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单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,Lesson 19 The Brief History of Electric Vehicle Technology,Lesson 19 The Brief History of,The first demonstration electric vehicles were made in the 1830s,and commercial electric vehicles were available by the end of the 19th century.However,electric vehicles have not enjoyed the enormous success of internal combustion(IC)engine vehicles that normally have much longer ranges and are very easy to refuel.,The first demonstration electr,Todays concerns about the environment,particularly noise and exhaust emissions,coupled to new developments in batteries and fuel cells may swing the balance back in favour of electric vehicles.,Todays concerns about the env,1 Early days,The first electric vehicles of the 1830s used non-rechargeable batteries.By the end of the 19th century,with mass production of rechargeable batteries,electric vehicles became fairly widely used.Private cars,though rare,were quite likely to be electric,as were other vehicles such as taxis.,1 Early days,At the start of the 20th century electric vehicles must have looked a strong contender for future road transport.The electric vehicle was relatively reliable and started instantly,whereas internal combustion engine vehicles were at the time unreliable,smelly and needed to be manually cranked to start,2.The other main contender,the steam engine vehicle,needed lighting and the thermal efficiency of the engines was relatively low.,At the start of the 20th centu,By the 1920s several hundred thousand electric vehicles had been produced for use as cars,vans,axis,delivery vehicles and buses.However,despite the promise of the early electric vehicles,once cheap oil was widely available and the self starter for the internal combustion engine(invented in 1911)had arrived,the IC engine proved a more attractive option for powering vehicles.Ironically,the main market for rechargeable batteries has since been for starting IC engines.,By the 1920s several hundred t,2 The relative decline of electric vehicles after 1910,The reasons for the greater success to date of IC engine vehicles are easily understood when one compares the specific energy of petroleum fuel to that of batteries.The specific energy of fuels for IC engines varies,but is around 9000 Whkg-1,whereas the specific energy of a lead acid battery is around 30 Whkg-1.,2 The relative decline of elec,Once the efficiency of the IC engine,gearbox and transmission(typically around 20%)for a petrol engine is accounted for,this means that 1800 Whkg-1 of useful energy(at the gearbox shaft)can be obtained from petrol.To illustrate the point further,4.5 litres(1 gallon)of petrol with a mass of around 4 kg will give a typical motor car a range of 50 km.,Once the efficiency of the IC,To store the same amount of useful electric energy requires a lead acid battery with a mass of about 270 kg.Some of this energy may be regained through regenerative breaking,a system where the motor acts as a generator,braking the vehicle and converting the kinetic energy of the vehicle to electrical energy,which is returned to battery storage,from where it can be reused.,To store the same amount of us,As a result regenerative breaking tends to be used as much as a convenient way of braking heavy vehicles,which electric cars normally are,as for energy efficiency.,Even when adequate electrical power is available there is a minimum time,normally several hours,required to re-charge a lead acid battery,whereas 45 litres of petrol can be put into a vehicle in approximately one minute.,As a result regenerative break,Yet another limiting parameter with electric vehicles is that batteries are expensive,so that any battery electric vehicle is likely not only to have a limited range but to be more expensive than an internal combustion engine vehicle of similar size and build quality.The batteries also have a limited life,typically 5 years,which means that a further large investment is needed periodically to renew the batteries.,Yet another limiting parameter,Since the 19th century ways of overcoming the limited energy storage of batteries have been used.The first is supplying the electrical energy via supply rails,the best example being the trolley bus.This has been widely used during the 20th century and allows quiet non-polluting buses to be used in towns and cities.,Since the 19th century ways of,The downside is,of course,the expensive rather ugly supply lines which are needed and most trams and trolley bus systems have been removed from service.Modern inductive power transfer systems may overcome this problem.,The downside is,of course,th,3 Uses for which battery electric vehicles have remained popular,Despite the above problems there have always been uses for electric vehicles since the early part of the 20th century.They have certain advantages over combustion engines,mainly that they produce no exhaust emissions in their immediate environment,and secondly that they are i
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