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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Introduction to English Figures of Speech,Contents,1.喻类修辞,2.代类修辞,3.对照并列类修辞,4.声音类修辞,1.喻类修辞,1. Simile,2. Metaphor,3. Personification,4. Transferred epithet,1. Simile(明喻),Definition: A figure of speech in which one thing is likened to another, in such a way as to clarify and enhance an image.,(In dealing with simile, an additional point should be noted: the two things compared are in different kinds and are said to be similar in one respect only, and not in all ways.),1) like和as型,eg:,1.The cheque fluttered to the floor,like,a bird with a broken wing.,2.Use a book,as,a bee does flowers.,2) 虚拟句型,Eg:,1. He was a beautiful horse that looked,as though,he had come out of a painting by Velasquez.,(Earnest Hemingway: For Whom the Bell Tolls),2. -and the fattest woman I have ever seen in my life dozing in a straight-backed chair. It was,as if,a sack of grain was supported by a matchbox.,3)than 型,Eg:,1. A fool can,no more,see his own foolishness,than,he can see his ears.,2. Man cannot help craving for expression,any more than,birds can help singing.,4) and型,Eg:,1. A word,and,a stone let go cannot be recalled.,2. Truth,and,roses have thorns about them.,5) 动词型,Eg:,1.,He,compares,his genius,to,a lightening flash.,2. He,treats,his daughter,as,the apple in the eye.,3. Samuel Johnson,regarded,a dictionary,as,a watch.,2. Metaphor暗喻,Definition: A figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used one thing is applied to anther.,1)Nominal metaphor,Eg:,1. Time,is,money.,2. The news,is,a dagger to his heart.,2)Verbal metaphor,Eg:,1.The electricity failure,paralyzed,the train service.,2. Her hostility,melted,.,3)Adjectival metaphor,Eg:,1.There is no,rosy,prospect for him.,2. He has the,microwave,smile that warms another person without heat.,4)Idiomatic or proverbial metaphor,Eg:,It is only,a castle in the air.,5) Condensed metaphor,Eg:,1.a,rain of kisses,/ a,sea of flowers,2. I fall upon,the thorns of life,! I bleed!,6)Dead metaphor,Eg:,1. a “bottle neck,2. When they reached the foot of the mountain, they found a running brook.,3. Personification(拟人),Definition: a figure of speech that attributes human qualities to animals, or gives life or personality to inanimate objects or abstract ideas,.,Personification,1. Inanimate objects or abstractions are described as human,Eg: Australia is,so kind, just,tickle,her with a hoe, and she,laughs,with a harvest.,Personification,2. Inanimate objects or abstractions are addressed directly as human beings.,Eg:,Oh, Mr. Moon, where do you go,To look at the lands of ice and snow.,Oh, Mr. Moon, when do you sleep,All day, till stars begin to peep.,Definition: a figure of speech in which the,epithet is transferred from the,appropriate noun to modify another,to which it does not really blong.,4. Transferred epithet移就,transferred epithet 的两种格式：,1)修饰语+名词,eg: tragic wall;,sleepless,night,She has,expensive tastes,in clothes.,2)名词+of+名词,eg:The Grape of Wrath;,2.代类修辞,1.Metonomy,2. Synecdoche,3. Antonomasia,4. Hyperbole,5. Allusion,6. Understatement,1.Metonomy转喻,Definition:a figure of speech in which the,name of one thing is used in place of,that of another associated with or,suggested by it,Metonymy,Eg: the White House,the crown,1.He succeeded by the sweat of brow.,2.He is too fond of the bottle.,3.The pen is mightier than sword.,4.Have you read Shakespeare,5.The kettle is boiling.,2. Synecdoche提喻,Definition: a figure of speech by which a part,is for the whole, the whole for the part,species for genus, the genus for the,species or the name of the material for,the thing made, and the individual for a,class.,Synecdoche:,1.a part for the whole,eg:,1)They were short of,hands,at harvest,time.,2)I will count three hundred-thats five,minutes- and not one of you is to,move a,muscle.,Synecdoche:,2.the whole for the part,eg:,1),England,won the football game.,2)Then the surgeon cut,me,open and,take out the appendix and stitched,me,up again.,Synecdoche:,3.species for genus,eg:,1)He manages to earn his,bread,.,2)Oh, the spring should vanish with the,rose,! That Youths sweet-scented,manuscript should close!,(Edward Fitzgerald),Synecdoche:,4.genus for species,eg:,1)The smiling,season,is coming.,2) Oh, seeing him, the miserable,creature,fell upon his shoulder, sobbing and,crying, and pointing to the fountain,where some women were stooping,over the motionless bundle and