unit1动词的不定式用法

,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,动词的不定式用法,Infinitive,语法功能,用法：动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，所以它在句子中可用作,主语、表语、宾语、定语,、,状语,、宾补,。但不能做谓语。,不定式是一种非谓语动词，由不定式符号,to,加动词原形构成，多与某些动词、名词、形容词搭配。,一般有三种时态,、语态,：,主动形式,被动形式,一般时,(not) to do,(not) to be done,完成时,(not) to have done,(not) to have been done,进行时,(not) to be doing,(not) to be being done,动词不定式的时态,、语态、否定,（,1,）,一般时,：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与,谓语动词动作,同时,发生或发生在谓语动词动作,之后,，,Im glad,to meet you.,He seems,to know a lot.,We plan,to pay a visit.,He wants,to be an artist.,The patient asked,to be operated on at once.,The teacher ordered the work,to be done.,（,2,）,进行时,：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作,同时发生,，例如：,The boy pretended,to be working hard.,He seems,to be reading in his room.,（,3,）,完成时,：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语,动词动作,之前,，例如：,I regretted,to have told,a lie.,I happened,to have seen,the film.,He is pleased,to have met,his friend.,4.,被动式,The patient asked,to be operated on at once.,The teacher ordered the work,to be done.,成分：,1),主语,不定式或不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数。,如：,To serve the people well,is,our duty.,To lean out of the window,is,dangerous.,To talk with him,is,a great pleasure.,To die for the people,is,a glorious death!,为人民而死，虽死犹荣。,动词不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语动词的后面，而在句首用引词,it,作语法形式上的主语。上述两句即可改为：,It is a great pleasure to talk with him.,It is a glorious death to die for the people.,It,做形式主语，,to do,做真正主语,类似这样不定式做主语的句型有,:,It is + n.+ to do,It takes sb.+ some time + to do,It is + adj.+ for sb.+ to do,It is + adj.+ of sb.+ to do,例如：,It is our duty to help them.,It will take you quite a long time to finish it.,It is easy for us to answer this question.,It is kind of you to help me.,注：,1)for sb.,常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如,easy,，,hard,，,difficult,，,interesting,，,impossible,等：,2)of sb.,的句型一般表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如,good,，,kind,，,nice,，,clever,，,foolish,，,right,等。,2),表语,Her wish is to become an astronaut.,Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks.,His only desire was to be useful to the country.,3),宾语,有些,及物动词常用动词不定式作宾语,。这些动词有,want,，,wish,，,like,，,decide,，,help,，,pledge(,保证,),，,begin,，,forget,，,learn,，,ask(,要求,),等等。动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语。如：,He wants to be a village school teacher in a mountain area.,Do you like to watch football matches?,Learn to walk before you run.,We decided to make changes in our plan.,【,考试重点,】,以下动词一般跟不定式作宾语,afford,花费得起，提供,appear,好像,happen,碰巧,arrange,安排,hope,希望,attempt,试图,Intend,企图,decide,决定,learn,学会,plan,计划,expect,期望,offer,打算,pretend,假装,promise,答应,refuse,拒绝,fail,未能,manage,设法,fear,害怕,want,要想,wish,希望,Infinitive,与,V.-ing,作宾语时的区别,不定式作宾语,以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语,.,如,:,agree,ask, aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail,help,hope,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise, refuse, wish,等,这些词大部分可接,that,引导的从句,.,如,:,I decided,to ask,for my money back.,I decided,that,I would ask for my money back.,【,考试重点,】,以下动词,只能用动名词或从句作宾语,admit,承认,appreciate,赞赏，感激,finish,完成,avoid,避免，避开,imagine,想象,miss,错过,practice,练习,delay,耽搁,mind,介意,consider,考虑,postpone,推迟,enjoy,享受,risk,冒风险,suggest,建议,动名词与不定式的区别,动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，,已发生的,不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，,将发生的,动名词与不定式语义不同的有：,1,stop to do,stop doing,2 forget to do,forget doing,3,remember to do,remember doing,4 regret to do,regret doing,5,try to do,尽力做；努力做,try doing,尝试做,6,go on to do,go on doing,7,mean to do,打算做,mean doing,意味着,注意：,如果不定式作宾语而又跟有补语，这时，通常要用,it,作形式宾语，而将不定式放到补语后面去。例如：他们发现提前把一切都准备好是不可能的。,They found,to get everything ready in advance,impossible,.,宾语,宾补,They found,it,impossible,to get everything ready in,advance.,动词不定式也可以用来,作某些形容词的宾语,。这些形容词通常只有,ready(,准备好，愿意,),，,eager(,急于,),，,anxious(,急于,),等，但为了学习上的方便，也可以包括,able,，,sure,，,glad(sorry,，,afraid,，,free,，,pleased,，,determined,，,willing,等。如：,He is sure to succeed.,Im glad to meet you.,The boys and girls are anxious to learn how to skate.,4),定语,动词不定式作定语时，须放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。如：,He is always the first one to get up.,I have a few words to say on this question,。,They are discussing ways to guarantee high output.,This is the best way to solve the problem.,作定语注意两点,用不定式作定语时，它与它所修饰的词有时是动宾关系，所以如果不定式是不及物动词，其后面应跟上必要的介词。例如：,Mary needs a friend to play with.There is nothing to worry about.,不定式作定语，,如果与他所修饰的词是动宾关系,，则不定式后面不能再带宾语。,Here is a letter for you to type.,同时要注意：在这类结构中，常用不定式的主动式代替被动式。,5),状语,动词不定式作状语时，一般放在它所修饰的动词之后。,a),表示目的,He went to Beijing to study in 1988.,He went to Paris to learn French.,强调动词不定式所表示的目的时，动词不定式可变为,in order to (,为了,),或,so as to(,以便,),加动词原形。如：,We often listen to English broadcasts,in order to,get more practice in training our ears.,We must have good soil,so as to,grow roses.,动词不定式可以放在句首，使其所表示的目的更加明显突出。