2016第2部分科技英语翻译方法简介

*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,第二部分 英语翻译基础,1,简介,单词译法,词类转换的译法,句子成分转换的译法,词序转变的译法,被动语态,后置定语,长句,(,难句,),主要内容,难点,2,翻译总原则,确切理解和掌握原文内容,不能主观地发挥个人的想法和推测,运用汉语把原文通顺流畅地表达出来,一、简介,3,信(true):,准确无误地传达原文的真实含义,包括：内容、精神、风格、文采,达(smooth):,通顺地表达原文的含义, 句子规范, 符合汉语的表达,不能逐词死译,-熟练掌握和运用一定的翻译方法和技巧,-较好的汉语功底,雅(professional):,科技英语翻译中，刻意追求的不是“雅”,而是-,科学性 + 严谨性,翻译标准,4,信、达,两点是辩证的统一,错误一,：逐词翻译，以致译文生硬,欧化,错误二,：单纯追求译文通顺流畅而任意增删,He wanted to learn, to know, to teach.,他希望博学广闻，喜欢追根穷源，好为人师,。,准：,他想学习，增长知识，也愿意把知识教给别人。,5,专业术语正确,一定要使用专业术语，不能说外行话,the iron and steel industry,铁和钢的工业,钢铁工业,6,专用动词（化学术语）,对不同类型的反应使用特定词汇。,Combine-化合,Break Down-分解,Decompose-分解,Dissociate-离解,Neutralize-中和,Replace-取代,Oxidize-氧化,Reduce-还原,7,Acids,react with,certain metals,to produce,hydrogen.,A mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen,forms,ammonia in the reaction.,Silver hydroxide is easy to,break down into,the oxide and water.,表达化学反应的动词,React（reaction）,Obtain,Form,Convert,Produce,Give,Yield 等,8,The machine,works,properly.,机器,工作,正常。,机器,运转,正常 。,工作、劳动、做事-指人,运转、转动、活动-指机械、身体器官等,9,理解,表达,校对,翻译经过三个阶段,阅读全篇文章，领略大意，理解原文；,其次，明辨语法，弄清关系，结合上下文，逐句推敲,把已经理解了的内容叙述出来；,取决于原文的理解和对汉语的掌握程度,-如果译文仅仅是意思对，还不行,-要提高,双语水平,对上两个阶段（理解、表达阶段）的内容进行校对:,是否能准确无误地转述原作内容？,是否符合汉语习惯，是否规范？,-,避免,欧化,风格,10,The homologs of benzene are those containing an alkyl group or alkyl groups in place of one or more hydrogen atoms.,homologs:同系物； alkyl:烷基,苯的同系物就是那些被一个或多个烷基取代一个或多个氢原子所形成的产物。（,模糊,）,苯的同系物是那些苯环上含有取代一个氢的单烷基或取代多个氢的多烷基的物质 。（,清晰,）,翻译是,复杂的、创造性,的劳动,-背后是强大的,双语语言综合能力,只能慢慢提高,11,二、单词译法,单词-句子的基本要素之一,单词的翻译-直接关系到句子的翻译,1、名词单复数的译法,可数名词复数,前没有数量词时，一般要把复数含义翻译出来。,即在名词前加译“,一些、这些、许多,”等词。,12,The teacher may be asked,questions.,可以向老师提,一些问题,。,Our first electronic,computers,were made in 1958.,我国,首批电子计算机,是1958年制造的。,若能通过汉语译文的上下文体会出该复数的含义时，可不必译该复数含义。,They are,students,of Beijing University.,他们是北京大学的,学生,。,Some questions,13,当名词(可数、不可数)用复数表示泛指或一类时，视上下文而定。,They will mix freely with other organic compounds and are often soluble in organic,solvents,它们能与其它有机化合物自由地混合并能溶于,多种有机溶剂,中。（泛指，最好译出）,Properties,of,non-metals,vary widely,非金属的性质差异很大。（,不译,）,14,a/an +名词单数表示一类时，不译出不定冠词“a/an”,Salts may also be found by the replacement of hydrogen from,an acid,with,a metal,盐也能通过用金属置换酸中的氢而获得。,An acid,was once defined as a substance that would form hydrogen ions in water solution and,a base,as one that would form hydroxide ions in the same,人们曾把,酸,定义为在水溶液中能产生氢离子的物质，而,碱,则是在同样溶液中会产生氢氧根离子的物质。,15,2、数词复数词组的译法,These books are packed,in tens,.,这些书,每十本,装一包。,对比：tens of,magazines,几十,本杂志,These products are counted,by hundreds,这些产品是,成百成百,地计数。