风电机发展趋势

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,风电机发展趋势,将来的风电机？,设计趋势,Larger Diameters,Tip Speed - Offshore and Land Based Designs,Pitch v Stall,Speed Variation,Rotor Mass,风电机组,单机容量,的增长情况,大直径,Bigger,and more efficient!,3.6-6MW,prototypes running (,Vestas, GE, Siemens Wind,Enercon,)!,2MW,WTs,are still the,“bestseller”,in the market!,风轮重量,As designs evolve with increasing attention to mass reduction an overall picture of rotor mass scaling as less than cubic is apparent,It will be a challenge to the search for appropriate materials will centre.,Rotor mass trends,大直径,飞轮扫掠面积与半径平方成正比,如果只考虑重量引起的疲劳，叶片质量成本是尺寸的三次方。,传动链的质量成本也是安三次方增加。,多兆瓦风电机在根本上讲效益差！,限制风电机尺寸发展的是经济性，而不是技术性。,尖速比,-,海上、岸上,Noise increases very sharply with tip speed.,For a given power a fast turning turbine exhibits lower torque (drive train load) than a low speed turbine and hence has a lower drive train cost. There is therefore a trade-off between drive train load and noise to be made. For the onshore market the noise is the major constraint.,For offshore turbines, a very significant increase in tip speed ranging approximately from 10 to 30% is evident.,最新技术尖速比在,10,左右达到最佳效率。,噪声对海洋生物的影响。,变桨,vs,失速,Until the advent of MW scale wind turbines in the mid 1990s, stall regulation predominated but pitch regulation is now the favoured option for the largest machines.,Ratio of pitch regulated to stall regulated designs of 1 MW rating,变速,Operation at variable speed offers the possibility of increased grid friendliness”, load reduction and some minor energy benefits. It is thus an attractive option.,Among wind turbines over 1MW rating, out of 52 distinct models of 20 different manufacturers, 3 were fixed speed, 12 had two speed systems and 37 employed variable speed.,Variable speed operation is realised in many ways each differing in significant details.,Direct drive systems have a natural capability for very wide speed range.,The conventional variable-speed concept using a geared drive train connects the generator to the network through a power electronic converter and enables systems that may have wide or narrow speed ranges. The electrical energy is generated at variable frequency a frequency related to the rotational speed of the rotor and then converted , by the converter or inverter (both power electronic devices) to the frequency of the grid. There are several possible configurations, based on both synchronous and induction generators.,上风向还是下风向,尖苏增加实度递减（平方关系）,120m/s,的叶片宽度只有,60m/s,叶片宽度的,1/4.,叶片更软，很难适用于上风向。,下风向设计更适合，但噪声大。,最近发展,Direct Drive Generators,Hybrid Single Stage of Gears and Multi-pole Generator,Rotor Blade Developments,Single Bearing Arrangement,Offshore Technology,直驱风电机,Direct-drive generators operate at the rotational speed of the wind turbine rotor and are directly coupled without need for a gearbox.,The,advantages,sought are,reductions in capital cost,nacelle mass, drive train losses, downtime and maintenance cost.,The simplicity of the system and the avoidance of a gearbox as a maintenance item are definite advantages of the direct drive system.,Enercon,has undoubtedly been the most substantial wind energy company to commit to direct drive technology almost since the start of their significant market presence in the early 1990s. These are, in principle, conventional synchronous machines,with rotor slip-rings and a rotor excitation circuit,.,The,other direct-drive machines, in production and in development, use permanent magnets on the rotor,.,However,the mass and size of direct-drive generators are intrinsically large. In particular, the large diameter of the generator has implications for nacelle layout and transport, especially for onshore turbines.,混合型：,The term “hybrid” is adopted to describe a new type of power train in which a gearbox is used to increase speed but not to the level at which standard generators of up to,8 poles,can be used. It can this be considered as a compromise between the fully direct drive and the fully conventional solution. The generator is multi-pole and essentially similar to direct drive designs but more compact being of relatively higher speed and lower torque.,A concept described as “,Multibrid,” was,initially proposed by the German consultancy company,Aerodyn,.,The idea was to have a single stage of gearing (,6:1 is about the ratio,limit achievable in a single stage) driving a medium speed multi-pole generator. The,Multibrid,design concept is now being pursued by,Pfleiderer,Wind Energy and,WinWinD,.,The Finnish company,Winwind,Oy,has developed the,WinWinD, a 1.1 MW, 56 m diameter wind turbine. A single stage of planetary gearing (ratio 5.7:1) is coupled with a low speed (40 146 rpm) multi-pole PMG. The nacelle arrangement is very compact. The,WinWinD,design employs variable speed with individual blade pitching. This wind turbine system is of similar mass to conventional designs and has a simple and compact nacelle layout.,A Hybrid Design,发展趋势？,客户、环境、电网的需要,便于安装、维护、特殊风场。轻量级机舱大风轮、复合材料基础设计、安装、维护,电网友好,噪声特性、外观,1,、控制智能化更多传感器、检测、震动分析故障预测、判断,2,、先进翼形设计载荷控制,3,、新材料、新元件,4,、安装、维修、人员输送新概念,Take a Break,