资源描述
Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second Level,Third Level,Fourth Level,Fifth Level,Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.,4,THE ECONOMICS OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR,公共,部门经济学,Externalities,外部性,Chapter 10,Market Efficiency-Market Failures,Recall that:Adam Smiths“invisible hand”of the marketplace leads self-interested buyers and sellers in a market to maximize the total benefit that society can derive from a market.,But market failures can still happen.,市场效率,和,市场失灵,回顾:,亚当.斯密所说的市场中“看不见的手”引导着市场中自利的买者和卖者追求自己利益最大化的同时，使整个社会从市场中获得的总利益也达到最大化。,但是市场也会失灵,EXTERNALITIES AND MARKET INEFFICIENCY,An,externality,refers to the uncompensated impact of one persons actions on the well-being of a bystander.,Externalities,cause markets to be inefficient,and thus fail to maximize total surplus.,外部性与市场无效率,外部性,一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响，这种影响得不到补偿。,外部性导致市场失灵，因此单靠市场力量不能使社会总剩余最大化。,An externality arises,外部性产生,.,when a person engages in an activity that influences the well-being of a bystander and yet neither pays nor receives any compensation for that effect.,当一个人的行为影响到旁观者的福利时，若此人既不为此支付成本,（给旁观者带来成本时）,又不能得到补偿,（给旁观者带来利益时）,，外部性就产生了。,EXTERNALITIES AND MARKET INEFFICIENCY,外部性与市场无效率,When the impact on the bystander is adverse,the externality is called a,negative externality.,给旁观者带来不利影响的外部性称为,负外部性,When the impact on the bystander is beneficial,the externality is called a,positive externality.,给旁观者带来有利影响的外部性称为,正外部性,Automobile exhaust,汽车尾气,Cigarette smoking,吸烟,Barking dogs(loud pets),狂叫的狗,Loud stereos in an apartment building,在公寓楼里大声放立体声,Examples of Negative Externalities,负外部性例子,Immunizations,免疫,Restored historic buildings,修复历史古迹,Research into new technologies,新技术研究开发,Examples of Positive Externalities,正外部性例子,The Market for Aluminum,铝市场,数量,Quantity of,Aluminum,0,Price of,Aluminum,铝的价格,Q,MARKET,Demand(private value）,需求（私人价值),Supply(private cost）,供给（,私人成本,),Equilibrium,均衡,The Market for Aluminum and Welfare Economics,铝市场和福利经济学,The quantity produced and consumed in the market equilibrium is efficient in the sense that it maximizes the sum of producer and consumer surplus.,“市场均衡时的生产量和消费量是有效率的”，这句话的意思是说生产者和消费者的总剩余最大。,The Market for Aluminum and Welfare Economics,铝市场和福利经济学,If the aluminum factories emit pollution(a negative externality),then the cost to society of producing aluminum is larger than the cost to aluminum producers.,如果铝厂排放污染（负外部性），那么生产铝的社会成本就比铝生产者的私人成本高。,The Market for Aluminum and Welfare Economics,铝市场和福利经济学,For each unit of aluminum produced,the,social cost,includes the private costs of the producers plus the cost to those bystanders adversely affected by the pollution.,每生产一个单位量的铝，,社会成本,既包括铝生产者的私人成本，也包括污染给旁观者带来的成本。,Q,MARKET,Pollution and the Social Optimum,污染和社会最优,产量,Quantity of,Aluminum,0,Price of,Aluminum,铝的价格,Demand,(,private value）,需求（,私人价值),Supply,(,private cost）,供给（,私人成本),Social cost,社会成本,Q,optimum,Cost of Pollution,污染成本,Equilibrium,均衡,Optimum,社会最优,Negative Externalities,负外部性,The intersection of the demand curve and the social-cost curve determines the optimal output level.,需求曲线和社会 成本曲线的交点决定了社会最优产量。,The socially optimal output level is less than the market equilibrium quantity.,社会最优产量比市场均衡产量低。,Negative Externalities,负外部性,Internalizing,an externality involves altering incentives so that people take into account the external effects of their actions.,外部性的内在化,通过改变激励，使人们考虑他们自己行为的外部效应。,Achieving the Socially Optimal Output,实现社会最优产量,The government can,internalize,an externality by imposing a tax on the producer to reduce the equilibrium quantity to the socially desirable quantity.,政府可以向生产者收税以降低市场均衡产量为社会所希望的产量，将,外部性内在化,。,Positive Externalities,正外部性,When an externality,benefits,the bystanders,a positive externality exists.,当外部性有利于旁观者时，就存在正外部性。,The social value of the good exceeds the private value.,物品的社会价值大于私人价值。,Positive Externalities,正外部性,A,technology spillover,is a type of positive externality that exists when a firms innovation or design not only benefits the firm,but enters societys pool of technological knowledge and benefits society as a whole.,一个企业的创新或设计不仅给本企业带来效益，还会增加社会的技术知识存量，给全社会带来效益，也就是说创新和设计存在着,技术溢出效应，,技术溢出效应是一种正外部性,Figure 3 Education and the Social Optimum,Copyright 2004 South-Western,Quantity of,Education,0,Price of,Education,Demand,(,private value),Social,value,Supply,(,private cost),Q,MARKET,Q,OPTIMUM,图3.教育与社会最优,教育的数量,0,教育的,价格,需求,(私人价值),社会价值,供给,(私人成本),Q,市场,Q,最优,Positive Externalities,The intersection of the supply curve and the social-value curve determines the optimal output level.,The optimal output level is more than the equilibrium quantity.,The market produces a,smaller quantity than is socially desirable.,The social value of the good exceeds the private value of the good.,正外部性,供给曲线和社会价值曲线的交点决定了社会最优产量水平。,社会最优产量比市场均衡产量多。,市场生产的量比社会所希望的量少。,物品的社会价值大于私人价值。,Positive,Externalities,Internalizing Externalities:Subsidies,Used as the primary method for attempting to internalize positive externalities.,Industrial Policy,Government intervention in the economy that aims to promote techno
展开阅读全文