,16,当数词复数用,of,连续相连时，其最终数字范围应是该几个数字的乘积。,Tens of thousands of,foreign friends visit this factory every year,10x1000=万 几万人,每年都有几万外宾参观这家工厂。,17,3、词义引伸的译法,若使用字典,-翻译-译文不通！费解!,应根据该词本意，并结合上下文，引伸出恰当的词义,The two pairs of electrons of oxygen may be shared with two,separate,carbons forming only single bond.,氧的两对电子可以与两个单独的(,不直接相连的,)碳共用而形成单键。,分离的,18,4、词的增译及省译,英汉两种语言在表达方式上的不同,有时需要,增加一些词,有时需要,减少一些词,以符合汉语的表达习惯,19,High temperature,causes,dramatic changes in the properties of rubber.,高温,能,/,可,/,会,使橡胶的性能发生显著的变化。,The presence of an acid stronger than nitric acid,accelerates,the reaction.,比硝酸更强的酸的存在,能,/,可,/,会,加速反应。,增译表示时态的词,一般现在时：,一般无需加减字，但在表示主语特征时，可在动词前面加译“,能、可、会,”,20,一般过去时：,两个办法,可在动词前后添加“,已、曾、过、了,”等字,或于句首添加“,以前、当时、过去,”等时间副词,The extraction behavior of nickel with PAN was reported in detail.,镍与,PAN,的萃取行为被详细报道,过,。,Organic compounds,were,once thought to be produced only by living organism,以前,曾,认为有机化合物只能从有生命的机体产生。,21,一般将来时：,在动词前添加“,将、要、会,”等,进行时：,可在动词前添加“,正、在、正在,”,有时在动词后面加译助词“,.,着,”,完成时：,动词前加,“已经”、“曾经”,或后面加“,了,”、“,过,”,22,The carbon,has lost,electrons and the oxygen,has gained,electrons in the change,在变化中碳失去,了,电子，而氧获得,了,电子。,The extraction behavior of nickel with PAN,has been reported,in detail.,镍与PAN的萃取行为,曾经,被详细报道,过,。,23,其它增译,表示动作意义的名词,“,作用、过程、现象、情况、变化,”等,Oxidation,will make iron and steel rusty.,氧化作用,会使钢铁生锈。,The principle of,absorption,is very complex.,吸附过程,的原理很复杂。,24,三、词类转换的译法,大胆摆脱原文表层结构的束缚，根据汉语的习惯，正确表达原文,-转换译法是可取的、极为常用的,我们一定要学会这种变化！,25,Total,determination,of molecular structure is possible by means of X-ray diffraction.,Diffraction:衍射,用x射线衍射的方法可以全面地,确定/测定,分子结构。,1、名词的转译,26,2、动词的转译,An acid and a base,react,in a proton transfer reaction,Proton:质子,酸与碱,的反应,是一个质子转移的反应。名词化,Many chemical reactions need heat to make them,take place,很多化学反应都需要热使它们能够发生。,（不顺口、不符合汉语！）,很多化学反应的发生,都需要热/加热。,27,The methyl group on the benzene ring greatly facilitates the,nitration,of toluene.,methyl甲基; benzene苯; toluene甲苯,苯环上的甲基使,甲苯的硝化非常容易,。,或者,苯环上的甲基使,甲苯非常易于硝化,。,28,3、形容词的转译,Generally speaking, methane series are rather,inert,.,methane甲烷,总的来说，甲烷系的烃很,懒惰,。（很不活泼）,总的来说，甲烷系的烃,惰性,很强 （,形容词-名词,）,Zirconium is almost as,strong,as steel，but lighter.,Zirconium锆 z,:,kunim,锆几乎与钢一样,强,，但它比钢轻。,锆的强度,几乎与钢的相同，但它比钢轻 （,形容词-名词,）,29,4、副词的转译,The chemical experiment is,over,化学实验,结束,了,副词-动词,5、介词的转译,Salts may be formed by the replacement of hydrogen from an acid,with,a metal,hydrogen氢,盐可以通过,用,金属置换酸中的氢来制取。,30,词类转换的译法：,-,整体趋向于动词化,-一定要顺口，,-符合汉语习惯！,不要忘记背景知识,翻译中可以大胆采用,举例,before,和,good,具体译法,31,before,连词， “在以前”,1、直译成,“（在）（以或之）前,”,Before I enter on the subject I have something to say.,在讨论这一问题之前，我有些话要说。