六西格玛管理概念与应用

,-office,6s,Well,6 Sigma,概念與應用,何謂6-Sigma?,1979,年,年,，,，當時Motorola,一,一位資,深,深業務,主,主管ArthurSundry 在,高,高階主,管,管會議,上,上說：,Our qualitylevels reallystink,!,!,SixSigmaQuality Program,此,此名,稱,稱乃為Motorola,工,工程師BillSmith所,建,建議，,為,為Robert Galvin所,採,採納。,1987,年,年，Motorola提出,企,企業品,質,質目標,：,：,1989之前改,善,善10,倍,倍,1991之前,改,改善100倍,1992之前,達,達成6-Sigma 水,準,準,1988,年,年 Motorola榮獲,第,第一屆,美,美國國,家,家品質,獎,獎 MBNQA,USAToday,以,以TopQualityisBehindComeback,為標,題,題報導,。,。,1992,提,提出SixSigmaand Beyond：,所做的,每,每一件,事,事不但,要,要達到Six Sigma，並,且,且超越,它,它。,尺標從ppm(parts permillion)到ppb(parts perbillion),往後每,兩,兩年再,降,降低瑕,疵,疵率10倍。,美國某,顧,顧問機,構,構調查,企,企業,急,急需改,善,善 之10,大,大需,求,求:,1.,市,市場佔,有,有率/,成,成長,2.,全,全球市,場,場擴張,3.,供,供應鏈,管,管理,4.,設,設施,合,合理化,與,與效率,化,化運用,5.,降,降低製,造,造成本,6.,資,資產管,理,理,7.,通,通路領,導,導性,8.,股,股東價,值,值,9.,產,產品線,合,合理性,10.Rawmaterialvolatility,Benefits,約2.5,:,:1且成長,中,中,改善服,務,務水準,加速回,應,應速度,在GE,顧,顧客端,之,之專案,:,:,-增,進,進業務,營,營收,-生,產,產邊際,效,效應增,加,加,奇異公,司,司推行6-Sigma之成,本,本與效,益,益,Statistics Meaningof6Sigma,Whatsthe meaningofSigma,Howtomeasurethedata,?,?Which oneisbetter,?,?,100,90,110,120,80,Mean,=,=100,100,110,110,90,90,Mean,=,=100,平均值,變異數,標準差,從群體,N,中取樣,n,樣本,平均值,樣本,變異數,樣本,標準差,MeasurementSystem,A Graphic,/,/Quantitative Perspective on Variation,Average Value,Many DataSetsHave aNormal or BellShape,Numberof,People,Arriving,atCRD,Time,7:00,7:15,7:30,7:45,8:00,8:15,8:30,8:45,9:00,9:15,Z-Scale of Measure,Z,=,A UnitofMeasureEquivalent,totheNumber ofStandard,Deviationsthat aValueisAway,from theTargetValue,-3.0,-0.5,3.0,Z-Values,USL,LSL,2.5,0.5,3.0,=ProcessMean,Z,T,Target,0,A 3Process,區間,區間內,所,所佔百,分,分比,1,2,3,4,5,6,依據ztable,常,常態,分,分配區,間,間內所,佔,佔百分,比,比的數,字,字：,68.27,%,%,99.73,%,%(27000ppm,),),99.9999998%,(,(2ppm,),),99.9937%,(,(6300ppm,),),99.999943,%,%,(,(57 ppm),95.45%,Problem SolvingApproach,Center,Process,Reduce,Spread,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,Off-Target,Unpredictable,On-Target,6HelpsusIdentifyandReduceVARIATIONdueto,:,:,-InsufficientProcess Capability,-Unstable Parts&Materials,-InadequateDesign Margin,Target,USL,LSL,Target,USL,LSL,Target,USL,LSL,Center,Process,Reduce,Spread,Off,-,-Target,Unpredictable,On-Target,Defects,Problem SolvingApproach,“LowerSpecificationLimit”,“UpperSpecificationLimit”,Less VariationMeansFewerDefects&HigherProcessYields,6有多小,?,?,Sigma,PPM,0.002,0.5742,63.37,2,700,45,500,317,310,面積,一般教,室,室,2,倍,約,6,甲地,約,30,個中正,紀,紀念堂,略大於,台,台北市,台北縣,的,的兩倍,半,半,台灣省,的,的面積,時間,1,秒鐘,4.8,分鐘,9,小時,半個月,約,9,個月,5,年,6的四個,假,假設,常態分,配,配,1.5偏移,和已知,缺點乃,隨,隨意分,佈,佈，且,不,不同零,件,件及製,程,程相互,獨,獨立,偏移1.5,在動態,的,的真實,世,世界中,，,，每一,件,件事都,在,在不停,的,的變化,著,著,溫度,溼度,工具的,磨,磨耗,原料的,差,差異,.,.,.,.,1.5乃由機,率,率、估,計,計、經,驗,驗而來,參考資,料,料:,Evans,D.H.,(,(1975),:,:StatisticalTolerancing,:,:TheStateoftheArt,Part