高考英语阅读词义猜测

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,猜词悟义,内江市第二中学 沈爰汐,在语言应用中的“阅读”一项中，要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等。并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：,(1).,理解主旨要义；,(2).,理解文中具体信息；,(3).,根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义；,(4).,做出判断和推理；,(5).,理解文章的基本结构；,(6).,理解作者的意图、观点和态度。,2018,年高考英语考试大纲,考 试 大 纲,解 读,“,单词,和,短语,”则意味着考查的对象可以是学生学习过的“,熟词,”,(,熟词生义,),，也可以是没有学习过的、,考试大纲,之外的“,生词,”,(,生词词义,),；可以是,“单词”，还可以是“,短语,”,(,引申意义,),。,“词义”,(,meanings,),侧重考查单词,的内涵，而“,含义,”,(,implications,),还,考查单词的外延。,因此对单词或短语的推测,不要停留在字面上,，而是要,根据语境,来判断。,结 论,常 见 命 题 形 式,1.The underlined word in Parameans _.,What does the underlined wordin Para mean?,What does the underlined wordin,Pararefer to?,Which of the following words is closest,in meaning to the underlined word,in Para?,Which of the following can replace the underlined wordin Para?,2.The underlined word in Para can best,be replaced by _.,3.What does the underlined phrase,in Para mean/refer to?,4.The underlined word “it/they/” in,the last sentence of Paramean/refer,to _.,解 题 方 法,1.,利用,构词法,猜词义,.,合成法,.,派生法,.,转化法,3.,利用,语法关系,猜词义,.,下定义,.,定语从句,.,同位语,.,自问自答,.,举例,.,标点符号,4.,利用,生活常识,和,文化背景,猜词义,5.,利用,上下文语境,猜词义,2.,利用,逻辑关系,猜词义,.,并列关系,.,转折关系,.,因果关系,方法,1:,利用构词法猜词义,Wordbuilding,.,合 成 法,Composition,合成法是指两个或多个单词按照一定的组合规,律组合在一起，形成一个新的单词。一般来说，,新的合成词的意思就是各个组成词的意思。,keyboard _,bloodtest,_,breakthrough _,ill-treat _,widespread _,record-holder _,键盘,记录保持者,广泛流传的,虐待，折磨,突破,验血,.,词缀法,/,派生法,Affixation/Derivation,派生法是英语单词的主要构成法，它是通过在基础词根,(Root),上添加前缀,(Prefix),或者后缀,(Suffix),来构造新词。,im,balance _,over,estimate _,ir,regular _,pain-kill,er,_,approv,al,_,止痛片,n.,不,平衡,n.,高,估,vt,.,批准，同意,n.,不,规律的,adj.,.,转 化 法,Conversion,把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫,做转化法。,The author,emptied,all his pockets to find his,ticket.,By noon he had,bagged,three hares.,捕获,n.,vt,.,a.,vt,.,掏空,He was about the same,build,as his brother.,vt.,n,.,体型,(2017,全国卷,C,篇改编,),The music cant be,presented,today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same.,n./a.,vt,.,今天的音乐不能以,1908,年或者,1958,年,的方式表现出来。,展现，表现，呈现,方法,2,：利用逻辑关系猜词义,Logical Relations,.,并列关系,coordinative relation,英语中可以使用,and, or, also, asas, just as, similarly, likewise,等词语表示相同或者相近的意思，这种表示并列的关系中，只要我们认识其中一个单词，就可以推测出另一个单词的意思。,My mother is short and fat. The principal of the,school is almost as,plump,as my mother, and much shorter.,a.,丰腴的，微胖的,(2017,全国卷,D,篇,),. Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive,the tables are turned,. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.,Q: What does the author mean by “the tables are turned”,in Para 3? ( ),A.The,attackers get attacked.,B.The,insects gather under the table.,C.The,plants get ready to fight back.,D.The,perfumes attract natural enemies.,A,.,转折关系,adversative relation,in contrast, on the contrary, unlike, however, but,despite, while,等词汇常常会被用来表示前后关系的转折，其前后表示相反的意思。同样，我们也可以根据其中一个词汇来推知另一个表示相反意思的词汇。,Unlike the United States where many different,nationalities make up the population, Japans,population is quite,homogeneous,.,(of,the same,nationalities),单一民族的,Andrew is one of the most,supercilious,men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite modest.,a.,傲慢的，高傲的,.,因果关系,causal relation,英语中使用,because, since, as, for, so, thus,therefore, as a result,等词汇表达因果关系，,因为因与果具有直接联系，所以也可以用来,猜测词义。,Tom is considered an,autocratic,administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.,a.,独断专行的,(2016,课标全国卷,C,篇,),There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but youll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so its,a pipe dream,for most apple lovers who fall for it.,Q: What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream”,in Para 3 mean? ( ),A.A practical idea. B.A vain hope.,C.A brilliant plan. D.A selfish desire.,B,方法,3,：利用语法关系猜词义,Grammatical relations,.,下定义,definition,Is, mean, refer to, that is, namely, be called,等后的,内容往往是对前面进行注解性说明的，可以帮助猜测词义。