先进制造技术+柔性制造38

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,#,Flexible Manufacturing,第六章 柔性制造,Outline概述,Asanintroductiontothesubsequentdiscussionsofproduction systemsand advanced manufacturingtechnologies it is usefultopresent adefinitionofthetermmanufacturing system.,关于对,继,继生产,系,系统和,先,先进的,制,制造技,术,术讨论,后,后的阐,述,述，介,绍,绍制造系,统,统术语的,定,定义是,十,十分有,用,用的。,A manufacturingsystem canbedefined as aseries ofvalue-addingmanufacturing processesconverting therawmaterials intomoreusefulformsand eventuallyfinishedproducts,.,.,一个制,造,造系统,可,可以定,义,义为一,系,系列将,原,原材料,转,转变成,更,更有用,的,的形式,，,，直至,最,最终产,品,品增值的制造加,工,工过程,。,。,Inthemodernmanufacturingsetting,flexibilityisanimportantcharacteristic,.,. Becausemanufacturingsystemisversatileand adaptable, while alsocapableofhandlingrelatively highproductionruns.,在现代,制,制造业,的,的框架,中,中，柔,性,性是一,个,个重要,的,的特性,。,。这意,味,味一个,制,制造系,统,统是通用的,和,和广泛,适,适应的, 同,时,时也有,较,较高的,生,生产能,力,力。,Aflexiblemanufacturing systemisversatileinthatitcanproducea varietyofparts,.,. It is adaptablebecause it canbequickly modified to produceacompletely differentline of parts.,一个柔性的,制,制造系,统,统是通用,的,的，它,能,能生产,多,多种零,件,件。它,具,具有适,应,应性是,因,因为它,可,可以被,很,很快地,调,调整，,生,生产完,全,全不同,的,的零件,。,。,A flexible manufacturingsystem (FMS,),) is an individualmachineorgroupofmachinesservedbyanautomated materialshandlingsystemthatiscomputercontrolled andhasatool handling capability,.,.,一个柔,性,性制造,系,系统是,一,一个单,独,独的或,成,成组的,基,基于自,动,动化物,料,料处理,系,系统的,机,机器，,被,被计算,机,机控制,的,的，具,有,有工具,处,处理能,力,力的机,器,器。,Because of itstool handling capabilityand computer control, suchasystemcan be continually reconfiguredtomanufacturea widevarietyofparts.Thisiswhyitiscalled aflexiblemanufacturingsystem,.,.,因为有,工,工具处,理,理能力,和,和被计,算,算机控,制,制，这,个,个系统,可,可以被,不,不断地,调,调整，,制,制造广,泛,泛和多,样,样的零,件,件。这,是,是它为,什,什么被,叫,叫做柔,性,性制造,业,业系统,的,的原因,。,。,Flexiblemanufacturingrepresentsamajorsteptowardthe goaloffullyintegratedmanufacturing.,柔性制,造,造是迈,向,向完全,一,一体化,制,制造的,重,重要一,步,步。,Itinvolvesintegrationofautomatedproductionprocesses.,它包括,自,自动化,生,生产程,序,序的一,体,体化。,Inflexiblemanufacturing,theautomatedmanufacturingmachine,（,（i.e.,lathe,mill,drill,),)andtheautomatedmaterialshandlingsystemshareinstantaneous communicationvia acomputernetwork.,在柔性,制,制造过,程,程中，,自,自动化,的,的制造,机,机器（,例,例如，,车,车床，,磨,磨床，,钻,钻床）,与,与自动化,物,物料搬,运,运系统通过一,个,个计算,机,机网络,被,被即时,联,联络。,Fig,.,.6.1 is an exampleofaflexiblemanufacturing system.,如图6,.,.1所,示,示就是,一,一个柔,性,性制造,系,系统。