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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,第六单元 饲料配方设计与配合饲料生产技术,1,教 学 内 容,第一节 概述,第二节 全价配合饲料配方设计,第五节 配合饲料的生产工艺,第六节 配合饲料的质量管理,第三节 浓缩饲料配方设计,第四节 预混合饲料配方设计,2,第一节 概述,一、配合饲料种类,和,特点,二、配合饲料优越性,3,配合饲料是指按照动物饲养标准及饲料原料的营养特点,结合实际生产状况,按照科学的饲料配方生产出来的由多种饲料原料组成的均匀混合物。,一、配合饲料种类,和,特点,4,(一)按营养成分和用途分类,1.,添加剂预混料,2.,浓缩饲料,3.,全价料,4.,精料补充料,5,预混料、浓缩料、精料混合料与全价配合饲料之间的相互关系,6,(二)按饲料形状分类:,1.,粉料,2.,颗粒料,3.,碎粒料,4.,压扁饲料,5.,膨化饲料,各种料型的配合饲料,7,(一)科技含量高,(二)能充分、合理、高效的利用各种饲料资源,(三)质量稳定,饲用安全、高效、方便,(四)可减少养殖业的劳动支出,实现机械化养殖,促进现代化养殖业的发展,二、配合饲料优越性,8,第二节 全价配合,饲料配方设计,全价配合饲料配方设计的原则与方法,生 产 实 例,畜禽配合饲料配方设计的特点,9,一、设计原则和方法,(一)、营养性原则,1,、选用合适的饲养标准;,2,、合理选择饲料原料,正确评估和决定饲料原料营养成分含量;,3,、正确处理配合饲配方设计值与配合饲料保证值的关系。,10,饲料配方中常用的饲料使用量大致的范围(,%,),家禽种类,饲料种类,雏,鸡,肉 用,仔 鸡,育 成,鸡,成 年,鸡,谷物饲料,(,2,种及以上),45-70,45-70,45-70,45-70,糠麸类,(,1-3,种),5-10,5-10,10-20,10-20,饼粕类,(,1-2,种以上),15-30,15-30,15-25,15-25,动物性饲料,(,1-2,种),3-10,3-10,3-10,3-10,干草粉类,2-3,2-3,3-8,3-8,矿物质饲料,(,2-4,种),2-3,2-3,3-8,3-8,食盐,饲料添加剂,0.2-0.4,0.5-1.0,0.2-0.4,0.5-1.0,0.3-0.5,0.5-1.0,0.3-0.5,0.5-1.0,11,(二)安全性原则,配合饲料对动物自身必须是安全的、发霉、酸败污染和未经处理的含毒素等饲料原料不能使用,饲料添加剂的使用量和使用期限应符合安全法规。,12,(三)经济性原则,1,、饲料原料的选用应注意因地制宜和因时而宜,充分利用当地的饲料资源,尽量少从外地购买饲料,既避免了远途运输的麻烦,又可降低配合饲料生产的成本。,2,、设计饲料配方时应尽量选用营养价值较高而价格低廉的饲料原料,多种原料搭配,可使各种饲料之间的营养物质互相补充,以提高饲料的利用效率。,13,(四)市场性原则,产品设计必须以市场为目标,配方设计人员必须熟悉市场,及时了解市场动态,准确确定产品在市场中的地位,明确用户的特殊要求,同时,还要预测产品的市场前景,不断开发新产品,以增强产品的市场竞争力。,14,二、设计方法,全价饲粮配方设计的方法很多,如四角形法、试差法、公式法、线性规划法、计算机法等。目前养鸡专业户和一些小型鸡场多采用,试差法,,而大型鸡场多采用,计算机法,。,15,试差法,基本步骤:,1,、查饲养标准;,2,、查饲料营养成分价值表;,3,、确定各种原料的大致用量;,4,、计算各营养指标,并与饲养标准比较,修改,与饲养标准差值在,5%,以内;,5,、调整配方,确定各种原料的用量。,16,生产实例:,利用玉米、豆饼、花生饼、鱼粉、碎米、麦麸、骨粉、石粉及食盐、添加剂预混料,为产蛋率,80%,以上的母鸡配合饲粮。