III.Shifts andDrifts,.,.,4.5,6,的品質,水,水準,0.002ppm,Cp=2,中心值1.5,的偏移,3.4ppm,Cpk=1.5,或用npmo(nonconformitiesper millionopportunities)表示,SigmaDPMOYieldSigmaDPMOYield,6,5.9,5.8,5.7,5.6,5.5,5.4,5.3,5.2,5.1,5.0,4.9,4.8,4.7,4.6,4.5,4.4,4.3,4.2,4.1,4.0,3.9,3.8,3.7,3.6,3.5,3.4,3.3,3.2,3.1,3.0,2.9,2.8,2.7,2.6,2.5,2.4,2.3,2.2,2.1,2.0,1.9,1.8,1.7,1.6,1.5,1.4,1.3,1.2,1.1,1.0,0.9,0.8,0.7,0.6,0.5,0.4,0.3,0.2,0.1,3.4,5.4,8.5,13,21,32,48,72,108,159,233,337,483,687,968,1,350,1,866,2,555,3,467,4,661,6,210,8,198,10,724,13,903,17,864,22,750,28,716,35,930,44,565,66,807,99.99966%,99.99946%99,.,.99915,%,%99.99866%99.9979%99.9968%99.9952%99.9928%99.9892%99.984,%,%99.977%99,.,.966%99.952,%,%99.931%99,.,.90,%,%99.87%99.81%99,.,.74,%,%99.65%99.53%,99.38%,99.18%98,.,.9%,98.6%,98.2%,97.7%,97.1%,96.4%,95.5%,94.5%,66,807,80,757,96.801,115,070,135,666,158,655,184,060,211,855,241,964,274,253,308,538,344,578,382,089,420,740,460,172,500,000,539,828,579,260,617,911,655,422,691,462,725,747,758,036,788,145,815,940,841,345,864,334,884,930,903,199,919,243,93.3%,91.9%,90.3%,88.5%,86.4%,84.1%,81.6%,78.8%,75.8%,72.6%,69.1%,65.5%,61.8%,57.9%,54.0%,50.0%,46.0%,42.1%,38.2%,34.5%,30.9%,27.4%,24.2%,21.2%,18.4%,15.9%,13.6%,11.5%,9.7,%,%,8.1,%,%,SigmaVS.DPMO,衡量指,標,標,標竿研,究,究,願景,Philosophy,方法,工具,符號,目標,價值,s,2,3,4,5,6,308,537,66,807,6,210,233,3.4,.,s,DPMO,可用以,計,計算與,衡,衡量任,何,何流程,Sigma,之,之另一,稱,稱呼為,標,標準差,2000年達成6-Sigma水,準,準,4,1996-,-,-Jack Welch,變成我,們,們文化,的,的一部,份,份-,-,-成,為,為我們,生,生活的,一,一部份,.,.,6 Sigma OrganizationinGE,Structure,Quality Council,Members:Labs&Functions,“Pipeline”&BB Project Priorities,Training&Certification,Measurements&Rewards,Communications,Champions,Leadership:Overall Initiative,Project Funding,HR:Training&Rewards,Black Belts,Lead 6,Project Teams,“Measure/Analyze”,“Improve/Control”,Out with Businesses,Here at CRD,Master Black Belts,Teach 6,Mentor Black Belts,Monitor BB Projects,Work“Pipeline”Projects,A Resource Pool,Team Members,Learn/Use 6,Tools,Work on BB Projects,Part of The Job,Out with Businesses,DMAIC,訓,訓練,綠帶(GreenBelt),(專案,組,組組長,),),黑帶(BlackBelt),(專案,組,組組長,),),碩士黑,帶,帶(MBB),(教練/,資,資源供,應,應者),10,天,天3,週,週課堂,訓,訓練,24,週,週課堂,訓,訓練,35,週,週課堂,訓,訓練,補強訓,練,練:,專案/workplace,咨詢協,助,助與教,導,導,-問,題,題解決,與,與改善,工,工具,-Facilitation,與,與團隊,運,運作,等等,-問,題,題解決,與,與改善,工,工具,-Facilitation,與,與團隊,運,運作,-基,本,本統計,-高,等,等/進,階,階統計,-問,題,題解決,與,與改善,工,工具,-Facilitatio