,Flexiblemanufacturing takes amajorsteptowardthe goaloffullyintegratedmanufacturing by integrating severalautomated manufacturingconcepts,:,:,柔性制,造,造对以,下,下几个,自,自动化,制,制造概,念,念的整,合,合是实,现,现完全,整,整合的,目,目标过,程,程中所,采,采取的,一,一个重,要,要的步,骤,骤：,自动化,生,生产程,序,序,(1)Computernumericalcontrol(CNC)ofindividual machinetools,.,.,(1),计,计算机,对,对个体,机,机床的,数,数字控,制,制 (CNC,),),(2)Distributednumericalcontrol,(,(DNC)ofmanufacturing systems,.,.,(2),制,制造系,统,统的分,布,布式数,字,字控制,(,(DNC),(3)Automatedmaterials handling systems,.,.,(3),自,自动化,物,物料搬,运,运系统,(4)Grouptechnology (familiesofparts),.,.,(4),组,组合工,艺,艺学,(,(零件,的,的系列,),),When these automatedprocesses, machines,andconceptsare broughttogetherinone integratedsystem,anFMSisthe result.,当这些,自,自动化,程,程序、,机,机床和,思,思想被,引,引入一,个,个集成,化,化的系,统,统中的,时,时候，FMS,就,就完成,了,了。,Humansand computersplay major roles in an FMS.,人和计,算,算机在,柔,柔性制,造,造系统,中,中扮演,重,重要的,角,角色。,思想（concept复数,形,形式）,Theamountofhumanlaborismuchless thanwitha manually operated manufacturingsystem,ofcourse,.,.,人类的,劳,劳动量,当,当然要,比,比用手,工,工操作,的,的制造,系,系统少,。,。,However,humansstillplaya vital roleinthe operationofanFMS,.,. Human tasks includethe following:,然而，,人,人类仍,然,然在FMS的,操,操作中,扮,扮演着,重,重要的,角,角色。,人,人类的,工,工作包,括,括下列,各,各项：,(1)Equipmenttroubleshooting,maintenance,and repair,(1),设,设备故,障,障检修,、,、保养,和,和修理,(2)Tool changing andsetup(2),更,更换和,调,调整工,具,具,(3)Loading andunloadingthe system(3),载,载入和,卸,卸载系,统,统,(4)Data input(4),数,数据输,入,入,(5)Changingofpartsprograms(5),部,部分计,划,划的变,更,更,(6)Developmentofprograms,(6),程,程序,拓,拓展,Flexiblemanufacturing systemequipment, likeall manufacturingequipment,must be monitoredforbugs,malfunctions,andbreakdowns.,柔性制,造,造系统,设,设备，,像,像所有,的,的制造,设,设备一,样,样，一,定,定会出,现,现出错,、,、故障,和,和崩溃,。,。,When aproblemisdiscovered,a human troubleshooter mustidentifyits sourceandprescribe correctivemeasures,.,.,当一个,问,问题被,发,发现的,时,时候，,修,修理它,的,的人必,须,须找出,问,问题的,来,来源，,并,并提出,纠,纠正的,方,方案。,人,人也承,担,担着采,取,取正确,的,的措施,修,修理那,发,发生故,障,障设备,的,的任务,。,。,Even whenall systemsare properly functioning,periodicmaintenanceisnecessary,.,.,即使当,所,所有的,系,系统正,在,在正常,地,地工作,，,，定期维,护,护也是必,需,需的。,Humanoperatorsalsosetupmachines, changetools, andreconfiguresystems as necessary.,人类操作者,在,在安装,机,机械、,更,更换工,具,具及重,置,置系统,方,方面发,挥,挥着必,要,要的作,用,用。,Thetoolhandlingcapability ofanFMSdecreases,butdoesnoteliminate involvementintoolchangingandsetup,.,.Thesameistrueofloadingand unloadingtheFMS.柔性制,造,造系统,的,的机床处理能,力,力的减,少,少不包,括,括更换,和,和安装,刀,刀具以,及,及载入,和,和卸载,柔,柔性制,造,造系统,。,。,Once rawmaterialhasbeenloadedontotheautomated materialshandlingsystem, it is moved throughthe systemintheprescribedmanner,.,.,一旦原,料,料被加,载,载到自动化,物,物料搬,运,运系统,中,中,它,就,就被系,统,统以规,定,定的运,动,动方式,移,移动。