,17,第一步:根据饲喂对象及现有的饲料种类列出饲养标准及饲料成分表,项目,代谢能,(,MJ/kg,),粗蛋白质(,%,),钙,(,%,),总磷,(,%,),蛋,+,胱,(,%,),赖氨酸,(,%,),鱼 粉,12.13,62,3.91,2.9,2.21,4.34,豆 饼,11.05,43.0,0.32,0.50,1.08,2.45,花生饼,12.26,43.9,0.25,0.52,1.02,1.35,玉 米,14.04,8.6,0.04,0.21,0.31,0.29,碎 米,14.10,8.8,0.04,0.23,0.34,0.36,麦 麸,7.24,15.4,0.14,1.06,0.48,0.47,骨 粉,-,-,36.4,16.4,-,-,石 粉,-,-,37,-,-,-,饲养标准,产蛋率,80%,11.5,16.5,3.5,0.6,0.63-0.73,0.37,18,第二步:初步确定各种饲料的用量,算出其营养成分。,假设初步确定各种饲料的比例:鱼粉,5%,,花生饼,5%,,豆饼,10%,,碎米,10%,,麦麸,6%,,实验,0.37%,,骨粉,1%,,石粉,7%,,添加剂,0.5%,,玉米,55.13%,。饲料比例初步确定后列表,计算出各种营养物质的含量:,19,饲料,种类,饲料比例(,%,),代谢能,(,MJ/kg,),粗蛋白,(,%,),钙,(,%,),总磷,(,%,),蛋,+,胱,(,%,),赖氨酸,(,%,),鱼粉,5,0.05*12.13=0.607,0.05*62=3.100,0.05*3.91=0.196,0.05*2.9=0.145,0.05*2.21=0.111,0.05*4.35=0.218,豆饼,10,1.255,4.300,0.032,0.050,0.108,0.245,花生饼,5,0.615,2.195,0.013,0.026,0.051,0.068,玉米,55.13,7.607,4.739,0.022,0.116,0.171,0.160,碎米,10,1.140,0.880,0.004,0.023,0.034,0.036,麦麸,6,0.435,0.924,0.008,0.064,0.029,0.028,骨粉,1,-,-,0.364,0.164,-,-,石粉,7,-,-,2.590,-,-,-,食盐,0.37,-,-,-,-,-,-,添加剂,0.5,-,-,-,-,-,-,合计,100,11.916,16.138,3.229,0.588,0.504,0.755,相差,0.416,-0.362,20,第三步:调整配方中粗蛋白和代谢能含量,根据以上初步确定的配方来看,代谢能比营养标准多,0.416MJ/kg,,,而粗蛋白质比饲养标准少,0.362%,,这样可利用豆饼代替部分玉米含量进行调整,若粗蛋白质高于饲养标准,同样也可玉米代替部分豆饼含量进行调整。从饲料营养成分表中可查出豆饼的粗蛋白质含量为,43%,,而玉米的粗蛋白质含量为,8.6%,,豆饼中粗蛋白质含量比玉米高,34.4%,(,43%-8.6%,),可用,0.362%/34.4%*100%=1.052,的豆饼代替玉米就能满足粗蛋白质的需要。第一次调整后的配方及营养成分计算:,21,饲料,种类,饲料比例(,%,),代谢能,(,MJ/kg,),粗蛋白,(,%,),钙,(,%,),总磷,(,%,),蛋,+,胱,(,%,),赖氨酸,(,%,),鱼粉,5,0.607,3.100,0.196,0.145,0.111,0.218,豆饼,11.052,1.226,4.773,0.036,0.056,0.120,0.272,花生饼,5,0.615,2.195,0.013,0.026,0.051,0.068,玉米,54.078,7.606,4.653,0.022,0.114,0.168,0.157,碎米,10,1.140,0.880,0.004,0.023,0.034,0.036,麦麸,6,0.435,0.924,0.008,0.064,0.029,0.028,骨粉,1,-,-,0.364,0.164,-,-,石粉,7,-,-,2.590,-,-,-,食盐,0.37,-,-,-,-,-,-,添加剂,0.5,-,-,-,-,-,-,合计,100,11.889,16.525,3.233,0.592,0.513,0.779,相差,0.389,0.025,-0.267,-0.008,-0.117,0.409,22,第四步:平衡钙磷,补充添加剂,根据以上计算结果与营养需要比较,钙缺,0.267%,,可用,0.267%/37%*100%=0.722%,石粉代替玉米,可满足钙的需要。