,molL,-1,,,即为完全溶解的最低起始浓度。,设,0.1molAgI,完全溶于,1LKCN,溶液中,则有竞争平衡,:,AgI,+ 2CN,-, Ag(CN),2,-,+ I,-,平衡时,c,(CN,-,),=,c-0.1 2 0.1 0.1,例,4:,有一溶液,含有,0.1moll,-1,NH,3,和,0.1molL,-1,NH,4,Cl,以及,0.01molL,-1,Cu(NH,3,),4,2+,配离子,问此溶液能否生成,Cu(OH),2,沉淀,?,K,f,Cu(NH,3,),4,2+,=4.8 10,12,K,sp,Cu(OH),2,=2.2 10,-20,解:解题关键求出,c(Cu,2+,),、,c(OH,-,),求c(Cu,2+,):Cu,2+,+ 4NH,3, Cu(NH,3,),4,2+,c(Cu,2+,)= 2.110,-11,molL,-1,求,c(OH,-,),(,缓冲溶液),或,c (OH,-,)=1.810,-5,molL,-1,根据溶度积规则:,Q,B,=c(Cu,2+,) c,2,(OH,-,)= 6.7510,-21,Q,B,K,sp,Cu(OH),2,,,没有,Cu(OH),2,沉淀生成。,四,.,螯合物,1.,螯合物,Cu,2+,+2,CH,2,NH,2,CH,2,NH,2,CH,2,NH,2,CH,2,NH,2,NH,2,CH,2,NH,2,CH,2,Cu,2+,特点:具环状结构。,2.,螯合剂,3.,螯合比,五员环、六员环较稳定,螯合效应,1.,下列配离子在强酸性溶液中能稳定存在的有( ),A.HgCl,4,2-,B.Co(NH,3,),6,3+,C.Fe(C,2,O,4,),3,3-,D.Ag(S,2,O,3,),3,3-,2.,配合物,Co(en),2,(NO,2,)ClCl,的命名为,中心离子是,配位体是,配位数是,其中,为多基配体。,3.,下列几种盐溶液加浓氨水后产生沉淀的是( ),A.Ni(NO,3,),2,B.CuSO,4,C.FeCl,3,D.ZnCl,2,A,C,4.,下列化合物中,那些可作为有效的螯合剂?,a.HO-OH b.H,2,N-(CH,2,),2,-NH,2,c.(CH,3,),2,N-NH,2,d. CH,3,-CH-OH,COOH,e.,N,N,f. H,2,N(CH,2,),4,COOH,一,.,氧化还原反应,1.,氧化数,5-4,氧化还原平衡,2,氧化还原电对与,半反应,二,.,电极电势,1.,原电池,A,Zn,Cu,+,ZnSO,4,CuSO,4,盐桥,e,负极,:,Zn,2eZn,2+,氧化反应,正极,:,Cu,2+,+2eCu,还原反应,总反应:,Zn+Cu,2+,=Cu+Zn,2+,2.,原电池的表示法,(,电池符号,),如由,电对,Fe,3+,/Fe,2+,和电对,Sn,4+,/Sn,2+,组成的原电池,(,)Pt| Sn,2+,(c,1,),Sn,4+,(c,2,)| Fe,3+,(c,3,),Fe,2+,(c,4,)|Pt(,),例:如果把下列氧化还原反应设计成原电池,写出电池符号。,Cu+Cl,2,(100kPa)Cu,2+,(1molL,-1,)+2Cl,-,(1molL,-1,),(,),Cu|Cu,2+,(1molL,-1,),|Cl,-,(1molL,-1,),| Cl,2,(100kPa),|Pt,(,),4.,标准电极电势及其应用,3.,电动势与电极电势(,j,),三,.,电池电动势与反应自由能变化的关系,定温定压可逆过程,,(,r,G,m,),T,,,P,=,W,max,=,QE=,nFE,标准状态下,,r,G,m,=,nFE,氧化型,+,ne,还原型,例,1,:计算,298K,时,,Cu-Zn,原电池的,r,G,m,。,解:,=0.342,(,0.762,),=1.104,(,V,),r,G,m,=,nFE,=,2964851.10410,-3,=,213.04kJmol,-1,例,2,:已知,298K,时反应,H,2,+2AgCl=2H,+,+2Cl,-,+2Ag,的,r,H,m,=,80.80kJmol,-1,,,r,S,m,=,127.20JK,-,1,mol,-1,,,计算电对,AgCl,/Ag,的标准电极电势,AgCl,/Ag,。