,However,theoriginalloadingontothe materialshandlingsystemisstillusuallydone by human operators,asisthe unloadingoffinishedproducts.,然而，,最,最初的,把,把原料,加,加载到,物,物料搬,运,运系统,中,中仍然,常,常被人,类,类操作,工,工完成,，,，卸载,成,成品件,也,也是如,此,此。,Humansare alsoneeded forinteractionwith thecomputer.Humans developpartprogramsthat controlthe FMSviacomputers.,人也需,要,要和计,算,算机互,动,动。人,用,用计算,机,机控制FMS,加,加工零,件,件的程,序,序。,They alsochange theprogramsasnecessarywhenreconfiguringtheFMS to produceanothertype of partorparts,.,. Humansplay lesslabor,-,-intensive roles in an FMS,but therolesarestillcritical,.,.,当FMS生产,另,另外类,型,型的零,部,部件的,时,时候，,人,人必须重置它的程,序,序。人,在,在FMS中劳,动,动量很,少,少，但,仍,仍然是,至,至关重,要,要的角,色,色。,Control at alllevelsinanFMS is provided by computers.,FMS,中,中各个,级,级别的,控,控制都,是,是由计,算,算机提,供,供的。,Individual machinetoolswithin an FMSarecontrolledbyCNC,.,. Theoverall systemiscontrolled by DNC.,个别机,床,床在一,个,个柔性,制,制造系,统,统中通,过,过CNC控制,的,的。而,整,整个系,统,统是被DNC,控,控制的,。,。,Theautomatedmaterialshandlingsystem iscomputercontrolled,asare otherfunctionsincludingdata collection, systemmonitoring,toolcontrol,andtrafficcontrol.,如同包,括,括数据,收,收集、,系,系统监,视,视、工,具,具控制,和,和信息,交,交换控,制,制等其,他,他功能,一,一样，,自,自动化,的,的材料,处,处理系,统,统也是,由,由计算,机,机控制,的,的。,Human/computerinteractionisthekey to theflexibilityofanFMS,.,.,人机交,互,互是FMS柔性,的,的关键,。,。,6.1Historical DevelopmentofFlexibleManufacturing柔性制,造,造的历史发,展,展,Flexiblemanufacturingwasborninthe mid-1960swhen theBritish firmMolins,Ltd,.,. DevelopeditsSystem24,.,. System24wasareal FMS.,柔性制,造,造技术,出,出现在,在,在十九,世,世纪六,十,十年代,中,中期，,当,当时在,英,英国的Molins,公,公司发,展,展了System24。System24是真,正,正意义,上,上的柔,性,性制造,系,系统。,However,itwasdoomedfrom theoutsetbecause automation, integration,andcomputercontroltechnology hadnotyet beendeveloped to thepointwherethey could properly supportthe system.,然而，,由,由于自,动,动化、,一,一体化,及,及计算,机,机控制,技,技术还,未,未发展,到,到可以,完,完全支,持,持柔性,制,制造系,统,统需求,的,的阶段,，,，所以,从,从一开,始,始，它,的,的命运,就,就已被注定。,ThefirstFMSwasadevelopmentthatwasaheadofits time,.,.Assuch, it waseventually discardedasunworkable.,首条柔,性,性制造,系,系统的,出,出现早于在它,所,所处的,时,时代。就其本,身,身而论，它最终,将,将因难,以,以运转,而,而被放,弃,弃。,Flexiblemanufacturingremainedanacademicconceptthroughtheremainderofthe 1960s and1970s.,贯穿余,下,下的十,九,九世纪,六,六十年,代,代及十,九,九世纪,七,七十年,代,代，柔,性,性制造,技,技术一,直,直停留,在,在学术,概,概念阶,段,段。,However,with theemergenceofsophisticatedcomputercontrol technologyinthelate1970sandearly1980s,flexiblemanufacturingbecamea viableconcept.,然而，,随,随着十,九,九世纪,七,七十年,代,代后期,和,和八十,年,年代早,期,期，精密计算机,控,控制技,术,术的出,现,现，柔,性,性制造,技,技术成,为,为一个,可,可行的,概,概念。