环境工程专业英语unit

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,环境科学与工程专业英语,Specialized English for environmental,science and engineering,化学化工学院 贺薇,PART 2 ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND AIR POLLUTION,CONTROL,Unit 8 Type and Sources of Air Pollutants,GOD,SAVE ME!,O,3,:,我快完了,SO,2,CO,2,:,哈哈 ，你死定了,Background Introduction,Air Pollutants,！,primary pollutant,一次污染物,secondary pollutant,二次污染物,air stagnation,空气流动停滞，大气停滞,herbicide,除草剂,pesticide,杀虫剂,/,农药,正常浓度,normal concentration,严重污染的,serious polluted / heavily polluted,New Words and Phrases,determining factor,决定因素,photochemical oxidant,光化学氧化物,liquid droplet,液体微滴,radioactive substance,放射性物质,incomplete oxidization / incomplete combustion,不完全氧化,automobile exhaust,汽车尾气,New Words and Phrases,What is air pollution Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals in high enough concentration to harm humans, other animals, vegetation or materials.,什么是大气污染？大气污染通常是指空气中一种或多种化学物质富集到高浓度，以至于对人类、其它动物、植物或材料造成了危害。,Text,A primary air pollutant is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration. It can be a natural air component, such as carbon dioxide, that rise above its normal concentration, or something not usually found in the air, such as a lead compound emitted by cars burning leaded gasoline.,一次大气污染物是指直接排放到大气中的污染物质 ，其浓度到达了造成危害的程度。,一次大气污染物中有的是大气中自然组成成分如二氧化碳浓度超过了其正常浓度，或一些通常大气中没有的物质如汽车使用含铅汽油时燃烧所排放的含铅化合物。,A secondary air pollutant is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components.,次生空气污染物是空气中的各组分在大气中相互发生化学反响所产生的有害物质。,Secondary pollutants include some particles formed from gaseous primary pollutants and compounds in photochemical smog, such as nitrogen dioxide, ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN).,二次污染物包括一些由气态一次污染物形成的颗粒物和光化学烟雾化合物，如二氧化氮、臭氧和硝酸过氧化乙酰,(PAN),。,Note that some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: that is, they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants.,需要注意的是，一些污染物可能是既是一次污染物又是二次污染物：换言之，它们既可直接排放，又能由其他一次污染物形成。,Serious air pollution usually results over a city or other area that is emitting high levels of pollutants during a period of,air stagnation.,在城市或其它区域上空发生的严重大气污染通常是由于在,空气停滞期,所排放的高浓度的污染物造成的 。,The geographic location of some heavily populated cities, such as Los Angeles and Mexico City, makes them particularly susceptible to frequent air stagnation and pollution buildup.,一些人口稠密的城市的地理位置，例如洛杉矶和墨西哥城，使他们特别容易受到频繁的空气停滞和空气污染累积的影响。,By themselves , measured concentrations tell us nothing about the danger caused by pollutants , because,threshold levels,synergy, and,biological magnification,are also determining factors.,测量所得的污染物浓度本身并不能告诉我们这些污染物所造成的危害的信息，因为,临界浓度、协同作用,还有,生物放大效应,都是决定因素。,Major air pollutants,1 .Carbon oxides: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide.,碳氧化物： 一氧化碳 ， 二氧化碳。,2. Sulfur oxides: sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide.,硫氧化物： 二氧化硫 ， 三氧化硫。,3. Nitrogen oxides: nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide.,氮氧化物： 一氧化二氮 ， 一氧化氮 ， 二氧化氮.,4. Hydrocarbons (organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen): methane, butane, benzene.,碳氢化合物有机含有碳氢化合物：,甲烷 丁烷 苯。,5.,Photochemical oxidants,: ozone, PAN(a group of,Peroxyacylnitrates), and various aldehydes.,光化学氧化剂：臭氧，一组过氧酰基硝酸酯 和各种醛,Major air pollutants,Near the ground, ozone is a colourless, gaseous secondary pollutant.It is formed by chemical reactions between reactive organic gases and oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight.,靠近地面时臭氧是一种无色的气态的二次污染物。 它是由活性有机气体和氮氧化物在阳光下的化学反响形成的。