,2、译成,“（后）才”,The train had left before he got to the station.,火车开了他才到车站。,32,3、before与barely，scarcely, hardly连用，译成“,刚就,”,We had,scarcely,left our school,before,it began to rain.,我们刚离开学校天就下起雨来,4，如果原文主句中谓语动词是否定形式则可译成,“就”、“便”、或“快” 、“还没有（来得及）就”,I had not waited long before she came.,我没等多久她就来了。,It was not long before he got to know it.,不久他就知道了 。,The day began to break before we got to the hill top.,我们还没有到达山顶天就开始亮了 。,33,5、译为,“趁（着）”,，或用反说，译成,“不然会”、“要不就”、“没”、“不”,等,Study hard before it is too late.,趁早努力学习 。,6、某些习语中的连词before可译成,“先然后”、“先再”,或,“而后”,等,One must sow before one can reap.,先有播种后有收获。,34,Good,的译法,搭配能力很强，常见于科技文章中,Good = 好的 ?,1、美好的；良好的；令人满意的,a good knife 一把好刀 a good conductor 良导体,汉译时引申：,a good soil 肥沃的土壤,good oil 提纯了的油,a good money 真的货币,a good river 畅通的河道,good English 规范的英语,35,2、有益的,Milk is good food for children.,牛奶对小孩是,有益的,It is no good heating the material to such a temperature.,把材料加热到这样的温度是不,恰当的,36,3、能胜任的；有能力的；能干的,a good chess player 高明的棋手,A good human translator一个熟练的翻译人员,4、彻底的；完全的,The workers gave the machine a good checking.,工人们对机器进行了,彻底的,检查,have a good drink 喝个痛快,Rivers provide good sources of hydropower.,河流,具有丰富的,水力资源,making good use of the sun,充分利用,太阳能来为,37,5、可靠的；安全的；确实的,a car with good brakes 刹车可靠的汽车,a good investment 安全的投资,good debts 确可偿还的债务,38,四、句子成分转换的译法,是把句子的某一成分译成另一成分(如主语-宾语等),-在多数情况下，,词类转译,必然导致,句子成分的转译,39,It is because,the bounding properties of one pair of electrons in the double bond,are not fully saturated.,saturated饱和,直译,：,这是由于双键上的一对电子的键合性质是没有充分饱和。,更好,：,这是由于双键上的一对电子不具有充分饱和的键合性质。,40,1、主语的转译,Methane is less than half as heavy as water,甲烷的重量不到水的一半。（,主语,定语,）,Organic compounds are not soluble in water because there is no tendency to separate their molecules into ions,有机化合物在水中是不溶的，因为没有将它们的分子分离成离子的倾向。,有机化合物不溶于水，因为水没有将它们的分子分离成离子的倾向。 （,主语,宾语,）,41,When a copper plate is put into the sulfuric acid electrolyte，,very few of its atoms,dissolve,electrolyte电解液,当将铜片置于硫酸电解液中时，,几乎没有铜原子,溶解。,（,主,状,）,42,2、谓语的转译,Thus，an acid and a base,react,in a proton transfer reaction,因此，酸与碱,的反应,是一个质子转移,的反应,。（,谓语,主语,）,The melting point of alkanes are rather irregular at first，but,tend to,rise somewhat steadily as the molecules become larger alkanes烷烃,烷烃的熔点起初很不规则，但随着分子的增大，有些,趋向稳步上升,。,烷烃的熔点起初很不规则，但随着分子的增大，则有些稳步,上升的趋势,。（,谓-宾,）,43,The past few decades,have been characterized by,a prodigious expansion of the organic-chemical industry.,prodigious惊人的,过去数十年是,以,有机化学工业得到了惊人的发展,为特征,的,过去数十年,的特征,是有机化学工业得到了惊人的发展 （,谓语主语,）,Light makes,vision,possible.,光使得视觉成为可能。,有了光才能,看见,东西。