,解:,r,G,m,=,r,H,m,T,r,S,m,=,80.8010,3,298 (,127.20)=,42.89 10,3,Jmol,-1,E,=,r,G,m,/nF,= 42.89 10,3,/,(,296485,),=0.222,(,V,),AgCl,/Ag,=0.222+0=0.222V,在,298.15K,下,电极反应:,aOx,+,ne, aRed,公式应用要求,物质前的系数要作为指数。,如,为,气体则以压力代替浓度。,固体、纯液体浓度为常数,不列出。,四,.,能斯特方程式,五,.,影响电极电势的因素,1.,电对的氧化型或还原型物质的浓度的改变,例:计算,298K,时电对,Fe,3+,/Fe,2+,在下列情况下的电极电势,:(1)c(,Fe,3+,)=0.1,molL,-1, c(,Fe,2+,)=1,molL,-1,; (2) c(,Fe,3+,)=1,molL,-1,c(,Fe,2+,)=0.1molL,-1,。,解:,Fe,3+,+e,-,= Fe,2+,,,Fe,3+,/Fe,2+,=0.771V,2.,溶液酸碱性对电极电势的影响,MnO,4,-,+ 8H,+,+ 5e, Mn,2+,+ 4H,2,O,MnO,4,-,(,紫红色,),酸性介质,Mn,2+,(,无色,),中性介质,MnO,2,(,棕褐色沉淀,),碱性介质,MnO,4,2-,(,绿色,),例:证明,K,2,Cr,2,O,7,不能使稀盐酸,(,0.01,molL,-1,),放出,Cl,2,而能使浓盐酸放出,Cl,2,。,j,Cr,2,O,7,2-,/,Cr,3+,=1.330V,,j,Cl,2,/,Cl,-,=1.358V,证明:设,c,(,Cr,2,O,7,2-,)=c (Cr,3+,)=1,molL,-1,P(Cl,2,)=100kPa,Cr,2,O,7,2-,+ 6Cl,-,+14H,+,2Cr,3+,+3 Cl,2,+7H,2,O,K,2,Cr,2,O,7,与稀盐酸反应时:,因为,j,Cr,2,O,7,2-,/,Cr,3+,j,Cl,2,/,Cl,-,,,所以,Cr,2,O,7,2-,是比,Cl,2,更弱的氧化剂,反应不能向右进行。,K,2,Cr,2,O,7,与浓盐酸反应时:,作业:证明,MnO,2,不能使稀盐酸,(,0.01molL,-1,),放出,Cl,2,而能使浓盐酸,(10,molL,-1,),放出,Cl,2,(,参考例题,),。,因为,j,Cr,2,O,7,2-,/,Cr,3+,j,Cl,2,/,Cl,-,,,所以,Cr,2,O,7,2-,是比,Cl,2,更强的氧化剂,反应能向右进行。,3.,生成沉淀对电极电势的影响,例:已知银电极的电极反应为,Ag,+,+ e,Ag,,,j,Ag,+,/,Ag,=0.799V,,,若往溶液中加入一定量的,KCl,,,则有白色的,AgCl,析出,达到平衡时,如,c(Cl,-,) = 1,molL,-1,,,计算,j,Ag,+,/,Ag,=,?,解:根据溶度积规则,平衡时,c(Ag,+,)=,K,sp,(,AgCl,),/,c(Cl,-,)=1.810,-10,/1 = 1.810,-10,molL,-1,根据能斯特方程,以上计算的即是氯化银电极的标准电极电势,(,c(Cl,-,)= 1,molL,-1,),。,AgCl+e,Ag+Cl,-,j,AgCl,/,Ag,=0.222V,同理,可计算,j,AgBr,/,Ag,、,j,AgI,/,Ag,电对中氧化型物质生成相同类型难溶电解质的,K,sp,越小,电极电势降低的越多,其氧化能力就越弱。,如,Cu,2+,+e,Cu,+,,,j,Cu,2+,/,Cu,+,=0.158V,I,2,+2e,2I,-,,,j,I,2,/,I,-,=0.535V,实际反应方向为:,2 Cu,2+,+4,I,-,=2CuI+,I,2,4.,生成配合物对电极电势的影响,例,1,:已知铜电极的电极反应为,Cu,2+,+2e,Cu,j,Cu,2+,/,Cu,=0.340V,若往溶液中加入一定量的氨水,则有深蓝色的,Cu(NH,3,),4,2+,配离子生成,达到平衡时如,c(Cu(NH,3,),4,2+,)= 1,molL,-1,c(,NH,3,)=,1,molL,-1,计算,j,Cu,2+,/,Cu,=,?,解:根据配位平衡,Cu,2+,+4 NH,3,Cu(NH,3,),4,2+,c (Cu,2+,)= 2.110,-13,molL,-1,根据能斯特方程式:,显然,以上计算的即是,Cu(NH,3,),4,2+,/Cu,电对的标准电极电势。