,Ozone is one of the irritant secondary pollutants in photochemical smog and is often used as a measure of it.,臭氧是光化学烟雾中的一种刺激性的二次污染物，通常是作为光化学烟雾的衡量指标。,Ozone is strongly oxidising and can irritate the eyes and the respiratory tract. It also damages plants.,臭氧具有强烈的氧化性并能刺激眼睛和呼吸道,.,它也会破坏植物。,Ozone,The formation of ozone in the upper levels of the atmosphere or “stratosphere is by a different process.,在上层大气或“同温层的臭氧的形成过程不同。,Ozone there is not regarded as a pollutant because it is produced naturally.,臭氧不被视为一种污染物是因为它是自然产生的。,It is important in absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation and preventing it from reaching the earth.,它吸收有害的紫外线辐射、阻止紫外线到达地球。,PAN(a group of Peroxyacyl nitrates,Peroxyacetyl nitrate is a secondary pollutant present in photochemical smog. It is thermally unstable and decomposes into peroxyethanoyl radicals and nitrogen dioxide gas.,Peroxyacetyl nitrate, or PAN, is an oxidant more stable than ozone. Hence, it is better capable of long-range transport than ozone. It serves as a carrier for oxides of nitrogen (NOx) into rural regions and causes ozone formation in the global troposphere对流层.,Photochemical smog,1formation,大气中碳氢化合物HC、氮氧化物NOX等一次污染物在阳光照射下，发生光化学反响产生二次污染物，这种由参加反响的一、二次污染物的混合物包括气体污染物和气溶胶形成的烟雾污染现象，称为光化学烟雾。,Practice: Translate the above to English,Photochemical smog is formed when sunlight interacts with certain chemicals in the atmosphere. Ozone is the main component in this type of air pollution. Ozone in the stratosphere平流层 protects us against harmful ultraviolet radiation, but on the ground, it is hazardous to human health. Ground-level ozone forms when motor vehicle emissions containing nitrogen oxide and volatile organic compounds (produced from paint and evaporation of fuel and solvents) react in the presence of sunlight. Read more: Effect of Photochemical Smog | eHow :/ ehow /about_6575829_effect-photochemical-smog.html#ixzz29HsNBgF3,characteristic,：,blue smog,，,strong,oxidability,，,irritative,，,low visibility,.,source,：,industrial waste gases and motor vehicle exhaust.,The previous section suggests that the development of photochemical smog is primary determined by abundance of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere and the presence of particular environmental conditions.,前一局部说明，光化学烟雾的开展主要是由大气中大量的氮氧化物和挥发性有机化合物和特定环境条件的存在所决定。,photochemical smog,condition,：,NOx,CH,UV,Light blue smog,O,3,过氧酰基硝酸酯,other,主要为过氧乙酰硝酸酯,PAN (peroxyacetyl nitrate,醛类,aldehydes,、酮类,ketones,、过氧化氢等,NO,X,；,CH,；,strong sunlight.,the indexes of formation:,O,3,、,PAN,and other product.,greenhouse gas,A,greenhouse gas,(sometimes abbreviated,GHG,) is a,gas,in an atmosphere that,absorbs,and,emits,radiation within the,thermal infrared,range. This process is the fundamental cause of the,greenhouse effect,.,1,The primary greenhouse gases in the,Earths atmosphere,are,water vapor,carbon dioxide,methane,nitrous oxide, and,ozone,.,Volatile organic compound,Volatile organic compounds,(,VOCs,) are,organic chemicals,that have a high,vapor pressure,at ordinary,room temperature,. Their high vapor pressure results from a low boiling point, which causes large numbers of molecules to,evaporate,or,sublimate,from the liquid or solid form of the compound and enter the surrounding air. For example,formaldehyde, which evaporates from,paint, has a boiling point of only 19 C (2 F).,Other Volatile organic compounds contain:Benzene,Chlorofluorocarbons and chlorocarbons, Methylene chloride, Perchloroethylene, MTBE(tert-Butyl Methyl