,ThefirstmajorusersofflexiblemanufacturingintheUnited Stateswere manufacturersofautomobiles, trucks,and tractors.,美国应,用,用柔性,制,制造技,术,术的早,期,期使用,者,者主要,是,是汽车,、,、卡车,和,和拖拉,机,机制造,业,业。,1967年,英,英国Molins公,司,司建成,第,第一条FMS,。,。, 70年代,末,末80,年,年代初,，,，FMS商品,化,化，从,机,机加工,到,到焊接,、,、装配,、,、检验,及,及无削,加,加工等,领,领域。, 80年代,后,后，基,于,于计算,机,机的集,成,成制造,。,。, 1985,年,年运行,的,的FMS有400套,。,。, 1987,年,年近800套,。,。, 1990,年,年即达,到,到1500多,套,套。,目前,约,约有3000,套,套左右,正,正在运,行,行。,拓展,柔性自,动,动化制,造,造技术,的,的发展,历,历程及,现,现状,一、发,展,展历程,的,的第一,种,种划分,方,方法（,三,三个阶,段,段）,刚性自,动,动化,设备-,-,-自动,/,/半自,动,动机床,、,、组合,机,机床、,组,组合机,床,床自动,线,线；,对象-,-,-单一,品,品种大,批,批量生,产,产自动,化,化；,特点-,-,-生产,效,效率高,、,、加工,品,品种单,一,一。,柔性自,动,动化,设备-,-,-NC,、,、CNC、FMC、FMS,等,等。,对象-,-,-多品,种,种小批,量,量甚至,单,单件生,产,产自动,化,化；,综合自,动,动化,经营管,理,理、开,发,发设计,、,、加工,装,装配、,质,质量保,证,证自动,化,化，CIMS,、,、CE,、,、LP,、,、AM,等,等。,汽车后桥齿轮箱加工自动线,柔性自动化,50年代,焊接机器人,综合自动化,70年代,综合自动化,二、发,展,展历程,的,的第二,种,种划分,方,方法（,五,五个阶,段,段）,1、第,一,一阶段,（,（1913年,）：,刚,刚性自,动,动化，,包,包括刚,性,性生产,线,线和自,动,动单机,。,。,该阶段,技,技术在20世,纪,纪40,年,年代已,经,经相当,成,成熟。,特点：,大,大批量,生,生产；,仅,仅适用,于,于单一,品,品种,新技术,：,：继电,器,器程序,控,控制组,合,合机床,2、第,二,二阶段,（,（1930,）,）：数,控,控加工,，,，包括,数,数控和,计,计算机,数,数控。,其中数,控,控在20世纪50-70年,代,代发展,迅,迅速并,已,已成熟,，,，70,-,-80,年,年代计,算,算机数,控,控加工,取,取代了,数,数控加,工,工。,特点：,柔,柔性好,；,；适用,于,于多品,种,种中小,批,批量生,产,产,新技术,：,：数控,技,技术、,计,计算机,编,编程技,术,术等,3、第,三,三阶段,（,（1965年,）：,柔,柔性制,造,造，包,括,括计算,机,机直接,控,控制（DNC,）,）、FMS和FMC,。,。,特点：,柔,柔性、,高,高效率,；,；适用,于,于多品,种,种中小,批,批量生,产,产；,新技术,：,：GT,，,，DNC，FMS，,监,监控技,术,术,4、第,四,四阶段,（,（1973,）,）：计,算,算机集,成,成制造,系,系统CIMS,CIMS在20世纪80年,代,代以来,发,发展迅,速,速。,特点：,强,强调系,统,统性和,集,集成性,；,；,新技术,：,：现代,制,制造技,术,术、管,理,理技术,、,、计算,机,机技术,、,、自动,化,化技术,、,、信息,技,技术、,系,系统工,程,程技术,5、第,五,五阶段,（,（1991年,）：,智,智能制,造,造系统,（,（IMS），,包,包括计,算,算机直,接,接控制,（,（DNC）、FMS,和,和FMC。,1990年4,月,月由日,本,本倡导,。,。,特点：,集,集成日,本,本的企,业,业技术,、,、欧共,体,体的精,密,密工程,技,技术、,美,美国的,系,系统技,术,术等。,以上介,绍,绍五个,阶,阶段，,是,是国外,发,发达国,家,家的发,展,展历程,。,。我国,与,与国外,发,发达国,家,家相比,，,，有所,滞,滞后，,目,目前正,在,在努力,跟,跟进。,6.2RationaleforFlexibleManufacturing柔性制,造,造的基本原,理,理,Inmanufacturingtherehavealwaysbeentradeoffsbetween productionratesand flexibility.,在制造,业,业中，,总,总要在,生,生产率,与,与柔性,之,之间相,互,互权衡。,Atoneendofthespectrum aretransferlinescapable of highproductionrates,but lowflexibility.Atthe other endofthe spectrum areindependentCNCmachinesthat offer maximumflexibility,butarecapableonlyoflowproductionrates.Flexiblemanufacturingfallsinthemiddle of continuum.,一方面,，,，流水线能够实,现,现高的,生,生产率,，,，但是,柔,柔性低,。,。另一,方,方面，,独,独立的CNC,机,机构能,提,提供最,大,大的柔,性,性，但,是,是生产,率,率低。,柔,柔性制,造,造则在,二,二者之,间,间。,Therehasalways beenaneed in manufacturingfor asystem thatcouldproducehighervolume andproduction runsthancouldindependentmachines,whilestillmaintainingflexibility,.,.,制造系,统,统一直,以,以来就,有,有一个,需,需求，,就,就是系,统,统要有,较,较高的,生,生产率,、,、独立,性,性，同,时,时有适,应,应性。