,Cu(NH,3,),4,2+,+2e,Cu+4NH,3,j,Cu(NH,3,),4,2+,/,Cu,=-0.035V,例,2,:计算在电对,Co,3+,/Co,2+,溶液中加入,NH,3,后的标准电极电势。,Co,3+,+e,Co,2+,,,j,Co,3+,/,Co,2+,=1.83V,。,解:,Co,3+,和,Co,2+,离子均能与,NH,3,形成配离子:,Co,3+,+6 NH,3,Co(,NH,3,),6,3+,K,f(1),=2.910,33,Co,3+,+6 NH,3,Co(,NH,3,),6,2+,K,f(2),=2.410,4,设有关物质浓度为,1,molL,-1,显然,以上即是,Co(NH,3,),6,3+,/Co(NH,3,),6,2+,电对的标准电极电势。,Co(NH,3,),6,3+,+e,Co(NH,3,),6,2+,j,Co(NH,3,),6,3+,/ Co(NH,3,),6,2+,=0.108V,六,.,电极电势的应用,1.,判断原电池的正负极和计算原电池的电动势,2.,判断氧化剂和还原剂的相对强弱,例:已知,j,Fe,3+,/,Fe,2+,=0.770V,j,Br,2,/,Br,-,=1.065V,j,I,2,/,I,-,=0.535V,。,判断,Fe,3+,/,Fe,2+,、,Br,2,/,Br,-,、,I,2,/,I,-,氧化剂、还原剂强弱顺序。,3.,判断氧化还原反应进行的方向,用电极电势的大小直接判断反应方向,用电池电动势判断反应方向,r,G,m,=,nFE,=,nF(,j,+,j,),4.,判断氧化还原反应进行的程度,lgK,=,n(,j,+,j,)/0.0592 =nE,/0.0592,例:反应,3A,2+,+2B=3A+2B,3+,,,组成原电池时,其标准电动势为,1.8V,。,改变反应体系浓度后,其电动势变为,1.5V,,,则此时该反应的,lgK,值,为( ),A. 31.8/0.0592 B. 31.5/0.0592 C. 61.5/0.0592 D. 61.8/0.0592,例,1,:已知,298K,时下列半反应的,j,值,试求,AgCl,的,K,sp,值。,5.,测定,K,sp,、,K,稳,及溶液,pH,值,Ag,+,+ e,Ag,j,Ag,+,/Ag,=0.800V,AgCl,+ e,Ag +,Cl,-,j,AgCl,/Ag,=0.222V,(-)Ag|AgCl|Cl,-,(1.0molL,-1,)|Ag,+,(1.0molL,-1,)|Ag(+),解:设计一个原电池,电极反应为:,正极,Ag,+,+ e,Ag,负极,AgCl,+ e,Ag +,Cl,-,电池反应为:,Ag,+,+,Cl,-,AgCl,则,电池电动势为:,则,反应的平衡常数为:,又,,则,K,sp,=1.7410,-10,例,2:,已知,298K,时,j,Cu,2+,/,Cu,=0.340V,j,Cu(NH,3,),4,2+,/,Cu,=,0.033V,试计算,Cu(NH,3,),4,2+,的,K,f,。,解:可认为在,Cu,2+,/,Cu,电极中加入氨水,并使,c(Cu(NH,3,),4,2+,)=c(NH,3,)=1,molL,-1,则,根据配位平衡,Cu,2+,+4 NH,3,Cu(NH,3,),4,2+,解得,K,f,=4.010,12,例,3:c(HAc)= 0.10,molL,-1,P(H,2,)=100KPa,时,测得,j,HAc,/H,2,=,0.17V,。求,溶液中,H,+,的,浓度及,HAc,的,离解常数,K,a,(HAc,),。