ether),Chlorofluorocarbons and chlorocarbons,Chlorofluorocarbons,( CFCs), which are banned or highly regulated because it is harmful to the,ozone layer, were widely used cleaning products and refrigerants. Tetrachloroethene is used widely in dry cleaning and by industry.,Persistent organic pollutants (POPs),Persistent organic pollutants (POPs),are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes. Because of this, they have been observed to persist in the environment, to be capable of long-range transport, bioaccumulate in human and animal tissue, biomagnify in food chains, and to have potentially significant impacts on human health and the environment.,The smoke and fumes from burning fossil fuels rise into the atmosphere and combine with the moisture in the air to form acid rain.,The main chemicals in air pollution that create acid rain are sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.,Acid rain usually forms in the clouds where sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides react with water, oxygen, and oxidants. This forms a solution of sulfuric acid and nitric acid.,Acid rain,6. Particulates (solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in air): smoke, dust, soot, asbestos, metallic particles (such as lead, beryllium cadmium), oil, salt spray, sulfate salts.,颗粒在空气中的固体颗粒或液滴悬浮：,烟雾，尘埃，油烟，石棉，金属粒子例如铅，镉铍，石油，盐雾，硫酸盐。,Major air pollutants,Asbestos，5.5FeO,1.5MgO,8SiO2,H2O,绝热材料,石棉公害,石棉,7.,Other inorganic compounds,: asbestos, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, sulfur acid, nitric acid.,其他无机化合物：石棉，氟化氢，硫化氢，氨气，硫酸，硝酸。,8.,Other organic compounds,: pesticides, herbicides, various alcohols, acids, and other chemicals.,其他有机化合物：杀虫剂，除草剂，各种醇，酸和其他化学品。,9.,Radioactive substances,: tritium, radon, emissions from fossil fuel and nuclear power plants.,放射性物质： 氚，氡， 化石燃和核能发电厂排放物 。,10.,Heat,.,10.,热。,11.,Noise,.,11.,噪声。,Major air pollutants,Carbon oxides Carbon Monoxide (CO) :,Forest fires and decaying organic matter; incomplete combustion of fossil fuels (about two-thirds of total emissions) and other organic matter in cars and furnaces; cigarette smoke,森林火灾和腐烂的有机物质;不完全燃烧化石燃料约占三分之二的总量和其他来自汽车和熔炉的有机质;香烟烟雾,.,The major sources of these pollutants,Carbon dioxide(CO,2,) :,Natural aerobic respiration of living organisms; burning of fossil fuels,自然有氧呼吸的生物体,;,燃烧化石燃料,Sulfur oxides (SO,2,and SO,3,),：,Combustion of sulfur-containing coal and oil in homes, industries and power plants; smelting of sulfur-containing ores; volcanic eruptions,家庭、工厂和发电厂燃烧含硫的煤和石油；冶炼含硫矿石；火山爆发,.,The major sources of these pollutants,Particulates dust soot and oil : 煤烟粉尘颗粒物和石油,forests fires , wind erosion, and volcanic eruptions; coal burning; farming, mining construction, road building ,and other land-clearing activities; chemical reactions in the atmosphere; dust stirred up by automobiles; automobile exhaust; coal-burning electric power and industrial plants,森林火灾，风蚀，和火山爆发; 燃煤; 农业，采矿工程，道路建立，以及其他土地清理活动; 大气中的化学反响；汽车引发的粉尘 ；汽车尾气；燃煤电力厂房和工业厂房,.,The major sources of these pollutants,Nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2):,High-temperature fuel combustion in motor vehicles and industrial and fossil fuel power plants; lighting,机动车辆高温燃料燃烧，工业和矿物燃料发电厂;照明,Photochemical oxidants 光化学氧化剂,Sunlight acting on hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides,碳氢化合物和氮氧化物在阳光下反响,.,The major sources of these pollutants,Hydrocarbons 碳氢化合物,Incomplete combustion fossil fuels in automobiles and furnaces; evaporation of industrial solvents and oil