,Do you know what a “,territory,” is? A territory is an area that an animal, usually the male, claims as its own.,n.,动物的地盘,/,领地,Pantomime,refers to a short play in which,no words are spoken.,n.,哑剧,.,定语从句,attributive clause,Jack is now a,florist, who keeps a shop for,selling flowers in our district.,n.,花商,(,福建福州一中,2017,届高考英语第二次模拟试卷,A,篇,),Eating Customs,Being early or on time is viewed as being rude, too eager or even greedy in Venezuela. If you are invited to someones home for a meal, its recommended that you arrive 10 minutes later than the appointed time. When having a meal in Egypt, dont use the salt shaker(,盐瓶,). Its,insulting,to your host to spread salt on your food, which means that you find the meal terrible. ,Q: What does the underlined work “insulting” in Para 3,refer to? ( ),A.Respectful B.Challenging,C.Indifferent D.Offensive,D,a.,冒犯的，无理的,.,同 位 语,appositive,同位语是对其前的内容进行解释说明的，所以，,同位语也是猜测单词词义的一个好办法。构成同位关系的两部分之间通常用连接词连接，有时也直接用,逗号,分隔开。常用的连接词有,that, or, or other, say, that is to say, namely, similarly,等。,Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.,n.,语义学,(2017,陕西省黄陵中学高三上学期期末考试,A,篇,),A long weekend is a great opportunity to do,something a little different. Many people use a long weekend for a,getaway, a short trip to leave the stress of their everyday lives behind and explore, learn or relax.,Q: The underlined word “getaway” in this passage,most probably means _.,A.an,exciting exploration,B.an,interesting location,C.a,short vacation,D.an,unforgettable experience,C,.,自问自答,self-questioning,& self-,answering,What is,plagiarism,? It is using others ideas and words without clearly mentioning where the information is from.,n.,剽窃，抄袭,.,举 例,illustration,(2014,江西卷,D,篇,),With the communication,gadgets, such as mobile phones and ipads, people often do,not take the effort to visit one another personally.,n.,电子产品,某些冷僻的词汇后会举一个例子，使词汇具体易懂,such as, like, for example, for instance,等连接性词语往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的名词。,Many United,Nations,employees are,polyglots,: Mr. Simpson, for example,speaks five languages fluently.,a.,通晓多国语言,.,标点符号,punctuation,冒号,(,colon,),、,破折号,(,dash,),和,括号,(,brackets,),等,标点符号也可以表示解释，能帮助我们猜测词义。,New houses, large schools, modern factories,more horses and sheepeverywhere we saw,signs of,prosperity,.,n.,繁荣,方法,4,：利用生活常识和文化背景猜词义,Common sense & Cultural background,在阅读有关日常生活或大家比较熟悉的事物的文章时，即使存在一些生词，我们也可以根据,生活经验和常识以及文化背景来猜测单词的意思。,When a doctor performs an operation on a patient, he usually gives an,anesthetic,to make him unconscious, because he does not want his,patient to feel pain or to know what is,happening to him.,n.,麻醉药,(2017,河北省石家庄市高三第一次质量检测,C,篇,), As years passed, the metal covering on the pipe,eroded, leaving behind a hole that thousands of,worker ants accidentally slip into each day as they,go about their daily chores. ,Q: What does the underlined word “eroded” in,Para 2 mean? ( ),A.Expanded B.Rotted,C.Exploded D.Melted,B,vi.,腐烂，腐蚀,方法,5,：利用上下文语境猜词义,Context,在文章中，任何一个单词都不是孤立存在的，它总要通过上下文和其他单词有这紧密的联系，通过这些联系也可以猜测出单词的意思，尤其是代词的指代含义。,(2016,全国卷,B,篇,),“My friends said: Now we believe your stories, ” Welty added. “And I said: Now you know. These are the people that make me write,them,”,stories,(2016,课标全国卷,C,篇,),I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell,courier,. Since March 2012, Ive done 89 tripsof those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (,干细胞,) in my little box because Ive got two ice packs and thats how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(,捐献者,) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, weve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time. ,Q: Which of the following can replace the underlined,word “courier” in Para 1? ( ),A.provider B.delivery,man,C.collector D.medical,doctor,B,解 题 方 法,1.,利用,构词法,猜词义,.,合成法,.,派生法,.,转化法,3.,利用,语法关系,猜词义,.,下定义,.,定语从句,.,同位语,.,自问自答,.,举例,.,标点符号,4.,利用,生活常识,和,文化背景,猜词义,5.,利用,上下文语境,猜词义,2.,利用,逻辑关系,猜词义,.,并列关系,.,转折关系,.,因果关系,Improvement,1.