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Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,The Odd Couple:,The Compatibility of Social Construction & Evolutionary Psychology,Ron Mallon,University of Utah &,University of Hong Kong,&,Stephen Stich,Rutgers University,The BIG Picture: What I hope to show in this talk,Evolutionary Psychologists (EPs) & Social Constructionists (SCs) seem to have deep,empirical,disagreements about,the extent to which normal humans share innate mental mechanisms which,were shaped by natural selection,strongly constrain our psychology, our social interactions & our institutions,While there may indeed be some important disagreements between SCs & EPs on these points, there is another, less obvious issue dividing them,A,philosophical,disagreement about the meaning and reference of ordinary words for mental states and social phenomena, words like,anger, disgust, gender & homosexuality,When this philosophical dispute is made explicit, it becomes clear that,nothing much turns on it, and it can be easily set aside,When the philosophical dispute has been set aside, the empirical disputes between SCs & EPs look much less serious,Rather than being adversaries, they look more like natural partners,Overview of the Talk,Getting clearer on terminology (or why social,constructionism,isnt always a dirty word),A quick sketch of some SC work on the emotions,A quick sketch of an emerging EP consensus about the emotions,Whats left to fight about? Are emotions,universal,or,culturally local,?,The philosophy that underlies this dispute: The,“thick description” theory,of the meaning & reference of emotion terms,What it claims,How it underlies the debate over the universality vs. cultural locality debate,How to sidestep the problem posed by the thick description theory and make it clear that SCs and EPs need not be adversaries, since their theories are compatible & complement each other,Getting clearer on terminology,(or why social,constructionism,isnt always a dirty word),The terms,Social Constructionism,&,Evolutionary Psychology,are both used for a variety of different views,Social Constructionism,is sometimes used as a label for a (quite nutty) metaphysical view that denies the mind-independence of,all reality,These,radical,social constructionists think that,everything,is “socially constructed” including atoms, galaxies and dinosaurs,Ill be focusing on a more modest and sane (and,prima facie,plausible) version of SC which holds that,important features of human psychology & social life are,culturally caused and,local in character,SCs who fit this description need not endorse every aspect of what Tooby & Cosmides call the,Standard Social Science Model,Evolutionary Psychology,is sometimes used for a specific cluster of views associated with Cosmides, Tooby & Pinker.,Evolutionary Psychology,is sometimes used for a specific cluster of views associated with Cosmides, Tooby & Pinker.,We think of this as,High Church,Evolutionary Psychology,Evolutionary Psychology,is sometimes used for a specific cluster of views associated with Cosmides, Tooby & Pinker.,We think of this as,High Church,Evolutionary Psychology,Though we dont propose to offer a definition, our view of EP is decidedly,Low Church, and more inclusive.,The Social Constructionist Approach to the Emotions,A primary concern of SCs concerned with the emotions is to describe the rich multifaceted, culturally local network in which the emotions are embedded.,Since understanding what informants say is a matter of great importance, SCs pay careful attention to a number of aspects of emotion discourse & behavior in the target culture, including:,the (often complex) circumstances under which people claim they or others experience the emotions picked out by various emotion words,the pattern of inferences drawn when someone is believed to be experiencing the emotion,the pattern of interactions that exist (or that people,believe,to exist) among emotions and other mental states,the ways in which both emotions & discourse about emotions interact with the moral, political & economic lives of people in that culture,When done well, the resulting,“ethnopsychological”,accounts result in fascinating,“thick descriptions”,(Geertz) of patterns of interaction that differ in important ways from the patterns in which our own emotions and emotion discourse is embedded.,An example: Catherine Lutzs study of the emotions of the Ifaluk,song,is an Ifaluk emotion akin to (what we call),anger,it has a strong,moral,component,to count as feeling,song,an Ifaluk must be,justifiably,angry at another person who has engaged in morally inappropriate behavior,thus two people,cant,be,song,at each other,there are many other Ifaluk words for emotions akin to anger that do not involve this moral dimension,there is,no,generic,Ifaluk term that picks out all these sorts of