moving,gently about it.,(Charles Dickens: A Tales of Two Cities),Synecdoche:,5.the name of material for the thing made,eg:,1) Do you have any coppers,2) The prisoner was bound in irons for,ten years.,Synecdoche:,6. the individual for a class,eg:,1)This young man is very clever; he may,be another,Edison,.,2)A Whale ship was my,Yale College and,my Harvard.,(H. Melvill: Moby Dick),3. Antonomasia换喻,Definition: antonomasia is a substitution of any epithet or phrase for a proper name.,Antonomasia,Eg:,the Philosopher: Aristotle,the little corporal: Napoleon,the author of Paradise Lost: Milton,the Scottish play: Macbeth,4. Hyperbole夸大,Definition: Hyperbole is the deliberate use of overstatement. It is the name given to a gross exaggeration of the facts.,Hyperbole,Eg:,Her face,fell a mile,.,Your joke really,kills,me.,His teeth are so yellow, every time he smiles in traffic all the cars slow down to see whether they should stop or not.,5.,Allusion 典故,1.寓言、神话、传说、宗教故事尤其圣经故事,Eg:,1) Unaware of the sword of Democles hanging over her, she pursued her own way.,2) What will it be when the increase of yearly production is brought to a complete stop Here is the vulnerable place, the heel of Archiles, for capitalistic production.,Allusion,2.文学作品,Eg:,1)You want your pound of flesh, dont you,2)Even before they were acquainted, he had admired him in secret. Now he was his valet, his dog, his man Friday.,Allusion,3.历史事件和历史人物,Eg:,1)I never believe until then that any meal could defeat me, but on that day I met my,Waterloo,.,2)Prime Minister Inira Gandhi decided to go heavy-handed from the outset- This crisis would never grow into an Indian,Watergate,.,litotes(简介肯定),Definition: a figure of speech in which,something is expressed by a,negation of the contrary.,Eg: “no small for “many,“not a few regrets for “many regrets,“not bad for “good,“no small dimension for “great task,understatement(低调陈述),1.反说代替正说同litotes,2.使用分量缺乏或低调的词语,Eg: 1)“Money, she says, “is kind of tight. But I,can manage.,2)Last week I saw a woman flayed, and you,will hardly believe how much it altered her,person for the worse.(Johnathan Swift),3.弦外之音,Eg: -Do you think all the programs are good,-Some of the programs are interesting.,But others could be better.,汉语中的夸大缩小,说其清朝的学术来，有及位学者总是眉飞色舞的，说那兴旺是前代所未有的。-我每遇到学者谈起清代的学术来，总不免同时想： “扬州十日，“嘉定三屠这些小事情，不提也罢，但失去全国的土地，大家十足做了二百五十年奴隶，却换来得这几页荣耀的学术史，这买卖，终究是赚了咧，还是折了本呢？,鲁迅：算账,3.并列对照类修辞,1. Parallelism,2. Antithesis,3.Paradox,4.Oxymoron,1. Parallelism排比,1) 词的平行构造,Eg:,1. Bob is a hard hitter, a sure fielder and swift runner.,2. Women were running out to the line of march, crying and laughing and kissing the men good-bye.,Parallelism,2)短语的平行构造,Eg:,1.It was not anger, nor surprise, nor disapproval, nor any of the emotions that she had been prepared for.,2. It is not wealth one asks for, but just enough to preserve ones dignity, to work unhampered, to be generous, frank, and independent.,Parallelism,3. 从句平行构造,Eg:,The notice which you have been pleased to take of my labor, had it been early, had been kind; but it has been delayed till I am indifferent, and cannot enjoy it; till I am solitary, and cannot impart it; till I am known, and do not want it.,Parallelism,3. 句子平行构造,Eg:,Kind hearts are the gardens; kind thoughts are the roots; kind words are the flowers; kind deeds are the fruits.,2. Antithesis对照,features: contrasting ideas and parallel,arrangements of words, clauses and,sentences,Antithesis,Eg:,1.One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.,2.Knowledge makes humble, and ignorance makes proud.,Antithesis,3. And so, my fellow American, ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.,4.A miser grows rich by seeming poor. An extravagant man grows poor by seeming rich.,3.Paradox矛盾,Definition: a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study, may prove to be true, well-found, and even to contain a succinct point.,Paradox,Eg:,1)make a way out of no way,2)War is peace. Freedom is slavery.,Ignorance is strength.,(George Orwell:1984),3)The child is father of the man.,4.Oxymoron (矛盾修饰),Definition: A figure of speech which combines incongruous and apparently contradictory words and meaning for a special effect.,Oxymoron,1.adj.+n.,Eg: painful pleasure,tearful joy,careful carelessness,a thunderous silence,Oxymoron,2. adj.+adj.,Eg: cruel sweet love,bitter-sweet memory,bad good news,Oxymoron,3.adv.+adj.,Eg: falsely true,a mercifully fatal blow,politely wrong,Oxymoron,4. n.