,解:电极反应为,,2H,+,+2e,H,2,c(H,+,)=1.310,-3,molL,-1,碱性溶液:,ClO,4,-,ClO,3,-,ClO,-,2,ClO,-,Cl,2,Cl,-,0.36 0.33 0.66 0.42 1.36,ClO,4,-,ClO,3,-,HClO,2,HClO,Cl,2,Cl,-,1.19 1.21 1.64 1.63,1.36,酸性溶液:,6.,元素电势图及其应用,判断元素的中间氧化态能否发生歧化反应,例:氯的,+1,,,0,,,-1,三种氧化数,中间氧化态,Cl,2,能否发生歧化反应?,在碱性溶液中,2ClO,-,+2H,2,O+2e,Cl,2,+4OH,-,j,ClO,-,/,Cl,2,=0.42,V,Cl,2,+ 2e, 2Cl,-,j,Cl,2,/Cl,-,=,1.36V,Cl,2,+2OH,-,ClO,-,+Cl,-,+H,2,O E,=0.94V,在酸性溶液中,2HClO+2H,+,+2e,Cl,2,+2H,2,O,j,HClO,/,Cl,2,=1.63,V,Cl,2,+ 2e, 2Cl,-,j,Cl,2,/Cl,-,=,1.36V,HClO,+,Cl,-,+,H,+, Cl,2,+ H,2,O,判断规则,若,某,元素有,A,B,C,三种氧化态,则,ABC,例:,1.O,2,H,2,O,2,H,2,O,,,2.Fe,3+, Fe,2+, Fe,0.682 1.776 0.770 -0.409,如,j,A,/B,j,B /C,(,即,j,左,j,右,),则中间态,B,不能发生歧化反应生成,A,和,C,相反,A,和,C,能发生逆歧化反应生成,B,,即,A+C,B,。,如,j,B,/C,j,A,/B,(,即,j,右,j,左,),则中间态,B,能发生歧化反应生成,A,和,C,即,B,A+C,。,如,元素电位图中有,i,个电对,例:碱性溶液中:,ClO,3,-,ClO,-,Cl,2,Cl,-,0.42 1.36,0.62,求,ClO,3,-,+2H,2,O+4e,ClO,-,+4OH,-,的,j,ClO,3,-,/,ClO,-,。,从相邻电对的,j,求另一,电对的,j,1.,可利用下列反应从矿石中提取银,:4Ag+ 8CN,-,+O,2,+2H,2,O=4Ag(CN),2,-,+4OH,-,。,试分析反应得以进行的原因,即加入,CN,-,的目的,已知,j,(Ag,+,/Ag),=0.800V,j,(O,2,/OH,-,),=0.40V,。,2.,已知反应,:2Ag,+,(aq)+Zn(s)=2Ag(s)+Zn,2+,(aq),开始时,Ag,+,和,Zn,2+,的浓度分别为,0.10molL,-1,和,0.30molL,-1,求达到平衡时溶液中剩余的,Ag,+,浓度是多少?已知,j,(Ag,+,/Ag),=0.7996V,j,(Zn,2+,/Zn),=-0.7618V,。,2.710,-27,molL,-1,K,=,5.6210,52,3.,配制,KCN,水溶液时,应将其溶于:,( ),A.,HCl,水溶液,B. HCN,水溶液,C. KOH,水溶液,D.,水,4.,由总浓度一定的,HPO,4,2-,-PO,4,3-,缓冲对组成的缓冲溶液,缓冲能力最大时的,pH,值是,: K,a1,(H,3,PO,4,)=7.5,10,-3, K,a2,(H,3,PO,4,)=6.2,10,-8, K,a3,(H,3,PO,4,)=2.2,10,-13, ( ),A.2.1 B.7.2 C.7.2 1 D.12.2,C,D,5.,下列各组组分中,不属于共轭酸碱对的是,:,A. H,2,CO,3,-CO,3,2-,B. NH,3,-NH,2,-,C.,HCl-Cl,-,D. HSO,4,-,-SO,4,2-,6.,在饱和,H,2,S,溶液中,,c(S,2-,),的浓度接近,mol,.,L,-1,(,H,2,S,的,K,分别为,K,a,1,、,K,a,2,),7.,将固体,NH,4,Cl,加入到,NH,3,.,H,2,O,溶液中,能使,NH,3,.,H,2,O,溶液的,pH,值,,离解度,(填“不变”、“增大”、“减小”)。