,n.,权,权衡；,折,折衷；,（,（公平,）,）交易,（,（等于trade-off,）,）,Transferlinesarecapableofproducinglargevolumesof parts at highproductionrates.,流水线,凭,凭借高,的,的生产,率,率能生,产,产大量,零,零件。,Thelinetakesagreatdealofsetup,butcan turnoutidenticalpartsinlargequantities.Its chief shortcoming is thatevenminordesignchangesinapartcancausethe entireline to be shutdownandreconfigured.,流水线,需,需要大,量,量机构,装,装备，,但,但可以,生,生产大,量,量相同的,零,零件。它的,主,主要缺,点,点是即,使,使是很,小,小的设,计,计部分,的,的改变,都,都会引,起,起整个,流,流水线,的,的停工,和,和重置,。,。,This is acriticalweaknessbecauseitmeansthattransferlinescannotproducedifferentparts, evenpartsfromwithinthesamefamily,withoutcostlyand time,-,-consuming shutdown andreconfiguration,.,.,这是它,最,最为关,键,键的缺,点,点。因,为,为这意,味,味着流,水,水线，,在,在没有,昂,昂贵的,、,、耗时,的,的停工,及,及重置,系,系统的,情,情况下,，,，不能,生,生产不,同,同的零,件,件，即,便,便是同一系,列,列的零件,。,。,Traditionally,CNCmachineshavebeen usedtoproducesmallvolumes of parts thatdiffer slightly in design.,传统的,数,数控机,床,床现已,被,被用来,生,生产设,计,计中有,微,微小改,变,变的小,批,批量零,件,件。,Suchmachinesare ideal forthispurposebecausetheycanbequickly reprogrammedtoaccommodateminororeven major designchanges.However,asindependentmachinestheycannotproduceparts in large volumesorathighproduction rates.,此类机,床,床基于,此,此是一种很,理,理想的,，,，因为,它,它们能,被,被很快,地,地重新,编,编程以,适,适应较,小,小的，,甚,甚至主,要,要的设,计,计变化,。,。然而,，,，作为,单,单个机,床,床是不,能,能以较,高,高的生,产,产率生,产,产大批,量,量零件,。,。,AnFMScan handlehighervolumesandproduction ratesthan independent CNCmachines,.,.Itcannotquitematchsuchmachines forflexibility,but theycomeclose.,柔性制,造,造系统,比,比单个,数,数控机,床,床拥有,更,更高的,产,产量和生产率。在适,用,用性方,面,面，它,还,还不能,完,完全匹,配,配此类,机,机床，,但,但是已,很,很接近,。,。,Whatisparticularlysignificantaboutthemiddleground capabilitiesofflexiblemanufacturingisthatmost manufacturingsituationsrequiremediumproduction rates to producemedium volumeswith enoughflexibilitytoquickly reconfigure to produceanotherpart or product.,大多数,生,生产情,形,形要求,中,中等生,产,产率生,产,产中等,产,产量的,产,产品，,并,并在足,够,够的适,用,用性下,，,，能很,快,快地重,置,置以生,产,产其他,零,零件或,产,产品。,关,关于柔,性,性制造,技,技术的,取,取中能,力,力上，,这,这一点,是,是特别,重,重要的,。,。,Flexiblemanufacturing fills thislong-standingvoid in manufacturing,.,.,柔性制,造,造填补,了,了制造,业,业中这,一,一长期,存,存在的,空,空白。