+n.,Eg: love-hate relationship,life-death battle,Oxymoron,5.other forms,Eg: changlessly changing,hasten slowly,misers generosity,4.声音类修辞,1. Alliteration,2. Onomatopoeia,1. Alliteration头韵,Definition: the use of words beginning with the,same letter or sound.,Alliteration,Eg:,1.,Spare,the rod, and,spoil,the child.,2.,Money makes,the,mare,go.,3.,Pride,and,Prejudice,;,Sense,and,Sensibility,2. Onomatopoeia 拟声,Definition: a rhetorical device that relies on sound for effect. The word employed imitates the sound made by a person, an animal, an object or an action or movement.,Onomatopoeia,“bleat “yap “meow are imitative of the cries of goats, dogs and cats. “bang “boom “clatter made by doors, guns and hoofs.,How the pretty ladies talk,Tittle tattle, tittle tattle!,Like their patters when they walk,Pittle Pattle, pittle pattle. (by Erasmus Darwin),5.双关类修辞,1. Irony,2. Sarcasm,Irony(反语),Definition: Irony is “the dry mock, a device of speaking or writing in which the meaning literally expressed is the opposite of the meaning intended and which aims at ridicule, humor or sarcasm.,Irony(反语),1.Slowly the old lady stooped to pick it up. Her present,her lovely present,. With trembling fingers she tore it into little bits.,2.He was such a,marvelous,teacher that whenever he recognized a spark of genius you could be sure hed water it.,Sarcasm(挖苦),Sarcasm is the use of a scornful, taunting, contemptuous expression to ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. It is the use of remarks which clearly mean the opposite of what they say, and which are made in order to hurt someones feelings or to criticize something in an amusing way.,Sarcasm is from the Greek meaning “to tear flesh, “to speak bitterly. It may or may not be coupled with irony. Ironic sarcasm is often apparent praise that really condemns.,Sarcasm(挖苦),1. In a group they are brave.,2.The weatherman said it would be warm. He must take his reading in a bathroom.,3. I hear he makes rather long speeches., Yes, he likes to hear his own voice.,6.仿拟类修辞,Parody,Parody (仿拟),Definition: Literary or musical composition imitating the characteristic style of some other work of a writer or composer, but treating a serious subject in a nonsensical manner, as in ridicule.,Parody (仿拟),1.更换词语,A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.,A friend in need is a friend indeed.,A word in time saves nine.,A stitch in time saves nine.,Home is where the computer is.,Home is where the heart is.,A womans place is in the House.,A womans place is in the house.,Parody (仿拟),2.改变句子的构造,He thought of his past, its cold splendor and insouciance. But he knew that for him there was no turning. His boats were burnt.,“Bennies their son, said Henry.,“Like son, like father, I imagine, said Bonnefois.,Parody (仿拟),3.模仿全篇,Twinkle, twinkle, little bat!,How I wonder what youre at!,Upon above the world you fly!,Like a tea tray in the sky!,7.颠倒类修辞,Chiasmus,Chiasmus,字母回文：,1)Madam, Im Adam.,Sir, Im Iris.,2)Able was I ere I saw Elba.,3)Was it a cat I saw No, Miss, it is Simon.,单词回文：,1)So patient a doctor, to doctor a patient so.,2)You can cage a swallow, cant you But you cant swallow a cage, can you,Chiasmus:,Night, whispering to morning, said:,“Have we death Is life,unlimited by prolonged persistence,“Birds have nest, as absurdity,Made new for long life,Said morning. Morning said:,“Life longs for new-made,Absurdity, as nests have birds-,Persistence prolonged by,Unlimited life is death ; we have said,Morning to whispering Night.,-Roger Scruton,汉语回文欣赏：,题金山寺,潮随暗浪雪山倾，远浦渔舟钓明月。,桥对寺门松径小，槛当泉眼石波清。,迢迢绿树江天晓，霭霭红霞晚日晴。,遥望四边云接水，碧峰千点数鸥轻。,-苏轼,8.强调类修辞,1.Rhetorical question,2.Anaphora,Rhetorical question,Definition: Rhetorical question is a device used purely for emphasis in a speech, particularly in argumentation. In most cases, the speaker does not want a reply. Only in some cases the speaker asks his question and then answers it himself.,Do you want to betray your best friend,(by Thomas Hardy),Anaphora,Definition: Anaphora is the repetition of a word or word-group at the beginning of clauses, sentences, paragraphs, or verses. Skillful speakers or writers employ this device to evoke feelings and emotions of their audience and readers.,Last night Japanese forces attacked HongKong.,Last night Japanese forces attacked Guam.,Last night Japanese forces attacked Philippine Islands.,Last night Japanese forces attacked Wake Island.,(by Franklin Roosevelt),
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