（,宾语谓语,）,44,Structure analysis is,common,to most organic research.,结构分析为大多数有机研究所共有。,结构分析,普遍应用于,大多数的有机研究。 （,表语谓语,）,There are two groups,of metals,：pure metals and their alloys.,有两大类,的金属,：纯金属及其合金。,金属,有两大类：纯金属及其合金。 (,定语谓语,),45,TNT is simple and relatively safe,to manufacture,TNT可以简单而又相对比较安全地制造。,制造,TNT简单而且相对比较安全。 (,状语-谓语,),The attractive force between the molecules is,negligibly small,negligibly可忽略地,分子间的吸引力可忽略地小。,分子间的吸引力小得可以忽略。 (,表语-谓语,),46,大胆转换词性和句子成分！,-翻译的基本技巧,成分转换的目的是使译文通顺，符合汉语习惯,-可先直译、再整理通顺自然,47,五、词序转变的译法,译文的词序与原文的词序不同,（成分、词性也会自然随之改变）,是否改变词序？可以！,-只要,译文正确，符合汉语表达习惯,。,48,A six-carbon ring structure in the form of a hexagon with alternate single and double bond,was assigned to benzene,hexagon六边形; alternate交替的,一种六碳环，六边形，单双键交替的结构，被指定为苯,（,必须打乱词序,）,苯被指定为单键和双键交错的由六个碳组成的六边形的环形结构。,49,1、系表结构的词序转变,The alternate double bond arrangement in the six-carbon ring,is aromatics characteristic,.,aromatics芳香烃,芳香烃的特性,是六个碳原子组成的环上双键交替排列。,50,2、宾语的词序转变,宾语有时译在动词(包括谓语、现在分词、动名词)之前，,同时加译“,将、把、给、使、让、对,”,We can transform,water,into two gases by passing,an electric current through it,把,电通入水中，我们就能,把,水变为两种气体。,51,X-ray will show the doctor clearly how the lung suffers.,x射线会清楚地给医生显示肺部损害程度。,或：,x射线,会清楚地把,肺部损害程度显示给医生。,The figure shows the readers the relative action of the sun and the earth,这个图,给,读者显示了太阳和地球的相对运动。,或：,这个图,把,太阳和地球的相对运动,显示给了,读者。,52,3、同位语的词序转变,同位语翻译时,应视具体情况决定是否改变词序。,The branch of science，,artificial intelligence,，is developing rapidly.,人工智能,这门科学分支正在迅速地发展。（,变,）,We call such a zinc atom with a double positive charge an ion,Zn,2+,.,我们称这种带有两个正电荷的锌原子为锌离子，用,Zn,2+,表示。（,不变序,）,53,4、定语的词序转变,Generally speaking,，,the fuel,available,is coal,一般来说，,可用的,燃料是煤。,The voltage of CPU should not exceed the maximum,permissible,CPU,的电压不应超过,允许的,最大值。,54,5、状语的词序转变,Being alloyed with certain metals,aluminum can be strengthened.,铝,和某些金属熔合后,，强度会增大。,Many industrial operation can be carried out,in either of two ways which may be called DLS and DES operations,许多工业操作可用,DLS操作或DES操作,来完成。,55,句序的调整,是指主句和从句的,时间,和,逻辑,关系顺序,时间顺序的调整,I went out for a walk after I had my dinner,After I had my dinner，I went out for a walk,我吃了晚饭后出去散步。,He had flown yesterday from Beijing where he spent his vocation,after finishing the meeting he had taken part in Tianjin,他本来在天津开会，会议一结束，他就上北京去度假了，昨天才坐飞机回来。,汉语：,按事情发生的先后安排其位置,56,逻辑顺序的调整,He had to stay in bed because he was ill,因为他病了，他只好呆在床上。（前置）,-汉语：,原因在前结果在后,。,I still hope you will come back if arrangements could be made,如果安排得好，我还是希望你来。,-汉语：,条件在前结果在后,。,Better take your umbrella in case it rains,最好带上伞以防下雨。,-汉语：,行动在前，目的在后,57,