,Flexiblemanufacturing,withitsgroundcapabilities,offersanumberofadvantages formanufacturers:,柔性制,造,造技术,用,用它的优势能,力,力为制造,商,商提供,许,许多的,利,利益：,(1)Flexibilitywithinafamilyofparts(1),在,在一系,列,列零件,中,中的适,应,应性,(2)Randomfeedingofparts(2),随,随意更,换,换零件,(3)Simultaneousproduction of differentparts(3)同时生产不,同,同的零,件,件,(4)Decreasedsetuptimeandlead time(4),减,减少生,产,产准备,时,时间和生产周,期,期,(5)More efficientmachine usage(5),机,机床的,高,高效使,用,用,(6)Decreaseddirect andindirectlaborcosts,(6),减,减少了,直,直接和,间,间接的,劳,劳动费,用,用,(7)Abilitytohandledifferent materials(7),不,不同,材,材料的,处,处理能,力,力,(8)Ability to continue someproductionifonemachinebreaksdown,(8),若,若一台,机,机器出故障继续生,产,产的能,力,力,见课本93页,翻,翻译,6.3FlexibleManufacturingSystemComponents柔性制,造,造系统,的,的组成,FMS,的组成,自动仓库,工厂计算机,中央计算机,物流控制计算机,运输小车,加工单元,1,加工单元,2,加工单元,n,信 息 传 输 网 络,工夹具站,AnFMShas three major components,:,:一个柔,性,性制造,系,系统有,三,三个主,要,要的组,成,成部分,：,：,(1)Machine tools,(1),机,机床,(2)Control system,(2),控,控制系,统,统,(3)Materialshandlingsystem,(3),物,物料搬,运,运系统,6.3,.,.1MachineTools机床,A flexible manufacturingsystem usesthe sametypesofmachinetoolsasanyothermanufacturingsystem, be it automatedormanuallyoperated.Theseincludelathes, mills,drills, saws, andsoon.The typeofmachinetoolsactuallyincludedinanFMSdependsonthesettinginwhichthemachinewill be used,.,.,柔性制,造,造系统,同,同任何,其,其他的,制,制造系,统,统一样,，,，使用,相,相同类,型,型的机,床,床，是,被,被自动,控,控制或,用,用手操,作,作的系,统,统。这,些,些包括,车,车床，,磨,磨床，,钻,钻床，,插,插床等,等,等。这,种,种类型,的,的机床,实,实际上,包,包含在,一,一个柔,性,性制造,系,系统内,，,，不同,之,之处在,于,于机床,调,调用的,系,系统设,置,置。,Some FMSaredesignedtomeetaspecific,well-definedneed. Inthesecasesthemachinetoolsincludedinthesystem willbeonlythosenecessaryfor theplanned operations,.,. Suchasystemwouldbeknownasadedicatedsystem.,一些柔,性,性制造,系,系统被,设,设计一,种,种特定,的,的、具,有,有明确需,求,求的系统,。,。在这,些,些情况,下,下，系,统,统内的,机,机床将,仅,仅仅是,为,为满足,生,生产计,划,划而必,需,需的。,这,这样的,系,系统就,是,是专用系,统,统。,Ina job-shop setting, or anyothersetting in which theactualapplicationisnotknownaheadoftimeormustnecessarilyincludeawiderangeofpossibilities ,machinescapableofperformingatleastthestandardmanufacturingoperationswouldbeinclude.Suchsystemsareknownasgeneral purposesystems.,在一个,加,加工车,间,间环境,中,中（或,实,实际的,应,应用环,境,境中）,，,，不能,提,提前知,道,道或必,然,然包含,广,广泛发,展,展潜力,，,，能至,少,少运行,标,标准制,造,造操作,的,的机床,都,都在内,。,。这样,的,的系统,就,就是通用系统。,6.3,.,.2ControlSystem控制系,统,统,ThecontrolsystemforanFMSservesanumberofdifferentcontrolfunctions forsystem,:,:,一个柔,性,性制造,系,系统的,控,控制系,统,统为系,统,统提供不同的,控,控制功,能,能：,(1)Storage anddistributionofpartsprograms(1),部,部件加,工,工程序,的,的存储,和,和分配,(2)Work flowcontrolandmonitoring(2),工,工作流,程,程的控,制,制和监,测,测,(3)Production control(3),生,生产控,制,制,(4)System,/,/toolcontrol/monitoring(4),系,系统,/,/ 刀,具,具控制,/,/,监,监测,Thecontrolarea withthe computer runningthe FMScontrol systemisthecenter fromwhichall activitiesinthe FMSarecontrolledandmonitored.,计算机,不,不断地,运,运行柔,性,性制造,系,系统控,制,制系统,作,作业的,控,控制区,是,是所有,被,被控制,和,和监测,的,的生产,活,活动的,中,中心。