,8.,已知,j,Cr,2,O,7,2-,/Cr,3+,j,Fe,3+,/Fe,2+,j,Sn,4+,/Sn,2+,,,则下列物质中还原性最强的物质是( ),A. Fe,3+,B. Fe,2+,C. Sn,2+,D. Cr,2,O,7,2-,C,A,9.,根据,(Cu,2+,Cu ),=0.34V, (Zn,2+,Zn),=,0.76V,,,可知反应,Cu+ Zn,2+,(1 ,10,-5,mol,L,-1,)= Cu,2+,( 0.1 mol,L,-1,) + Zn,在,298 K,时 平 衡 常 数 约 为:( ),A. 10,37,; B. 10,-37,; C. 10,42,; D. 10,42,10.,尼古丁,(C,10,H,14,N,2,),是二元弱碱,K,b1,=7.010,-7,K,b2,=1.410,-11,则在,0.1molL,-1,尼古丁溶液中,c(H,+,),近似为,molL,-1,A. 2.6,10,-4,B. 3.8,10,-11,C. 7,10,-7,D. 0.1,B,B,11.,在,NH,4,+,、,Cl,-,、,Ac,-,、,H,2,O,等物质中,既是质子酸的又是质子碱的物质是,,其共轭酸是,,共轭碱是,。,12.Ca(OH),2,的,K,sp,=5.5,10,-6,其饱和水溶液中溶解度,s=_mol,l,-1,饱和溶液的,pH=_.,13. Zn (NH,3,),4,2+,的中心离子与,NH,3,分子中的中心原子轨道杂化类型为,_,配离子或分子的空间构型为,_.,14. 10ml0.05mol,L,-1,Ag,(,NH,3,),2,+,溶液与,1ml0.1mol,L,-1,NaCl,溶液混合,问此系统需含有,NH,3,浓度为多大时,才能防止,AgCl,沉淀生成,?,K,sp,(,AgCl,),=1.8,10,-10,K,Ag,(,NH,3,),2,+, =1.7,10,7,15.,原电池,(,)Pt|H,2,(100kPa)|HA(0.10molL,-1,)| H,+,(1molL,-1,)|H,2,(100kPa)|Pt,(,+,),,298K,时的电动势为,0.17V,,,求该温度下弱酸,HA,的离解常数,K,a,。,16.,某溶液中含有,Pb,2+,、,Ba,2+,,,它们的浓度分别为,0.010mol,L,-1,、,0.10mol,L,-1,,,如果逐渐加入,K,2,CrO,4,溶液,(,忽略体积变化,),,哪种离子先沉淀?,Pb,2+,和,Ba,2+,能否用此法进行分离,?(,K,sp,(,PbCrO,4,),=2.8,10,-13,K,sp,(,BaCrO,4,),=1.2,10,-10,),17. Cu(NH,3,),4,2+,的稳定性比,Cu(en),2,2+,小得多,主要原因是后者,( ).,A.,配位体大,B.,具有螯合效应,C.,配体分子量大,D.,配位数小,18.,通 常 情 况 下,下列何种 离子可能生成 内 轨 型 配 合物,A. Cu,+,; B. Fe,2+ ;,C. Ag,+,; D. Zn,2+,19. 0.30 mol,的,NH,3,溶解在,500,mL,0.40 molL,-1,AgNO,3,溶液中,求平衡时,NH,3,、,Ag,+,、,Ag(NH,3,),4,+,的浓度。已知:,K,f,(Ag(NH,3,),2,+,)=1.010,7,20.,下列物质中,能有效地作为螯合试剂的是:,A. C,2,O,4,2-,B. SCN,-,C. H,2,N-N(CH,3,),2,D. S,2,O,3,2-,21.,依据,Bronsted,-Lowry,酸碱质子理论,酸碱反应,HA+B= HB+A,,,K,=10,-4,,下列说法正确的是:,A. HA,是比,HB,强的酸,B. HB,是比,HA,强的酸,C. HA,和,HB,的酸性相同,D.,酸强度,HA,和,HB,无法比较,22.,在,Bronsted,-Lowry,酸碱质子理论中,,H,3,O,+,的共轭碱是,_,;,OH,-,的共轭酸是,_,。,23.,因为,BaSO,4,的,Ksp,比,BaCO,3,Ksp,小,所以不能通过与,Na,2,CO,3,溶液作用将,BaSO,4,转化成,BaCO,3,。,
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