氨基酸、维生素和微量元素添加剂,按照说明添加。经过调整过的配方中所有营养已基本满足要求。,23,饲料,种类,饲料比例(,%,),代谢能,(,MJ/kg,),粗蛋白,(,%,),钙,(,%,),总磷,(,%,),蛋,+,胱,(,%,),赖氨酸,(,%,),鱼粉,5,0.607,3.100,0.196,0.145,0.111,0.218,豆饼,11.052,1.226,4.773,0.036,0.056,0.120,0.272,花生饼,5,0.615,2.195,0.013,0.026,0.051,0.068,玉米,53.356,7.506,4.641,0.022,0.112,0.166,0.155,碎米,10,1.140,0.880,0.004,0.023,0.034,0.036,麦麸,6,0.435,0.924,0.008,0.064,0.029,0.028,骨粉,1,-,-,0.364,0.164,-,-,石粉,7.772,-,-,2.849,-,-,-,食盐,0.37,-,-,-,-,-,-,添加剂,0.5,-,-,-,-,-,-,合计,100,11.800,16.513,3.492,0.592,0.513,0.779,相差,0.300,0.013,-0.008,-0.008,-0.117,0.409,24,调整后的配方:,鱼粉,5%,,花生饼,5%,,豆饼,10%,,碎米,10%,,麦麸,6%,,实验,0.37%,,骨粉,1%,,石粉,7%,,添加剂,0.5%,,玉米,55.13%,氨基酸、维生素和微量元素添加剂,按照说明添加。,25,第三节,浓缩饲料配方设计,浓缩饲料配方的设计,浓缩饲料的使用,26,一、浓缩饲料配方设计方法与步骤,由全价饲料配方推算出浓缩饲料配方,1,、由配制出的全价配合饲料配方求浓缩饲料 配方设计的系数,即用,100%,减去全价配合饲料中能量饲料所占的百分数。,2,、用系数分别除浓缩饲料将使用的各种饲料占全价配合饲料的百分数,得到所要配制的浓缩饲料配方。,3,、列出浓缩饲料配方。,4,、标明产品用法、用量。,27,生产举例,1.,全价配方如下:玉米,69.00%,豆饼,14.47%,花生饼,4%,鱼粉,2%,骨粉,0.73%,石粉,8.5%,食盐,0.3%DL,蛋氨酸,0.02%,预混料,1.00%2.,能量饲料,69.00%,则浓缩料应占,100%-69.00%=31.00%3.,豆饼,14.47/31.00100=46.68,花生饼,4/31.00100=12.90,鱼粉,2/31.00100=6.45,骨粉,0.73/31.00100=2.35,石粉,8.5/31.00100=27.42,食盐,0.3/31.00100=0.97 DL,蛋氨酸,0.02/31.00100=0.06,预混料,1.00/31.00100=3.22,28,4.,列出浓缩饲料配方,并计算其营养水平,豆饼,46.68%,花生饼,12.90%,鱼粉,6.45%,骨粉,2.35%,石粉,27.42%,食盐,0.97%DL,蛋氨酸,0.06%,预混料,3.22%,5.,标准用法,每,31,份浓缩料加,69,份玉米。,29,二、浓缩饲料的使用,1.,按固定比例配制,一般浓缩饲料在全价料中在,20,40%,范围内,以,30%,为普遍。,2.,按灵活比例配制,对于通用浓缩饲料常推荐有各种比例。,3.,使用前各种原料必须混合均匀。,为保证浓缩饲料的使用效果,有条件
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