,TheFMS controlsoftwareisrathercomplicatedandsophisticatedsinceithastocarryout manydifferent tasks simultaneously.,柔性制,造,造系统,的,的控制,软,软件程,序,序是非,常,常复杂和,精,精密的，由于,它,它必须,同,同时执,行,行许多,不,不同操,作,作任务,。,。,Despitetheconsiderableresearchthathasbeen carriedout in thisarea,thereisnogeneralanswertodesigning thefunctionsand architectureofFMSsoftware,.,.,尽管，,在,在这一,领,领域已,经,经有相,当,当多的,研,研究，,但,但在柔,性,性制造,系,系统软,件,件的功,能,能设计,和,和结构,上,上，还,没,没有一,个,个全面,的,的回答,。,。,Some typicalfunctions of aFMS controlsystem areillustratedinFig,.,.6.2.,关于柔,性,性制造,系,系统的,控,控制系,统,统的一,些,些典型,功,功能见,图,图6.2说明,。,。,Thescheduler function involves planning howtoproduce thecurrent volumeofordersinthe FMS,consideringthe currentstatus of machinetools, work,-,-in,-,-process,tooling,and so on.,生产调,度,度程序,的,的功能,涉,涉及如,何,何用FMS生,产,产方式,按,按当前,订,订货量,来,来制造,产,产品，,在,在安排,计,计划时,要,要同时,考,考虑到,机,机床的,现,现有状,态,态、在,制,制品数,量,量、工,模,模具和,夹,夹具等,。,。,Theschedulingcanbedoneautomatically or canbeassistedbyanoperator。MostFMScontrolsystemscombineautomaticandmanualscheduling,;,;thesystemgeneratesaninitialschedulethatcanbechangedmanuallyby theoperator.,可以自,动,动完成,调,调度或,由,由操作,员,员协助,完,完成调,度,度。大,多,多数的,柔,柔性制,造,造系统,的,的控制,系,系统集,自,自动和,手,手动的,控,控制于,一,一体；,系,系统生,成,成的原,始,始调度,计,计划可,以,以被操,作,作员手,动,动改变,。,。,Thedispatcherfunctioninvolvescarryingoutthe schedule andcoordinatingthe activitiesonthe shopfloor, thatis, deciding whenand where to transporta pallet,whentostarta processonamachiningcenter,andsoon,.,.,调度功,能,能涉及,下,下车间,执,执行生,产,产计划,和,和协调,生,生产活,动,动，也,就,就是说,，,，决定,何,何时该,向,向哪里,运,运送载,货,货托板,，,，何时,开,开始在,加,加工中,心,心上处,理,理一个,程,程序等,等,等。,见课本94页,翻,翻译,Themonitorfunctionisconcernedwithmonitoring workprogress, machinestatus,alarmmessages,and so on ,andprovidinginputtotheschedulerand dispatcheraswellasgenerating variousproductionreports andalarmmessages.,系统监,控,控功能,与,与监控,工,工作进,度,度、机,床,床运行,状,状态、,报,报警信,息,息等相,关,关，并,能,能向调,度,度及分,配,配器提,供,供输入,信,信息，,而,而且生,成,成各种,生,生产报,告,告和报,警,警信息,。,。,A transportcontrol modulemanages thetransportationofpartsandpaletteswithinthesystem.HavinganAGVsystemwithmultiplevehicles, therouting controllogiccanbecome rathersophisticated andbecomeacriticalpartoftheFMS controlsoftware,.,.,在系统,里,里，传,输,输控制,模,模块管,理,理零件,和,和载货,车,车的转,运,运。一,个,个带有自动引,导,导车辆系统的,多,多功能,小,小车，,它,它的路径控,制,制逻辑单,元,元是相,当,当精密,的,的，且,在,在柔性,制,制造系,统,统的控,制,制软件,里,里是一,个,个不可,或,或缺的,主,主要部,件,件。,Aload/unloadmodulewithaterminalattheloadingareashowstheoperatorswhichpartstointroducetothesystemandenableshimorhertoupdatethe statusofthecontrolsystemwhenpartsareready forcollection at theloading area,.,.,在装料,区,区末端,的,的负载,/,/卸载,模,模块向,操,操作者,展,展示了,哪,哪个零,件,件是系,统,统说到,的,的零件,，,，并当,零,零件准,备,备在装,料,料区收,集,集时，,能,能使他,/,/她及,时,时更新,控,控制系,统,统的最,新,新状态,。