anger,one sort of behavior that can provoke,song,is the violation of a taboo,(e.g. working in the taro garden while menstruating),another is,ker,sort of excited happiness which can produce inappropriately loud talk or “showing off”,song,does,not,lead to physical violence,it does lead to,refusal to eat or speak with the offender,gossiping about the offender,threats of fasting or even suicide,threats to burn down the offenders house,when a person recognizes that someones is,song,is directed at them, they typically experience an emotion the Ifaluk call,metagu, a sort of fear or anxiety that leads to,calmer, more appropriate behavior,corrective action,paying a fine,apologizing,sending something of value to the aggrieved parties,Person 1,Person 2,Ker,Misbehavior,happiness/,excitement,Misbehavior,Song,justifiable anger,Song,fear/anxiety,Metagu,Metagu,Good, calm behavior,Evolutionary Psychology:,An Emerging Consensus on the Emotions,Ekman: To explain his well known finding that facial expressions of some emotions are cross-cultural universals, Ekman posited that these emotions are subserved by,affect programs,largely automated or involuntary suites of coordinated emotional responses,subserved by innate mental mechanisms that are the product of natural selection,present in all normal members of the species,downstream of the affect program, the behavior that an emotion produces is strongly influenced by culture,display rules,posture, tone of voice,self reports,more complex patterns of cognitive, behavioral & social activity,upstream,Ekman posited an “appraisal mechanism” which monitors stimuli & triggers the appropriate affect program,by the mid-1990s Ekman had come to think that just about all the activity of the appraisal mechanism is affected by culturally local factors,Lazarus proposes that the emotion triggering mechanism includes an innate set of abstractly characterized conditions (“core relational themes”),Anger:,A demeaning offense against me & mine,Fear:,An immediate, concrete & overwhelming danger,Sadness:,Having experienced an irrevocable loss,determining when these conditions have been satisfied requires culturally local beliefs & information about culturally local norms, goals & values,Robert Levensons Ekman-Inspired,Bio-Cultural Model,Antecedent,Conditions,Recruited,Response,Tendencies,Measurable,responses,Interpersonal,Intrapersonal,Emotion,Prototype,Subjective,Experience,Facial,Program,Vocalization,Program,Motor,Program,Physiologic,Support,Self-Report,Facial,Expression,Voice Tone,Motor,Behavior,Physiologic,response,Appraisal,System,Cultural learning:,Display and feeling rules,Robert Levensons Ekman-Inspired,Bio-Cultural Model,Antecedent,Conditions,Recruited,Response,Tendencies,Measurable,responses,Interpersonal,Intrapersonal,Emotion,Prototype,Subjective,Experience,Facial,Program,Vocalization,Program,Motor,Program,Physiologic,Support,Self-Report,Facial,Expression,Voice Tone,Motor,Behavior,Physiologic,response,Appraisal,System,Cultural learning:,Display and feeling rules,Affect,Program,Interpersonal,Intrapersonal,Emotion,Prototype,Subjective,Experience,Facial,Program,Vocalization,Program,Motor,Program,Physiologic,Support,Self-Report,Facial,Expression,Voice Tone,Motor,Behavior,Physiologic,response,Appraisal,System,Cultural learning:,Display and feeling rules,Norms,Values,Goals,Beliefs,Interpersonal,Intrapersonal,Emotion,Prototype,Subjective,Experience,Facial,Program,Vocalization,Program,Motor,Program,Physiologic,Support,Self-Report,Facial,Expression,Voice Tone,Motor,Behavior,Physiologic,response,Appraisal,System,Cultural learning:,Display and feeling rules,Norms,Values,Goals,Beliefs,Interpersonal,Intrapersonal,Emotion,Prototype,Subjective,Experience,Facial,Program,Vocalization,Program,Motor,Program,Physiologic,Support,Self-Report,Facial,Expression,Voice Tone,Motor,Behavior,Physiologic,response,Appraisal,System,Cultural learning:,Display and feeling rules,Norms,Values,Goals,Beliefs,Downstream Cognitive & Social Activity,Interpersonal,Intrapersonal,Emotion,Prototype,Subjective,Experience,Facial,Program,Vocalization,Program,Motor,Program,Physiologic,Support,Self-Report,Facial,Expression,Voice Tone,Motor,Behavior,Physiologic,response,Appraisal,System,Cultural learning:,Display and feeling rules,Norms,Values,Goals,Beliefs,Downstream Cognitive & Social Activity,Whats Left to Fight About?,Are emotions universal or culturally local?,Far from being,incompatible,with each other, it looks like the evolutionary psychology and social constructionist approaches to the emotions are complementary,ethnopsychologies like the one that Lutz provides provide details about culturally local aspects of belief, values, etc.,Cognitive models like Levinsons give an account of the psychological mechanisms underlying emotions & explain how innate, evolved mechanisms interact with culturally local beliefs & values.,Interpersonal,Intrapersonal,Emotion,Prototype,Subjective,Experience,Facial,Program,Vocalization,Program,Motor,Program,Physiologic,Support,Self-Report,Facial,Expression,Voice Tone,Motor,Behavior,Physiologic,response,Appraisal,System,Cultural learning:,Display and feeling rules,Norms,Values,Goals,Beliefs,Downstream Cognitive & Social Activity,So whats left to fight about?,Evolutionary psychologists maintain that central parts of the emotion system are innate and present in all normal humans, and when they are triggered they produce emotions (like fear, anger & sadness) which are,cultural universals,.,Since these mechanisms are homologous to mechanisms in other species, many non-human animals also experience emotions.,Social constructionists insist that emotions are a,culturally local,phenomenon and thus that people very different cultures have very different emotions.,song & metagu,are Ifaluk emotions which outsiders do not experience,amae,(a pleasant sense of helplessness and desire to be loved) is Japanese emotion which Westerners do not experience (Harr,),accidie,(boredom or disgust with fulfilling ones religious duty) is an emotion that was once common in the West but has now disappeared.,anger,is unknown among the Inuit (Briggs); “anger,as a specific emotion, is not universal across cultures (Averill),sadness,does not exist among Tahitians (Levy),there are no universal emotions and there may well be some cultures in which,there are no emotions at all,(Shweder),Whats Going On Here?,The philosophical issue that underlies the dispute,Far from being,incompatible,with each other, it looks like the evolutionary psychology and social constructionist approaches to the emotions are complementary,ethnopsychologies like the one that Lutz provides provide details about culturally local aspects of belief, values, etc.,Cognitive models like Levinsons give an account of the psychological mechanisms underlying emotions & explain how innate, evolved mechanisms interact with culturally local beliefs & values.,So why do they disagree about the universality or cultural locality of emotions?,So why do they disagree about the universality or cultural locality of emotions?,Blame Canada Philosophy,The most widely discussed philosophical account of the meaning & reference of terms for the emotions & other mental or psychological states is due to David Lewis,David K. Lewis,1941-2001,jargon:,meaning,is (roughly) what a person must know to understand the term,reference,is what the term picks out,meaning,reference,:,the morning star & the evening star have the same reference, but different meaning,some central ideas of Lewis theory,ordinary language “mental state” terms can be treated as,theoretical terms,theoretical terms are,implicitly defined,by the theory in which they are embedded,the definition is just a,long description,that includes everything the theory claims about the thing the term refers to,so I will call this sort of theory about the meaning of a theoretical term a,description theory,these implicit definitions are,holistic,because (i) the theory implicitly defines,all,of its theoretical terms, and (ii) the,entire,theory contributes to the meaning of every theoretical term,the theory which implicitly defines mental state terms is,commonsense psychology,= “our extensive, shared understanding of how we work mentally” which is “common knowledge among us” (Lewis),mental state terms express “package deal concepts” since commonsense psychology provides an implicit definition for,all,of them,if Lewis theory is correct then,a cultures folk psychological theory implicitly defines the emotion words they use,Ethnopsychologies,like the one provided by Lutz are intended,inter alia,to provide an account of the cultures folk psychology (their,shared understanding of how they work mentally,),Question: How much of the detail in a rich ethno-psychology contributes to the meaning of ordinary mental state terms?,austere opulent,description theories description theories,What about,reference,?,since the meaning of a “theoretical” term is given by a long description, the natural idea (& the one urged by Lewis) is that the term refers to whatever fits the description,but we cant require the fit to be perfect, since if we did, then any small error in the theory would make all the theoretical terms refer to nothing,Lewis suggests that a,term refers to whatever,more or less,fits the description, but that is intentionally vague,at one end of the spectrum are,high accuracy,accounts of reference that require that,most,descriptions fit; at the other end are,low accuracy,accounts that allow a referent to fit many fewer descriptions,high accuracy,low accuracy,high accuracy,low accuracy,austere,opulent,high accuracy,low accuracy,austere,opulent,a,thick description,account of the meaning & reference of ordinary mental state terms is,opulent & high accuracy,thick