spills; tobacco smoke; forest fires; plant decay (about 85 percent of emissions ),不完全燃烧化石燃料的汽车和火炉；蒸发的工业溶剂和石油泄漏；烟草烟雾；森林火灾；植物的腐烂大约%85的排放,.,The major sources of these pollutants,Pesticides and herbicides :,杀虫剂和除草剂,Agriculture; forestry; mosquitocontrol,农业,;,林业,;,蚊虫控制,Asbestos:,石棉,Asbestosmining; sprayingoffireproofinginsulationinbuildings; deteriorationof brake linings,石棉开采,;,防火隔热建筑的喷漆,;,制动片的变质,Metals and Metal Compounds:,Mining; industrialprocesses;coalburning;,automobileexhaust.,挖掘；工业生产过程,;,燃煤,;,汽车尾气,.,The major sources of these pollutants,Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S):,Chemicalindustry; petroleumrefining,Ammonia (NH3) :,Chemicalindustry; petroleumrefining,化学工业;石油炼制,Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) :,Reaction ofsulfurtrioxideandwatervaporin atmosphere;,Chemical industry,Nitric Acid (HNO3) :,Reactionof sulfurtrioxideandwatervapor inatmosphere;,Chemicalindustry,三氧化硫和水汽在大气中反响; 化学工业,.,The major sources of these pollutants,Noise:,Automobiles,airplanes,andtrains;industry;,construction,汽车，飞机，列车; 产业建立,Other Inorganic Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) :,Petroleumrefining;glassetching;,aluminum andfertilizerproduction,石油炼制;玻璃刻蚀;铝和化肥生产,.,The major sources of these pollutants,Technology for control of particulate emissions,Cyclone,旋风除尘器,Electrostatic precipitators,静电沉淀器,Wet scrubber/,wet collector,湿式除尘器,Fabric filters,袋式过滤器,Biofiltration,生物过滤,控制工业来源的颗粒物的排放的主要方法是利用旋风别离器、静电除尘器、布袋过滤器和洗涤器。,Technology of Air Pollution Control,Biofiltration: An Innovative Air Pollution Control Technology for VOC Emissions,.,生物过滤：一种创新的大气挥发性有机物污染控制技术,The principal means for control of particulate emissions from industrial sources are,cyclones,，,electrostatic precipitators,fabric filters,and,scrubbers.,Biofiltration,Biofiltration is a pollution control technique using material to capture and biologically degrade process pollutants.,生物过滤是使用材料来捕获和生物降解污染物的一种污染控制技术。,Common uses include processing waste water, capturing harmful chemical or silt from surface runoff, and microbiotic oxidation of contaminants in air,常见的用途包括处理废水、从地表径流或泥沙中捕捉有害化学物质和空气中污染物的微生物氧化。,Flue-gas desulfurization,Flue-gas desulfurization,(FGD) is a set of technologies used to remove,sulfur dioxide,(SO,2,) from,exhaust flue gases of fossil-fuel power plants, and from the emissions of other sulfur oxide emitting processes.,烟气脱硫是用于除去,SO,2,的一系列技术，而,SO,2,主要来源于化石燃料发电厂的烟道气体和其他排放,SO,2,的工程。,Basic control equipment options for gaseous emissions from process industries 工业过程气态污染物的根本控制设备的选择,Condensation,冷凝,Absorption,吸收,Adsorption,吸附,Combustion,or incineration,.,燃烧,观看视频,1.,复习本课中学习的关于空气污染的专业术语。,2.,查找英文资料，了解典型的空气污染物处理技术。,Homework,1.,Translate the following sentences,2.,P 53 EX 1, 2 , 4.,阅读并翻译,Translation,1. 产生二氧化硫的主要人类活动是含硫矿石的冶炼和矿物燃料的燃烧。,2. 悬浮在空中不仅有气态污染物，还有固体或液体微粒。,3.颗粒物可能是一次污染物，如烟雾粒子，或气态污染物经化学反响形成的二次污染物。,4.大气中主要存在的氮氧化物有一氧化氮(NO)、二氧化氮(NO2)和一氧化二氮(N2O)。,5. 这些氮氧化物在产生光化学烟雾的化学反响中发挥重要作用。,6.一氧化碳是一种无臭、无色的气体，由不完全氧化(燃烧)产生。,7.臭氧是二次污染物的一个重要的例子，它是构成光化学烟雾的众多二次污染物之一。,8.甲醛是室内气体中最主要的致癌气体之一，多出现于新装修的房子里。,Precision and accuracy 准确度和准确度,bulk collection 大量的搜集,matric material 基体材料,ananlytical sequence 分析结果,Multivariate statistics 多变量的统计,interactive effect 相互间的影响,insofar 在.的范围,overall analytical scheme 整体分析方案,Answer to last homework,灵敏度 sensitivity,采样 sample collection,真实时间 real time,样品预处理 pretreatment of the sample,稳定性 stability,曲线拟合 curve-fitting,吸附 adsorb adsorption,累积 accumulate accumulation,分析评价 analytical evaluation,物理别离 physical separation,因次图 dimension graph,标准方差 standard variance,