如：,To be a good teacher one must use good teaching methods.,To defend our country we must strengthen ourselves.,b),表示结果,My grandmother lived to see the birth of my little daughter.,A few years later he came home to find that his hometown had greatly changed.,有时可以用,too.to(,太,而不能,),结构来表示,结果办不到,。如：,He is too young to join the army.,It was too cold,to go out last night.,动词不定式和,only,连用时，常表示未预料到的结果。如：,I went to see him only to find him out.,I hurried to the post office,，,only to find it was closed.,c,）,表原因,：,They were very sad,to hear the news.,d,）,表程度,：,Its,too dark,for us,to see anything,.,The question is,simple,for him,to answer,.,e),作独立成分：,To tell you the truth, I dont like the way,he talked.,f,）不定式并列：第二个不定式可省略,to,。,He wished,to study,medicine and,become,a doctor.,注意有些用作句子独立成分的习惯语，如,to begin with(,首先,),，,to conclude(,最后,),，,to be sure(,当然,),，,to tell you the truth(,老实对你说,),等。,In order to overcome difficulties,，,we must work hard.,注意：不定式能够修饰作表语或宾语补足语的形容词，在句中作状语，这时不定式不能再带宾语。例如：,The water is unfit to drink.They found Mr. Jones,lecture hard to understand.,同时要注意：在这类结构中，常用不定式的主动式代替被动式。,作状语时要注意：,作状语的不定式的逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致。,He worked day and night,to get the money,.,She sold her hair,to buy the watch chain.,注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：,wrong,：,To save money,every means,has been tried.,right,：,To save money,he,has tried every means.,wrong,：,To learn English well,a dictionary,is needed.,right,：,To learn English well,he,needs a dictionary.,不定式可充当宾语补足语,在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：,want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite,The teacher told us,not to be,so noisy in the class.,I expect you,to give,me some help in the experiment.,作宾补,动词,+,宾语,+,不带,to,的不定式（,do,原形）作宾语补足语,See sb.,do,sth.,1,）感官动词：,see, watch, notice , look at, hear, listen, smell, taste, feel,2,）使役动词：,make, let, have,（使得），,help,（可带,to,，也可不带,to,）,What made him,do,that again and again?,He,was made to do,his work again.,3,）某些词组：,would rather, would/had better,不带,to,的动词不定式,作宾补,动词,+,宾语,+,不带,to,的不定式（,do,）作宾语补足语,【,注意,】,当感官动词和使役动词后面的不定式变成被动语态时，必须加,to,。,I saw him,cross the road.,He was seen,to cross the road.,Henry is often seen_English aloud every morning in the classroom.,A.read B.reads C.reading D.to read,不带,to,的不定式变被动,疑问词,+,动词不定式,疑问代词,who,，,what,，,which,和疑问副词,when,，,where,，,how,等后加动词不定式，构成一种特殊的动词不定式短语，可在句子中作,主语、宾语、表语,等成分。如：,When to start has not been decided. (,作主语,),They told her where to find her little brother. (,作宾语,),The teacher showed the students how to do the exercise.,作宾语,),He thought a lot about how to improve his English pronunciation. (,作介词的宾语,),Exercise,Robert is said _ abroad, but I didnt know what country he studied in.,A to have studied B to study,C to be studying D to have been studying,The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult.,A not make B not to make,C not making D do not make,3. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job.,A. expected B. to expect,C to be expecting D expects,Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it.,A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen,5. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows _.,A. it what to do with B. what to do it with,C. what to do with it D. to do what with it,6. Paul doesn,t have to be made _. He always works hard.,A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning,We agreed _ here but so far she hasn,t turned out yet.,A. having met B. meeting,C. to meet D. to have met,8. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _.,A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to,9. The patient was war,n,ed _ oily food after the operation.,to eat not B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating,10. I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.,A. to go B. to have gone C. going,D. having gone,The teacher asked us _so much noise.,A. dont make B. not make,C. not making D. not to make,2. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if _whether he was going in the right direction.,A. seeingB. having seen,C. to have seenD. to see,3,. With a lot of difficult problems_, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.,A. settledB. settling,C. to settle D. being settled,4,. Sandy could do nothing but_to his teacher that he was wrong.,A. admit B. admitted C. admitting D. to admit,5,. _late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm.,A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having slept,6,. Ive worked with children before, so I know what_in my new job.,A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects,7,. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _it more difficult.,A. not make B. not to make,C. not making D. do not make,8,. There are five pairs_, but Im at a loss which to buy.,A. to be chosen B. to choose from,C. to choose D. for choosing,9,. Last summer I took a cou,r,se on _.,A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made,C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made,1,0,. Mrs. Smith warned her daughter_after drinking.,A. never to drive B. to never drive,C. never driving D. never drive,