(2018,山东滨州月考,),Daniella Wride,was brushing her daughters long brown hair when she noticed that with each comb, clumps(,束,) of it were coming out. That was January 1, 2017, and within 20 days, seven-year-old Gianessa Wrides hair and eyebrows were completely gone, and her doctor said they would never grow back. Gianessa,became one of the 6.8 million Americans with alopecia(,秃头症,), an autoimmune disease that causes hair loss. Alopecia isnt painful, but for kids who suffer from it, the,agony,comes from standing out in the crowd. For the most part, the students in Gianessas,first-grade class in Salem, Utah, could understand that. But the occasional taunt(,嘲笑,) of “Baldy” made her feel like an outcase,Q: Which of the following can replace the,underlined word “agony” in Para 2? ( ),A.Worry B.Delight C.Pain D.Pride,解析：秃头症本身并不令人痛苦，但是对于患病的小孩来说，痛苦来自于在人群中很显眼。句中的转折连词,but,表明下文描述的是“真正的痛苦”，所以“,agony”,的意思是“痛苦”。,C,转折关系,2.Please stay on permitted paths. Otherwise you may destroy desert plants.,Pack out what you pack in, so you leave no signs of your visit. It is important to keep in mind that you are in a national park where wildlife exists.,Q: What do the underlined words “Pack out what,you pack in” probably mean? ( ),A.keep,everything out of campgrounds,B.take,away everything you bring in,C.carry,all the necessary food,D.look,after your personal belongs,B,因果关系,3.The low test score, they think, will make it impossible for them to get into a good college. And without a degree from a,prestigious,university, they fear that many of their lifes doors will remain forever closed.,a.,有威望的，声誉高的,并列关系,+,因果关系,4.,Capacitance, or the ability to store an electrical charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits.,n.,电容,(,贮存电荷的能力,),同位语,5.Children are always,boasting,. They say things like “My dads car is bigger than your dads.” “My mom is smarter than yours.” and “My family has more money than yours.”,v.,自夸，吹嘘,举 例,解 题 方 法,1.,利用,构词法,猜词义,.,合成法,.,派生法,.,转化法,3.,利用,语法关系,猜词义,.,下定义,.,定语从句,.,同位语,.,自问自答,.,举例,.,标点符号,4.,利用,生活常识,和,文化背景,猜词义,5.,利用,上下文语境,猜词义,2.,利用,逻辑关系,猜词义,.,并列关系,.,转折关系,.,因果关系,Homework,6. You may borrow from the library any,periodicals,: News Weekly, Readers Digest, The New Yorkers.,n.,期刊,标点符号,7.Fast food and fried food sell best among students, which has led to a rise in,obesity,among children.,快餐和油炸食品通常会导致,n.,肥胖,生活常识,8. (2016,课标全国卷,B,篇,),.,Encouraging this kind of thinking has a,downside,. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare, “But Im just not creative.”,.,B,合成法,我冒着失去那些有不同思维方式的学生的危险，说明鼓励这种思维方式有,不足之处,。,Q: What does the underlined work “downside”,in Para 4 probably mean? ( ),A.Mistake B.Drawback,C.Difficulty D.Burden,9,.,(2018,安徽合肥市期中 改编,),The online books will be,renewed,and,enriched,gradually according to readers borrowing habits and,preferences,.,根据读者的借阅习惯和,偏好,，网上图书将会,逐渐,更新,和,充实,。,派生法,+,转化法,10.The,aging,of the population will affect,American society in may wayseducation, medicine, and business.,Q: What does the underlined word refer to?,A.counting,the number of years someone lives,B.the,numbers of years someone lives,C.becoming,older,D.making,someone looking older,n. ,vi.,衰老，老化,转化法,11.Early human beings used very fragile house and boats. Often strong winds would tear roofs from houses or cause high waves that endangered travelers. Peoples food supplies were similarly,vulnerable,.,a.,易损,/,碎的，脆的,并列关系,12. Scientists grow large quantities of common mould,(,霉菌,),so that they can get penicillin from it in order to make,antibiotics, that is, substances that kill germs.,n.,抗生素,下定义,13. Some armed policemen have to wear,bullet-proof-vests, a piece of clothing that can protect their chests and that are used to stop bullets or a vest which cannot be passed through by bullets.,同位语,+,定语从句,n.,防弹背心,14. (2018,沈阳市高三教学质量监测一,),One more valuable lesson I got from the book is,that I should be a good listener. When I was younger, I only wanted people to pay whole attention to my words so that I could show them how important I was. I was very proud and would show off my achievements in school without considering others feelings. I had very few friends and most people considered me as an “,arrogant,” person. Now, I find it much easier to make friends after making some changes!,a.,妄自尊大的,Q: The underlined word “arrogant” probably,mean _.,A.self-important B.admirable,C.troublesome D.cold,-blooded,A,上下文语境,