,。,A storagecontrolmodulekeepsanaccountofwhichpartsarestored in theAS/RSaswell as their exact location.,一个存,储,储控制,模,模块记,录,录哪些,零,零件存,储,储在自动化,仓,仓储系,统,统以及它,们,们的确,切,切位置,。,。,Thetoolmanagementmodulekeepsan accountofall relevant tooldataandthe actuallocationoftoolsintheFMS.,刀具管,理,理模块,记,记录所,有,有的相,关,关刀具,数,数据和,刀,刀具在,实,实际柔,性,性制造,系,系统中,的,的位置,。,。,Tool managementcan be rathercomprehensive since thenumberoftoolsnormallyexceedsthenumberofpartsinthesystem, andfurthermore,the modulemust controlthe preparation andflow of tools.,刀具管,理,理模块,是,是相当,全,全面的,，,，因为,刀,刀具的,数,数量一,般,般超过,系,系统中,零,零件的,数,数量，,而,而且，,模,模块必,须,须控制,刀,刀具的,准,准备和,运,运动作,业,业。,TheDNCfunctionprovidesinterfaces betweenthe FMScontrol programand machinetoolsand devicesonthe shopfloor,.,. TheDNCcapabilities of theshop floor equipmentareessential toaFMS,;,;a,“,“full,”,”DNCcommunicationprotocolenablingremotecontrolofthemachinesisrequired,(,(seethediscussiononDNCinthe previous section,),).,直接数,字,字控制功能为,在,在柔性,制,制造系,统,统的控,制,制程序,、,、机床,及,及车间,设,设备提,供,供了接,口,口。车,间,间设备,的,的直接,数,数字控,制,制能力,对,对一个,柔,柔性制,造,造系统,来,来说是,必,必不可,少,少的。,“,“完全,的,的”直,接,接数字,控,控制通,信,信协议,是,是使所,需,需机床,实,实现远,程,程控制,成,成为可,能,能（参,见,见前面,章,章节关,于,于直接,数,数字控,制,制的讨,论,论）。,Thefactthatmostvendorsofmachinetoolshave developedproprietarycommunicationprotocolsiscomplicatingthedevelopmentand integration of FMSes includingmulti-vendorequipment.,大多数,的,的厂商,所,所使用,的,的机器,已,已经发,展,展为专,有,有通讯,协,协议的,这,这一实,际,际情况,是,是众多,厂,厂商设,备,备的柔,性,性制造,系,系统发,展,展和整,合,合的复,杂,杂化。,Furthermore,thephysicalintegrationofmulti-vendorequipment is difficult;for example, thedifferencesinpalletload,/,/unload mechanicscomplicate theuseofmachinetoolsfrom differentvendors.,此外，,多,多厂家,设,设备的物理整,合,合是很困,难,难的；,举,举例来,说,说，载,货,货托盘,的,的加,/,/ 卸,载,载受力,的,的不同,，,，使来,自,自不同,供,供应商,的,的机床,刀,刀具的,使,使用变,得,得复杂,。,。,Therefore,theonlyadvisableapproachforimplementingaFMSistopurchaseaturn-keysystemfromoneofthe mainmachinetool manufacturers,.,.,因此，,实,实现柔,性,性制造,系,系统的,唯,唯一适当的,方,方式就是要,从,从众多,机,机床制,造,造商中,选,选择一,个,个，并,购,购买他,的,的一个,成,成套系,统,统。,Thesesystems arereliableandwelltestedandshouldthesystemfunctionsatisfactorily,asinglevendorresponsibilitywillfacilitateremedyofmalfunctions.Fig.6,.,.3showsa pictureofaturn-keyMazakFMS, which is built on amodularconcept,enablingthesystem to be configuredwiththenumber of machines as required by thecustomer.,这些系,统,统是可,靠,靠的并,被,被充分,测,测试过,的,的系统,，,，应成,功,功运行,的,的系统,，,，一个供应商的责