description,But what does all this have to do with the dispute about whether emotions are universal or culturally local?,Assume that thick description account is correct,Among the Ifaluk it is common knowledge (i.e. part of their folk psychological theory) that,if a woman goes into the taro garden when she is menstruating, it will provoke,song,if a man goes into the birthing house, it will provoke,song,if you are really,song,at me, I cant be,song,at you,when a person realizes that someone is,song,at him, he typically experiences,metagu,etc., etc., .,There is no emotion, among us, that fits all of these descriptions,So there is no emotion in our culture that counts as an instance of,song;,song,does not exist here.,Much the same argument can be run in the opposite direction,Among us, it is common knowledge (i.e. part of our folk psychological theory) that,if someone shouts racial epithets it is likely to provoke,anger,if some gives someone else “the finger” it is likely to provoke,anger,if you are really,angry,at me, I can be,angry,at you too,when one person provokes,anger,in another person, it will often lead to a heated exchange of words and will occasionally lead to physical confrontation & violence,etc., etc., .,There is no emotion among the Ifaluk that fits all of these descriptions,So there is no emotion among the Ifaluk that counts as an instance of,anger;,anger,does not exist among the Ifaluk.,N. B.,These arguments make,no assumptions at all,about the psychological mechanisms underlying the emotions. Thus they are compatible with,any,account of those mechanisms,including the account favored by evolutionary psychologists.,All that the arguments require are,the thick description account of meaning & reference,the fact that there are substantial differences between our folk psychology (= what we commonly believed about mental states) and Ifaluk folk psychology (= what they commonly believe),Is this the argument that leads Social Constructionists to the conclusion that emotions are culturally local?,Though they dont use the philosophical jargon (or take account of important philosophical distinctions like,meaning,vs.,reference,) a good case can be made that they do indeed have something like this argument in mind.,“Across languages, the range of implications, suggestions, and connotations of psychological state terms do not easily map, at least not,lexically,; and,to adequately understand the meaning of the terms in either language is to understand a good deal about different local systems of values and particular ways of life,. (Shweder, 1994),“Emotion words are treated here as coalescences of complex ethnotheoretical ideas about the nature of self and social interaction. ,To understand the meaning of an emotion word is to be able to envisage (and perhaps to find oneself able to participate in) a complicated scene with actors, actions, interpersonal relationships in a particular state of repair, moral points of view, facial expressions, personal and social goals, and sequences of events,.” (Lutz, 1988),Obviously, Evolutionary Psychologists and others who reject the view that emotions are culturally local must reject the thick description theory of meaning & reference.,How much of a problem is this?,high accuracy,low accuracy,thick description,Producing,an alternative to the thick description theory is,no problem at all.,There are lots of alternatives on the market.,high accuracy,low accuracy,thick description,Producing,an alternative to the thick description theory is,no problem at all.,There are lots of alternatives on the market.,In addition to all these, philosophers like Putnam and Kripke have offered alternative,“causal/historical” theories of reference,according to which the reference of a term fixed by the circumstances in which it was introduced and its transmission history in the language.,If any of these alternative accounts of meaning & reference is correct, then the argument for cultural locality collapses.,So the situation is this:,Those who think that emotions are culturally local are (tacitly or explicitly) adopting a thick description account of the reference of emotion terms.,Those who think that emotions are universal are (tacitly or explicitly) adopting some other account of the reference of emotion terms.,Whos Right? And Why It Doesnt Matter,To settle the universal,vs.,culturally local dispute, it looks like we have to determine which account of reference is correct.,And that might sound like bad news because,philosophers and linguists arent even,close,to figuring out which account of reference is correct. Even worse,In,Deconstructing the Mind,I argued that the issue may well be,moot, since neither philosophers nor linguists have given us a coherent account of what a theory of reference is supposed to,do, thus,we do
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