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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Part 2 Electronics,2.1 Interpreting a digital IC datasheet,2.2 Diodes and Transistors(),2.3 Diodes and,Transistors(II,),2.4 The Ideal of Op-amp,（,I,）,2.5 The Ideal of Op-amp,（,II,）,2.6 Boolean Algebra,2.7 Number System,2.8 Flip-Flops and Latches,2.9 Programmable logic Device,2.1,Interpreting,a digital IC datasheet,2.1.2 Specialized English Words,IC,集成电路,data sheet,数据手册,terminology,术语学,specifications,规范,Absolute maximum ratings,最大绝对额定值,Parameters,参数,MOS process,金属氧化物半导体制程,heats up,加热,threshold,阈值,Keep in mind,紧记,worst-case,最坏的,Timing,时序,Once,the basic data sheet terminology and organization is understood,it,is relatively easy to figure out other data sheets even when their exact terminology changes.,全句可译为“一旦掌握了基本数据手册内的术语和结构，即使以后其中一些的特殊术语改换名称，我们也很容易理解数据手册的内容。”,2.1,Interpreting,a digital IC datasheet,“,once”,引导的是条件状语从句,“it”,在这里指的是 “,to figure out other data sheets”,Manufacturers specify a storage temperature range,within which,the semiconductor structures will not break down.,全句可译为“生产商通常会注明在保证半导体器件不受破坏的情况下的储藏温度范围。”,2.1,Interpreting,a digital IC datasheet,“,within which”,引起定语从句，“,range”,为其先行词。,Other parameters establish the safe operating limits for input signals,as well as,the applied voltage thresholds,that,represent logic 0 and 1 states.,全句可译为“还有一些参数建立了输入信号的安全限制，以及代表逻辑,1,和,O,的电压阈值等。”,2.1,Interpreting,a digital IC datasheet,“,that”,引导的定语从句“,represent logic 0 and 1 states”,修饰“,voltage thresholds”,“,as well as”,相当于“以及，和”,DC parameters specify the voltages and currents,that,the IC will present to other circuitry,to which,it is connected.,全句可译为“器件的直流参数主要描述器件和其它电路连接时所表现出的电压和电流特性。”,2.1,Interpreting,a digital IC datasheet,“,that”,引导的定语从句，修饰“,voltages and currents”,“,to which”,又引导了一个定语从句，修饰“,other circuitry”,“,it”,指 “,the IC”,。,Keep in mind,that each manufacturer has a somewhat different style of presenting these specifications.,“,Keep in mind ”,为祈使句，省略了主语“,We (or you) must”,。,全句可译为“这里我们需要注意的是每一个生产厂商的数据手册风格多少会有一些不同。”,2.1,Interpreting,a digital IC datasheet,2.2 Diodes and Transistors(),2.2.2 Specialized English Words,semiconductors,半导体,fabricated,制作,构成,discrete,分立的，离散的,diodes,二极管,transistors,晶体管,power supplies,电源,rectifiers,整流器,voltage references,参考电压,light emitting diode,发光二极管,switching,开关,2.2 Diodes and Transistors(),heavy load,重负载,signal amplification,信号放大,ideal diode,理想二极管,one-way,单向,valve,电子管,reverse bias,反偏,forward biased,正偏,junctions,结,Real diodes,实际的二极管,threshold,阈值,2.2 Diodes and Transistors(),impedance,阻抗,short circuit,短路,dissipate,消耗,current-limiting resistor,限流电阻,Thermal overload,热过载,lowpass,filter,低通滤波器,Yet there are numerous,instances,in which,discrete,semiconductors,most notably diodes and transistors, are required to complete a system.,从句中“,most notably diodes and transistors”,为“,discrete”,的同位语。,全句可译为“但仍有很多使用分立式半导体元件，主要是二极管和三极管，来构成系统的例子。”,2.2 Diodes and Transistors(),“,in which”,为定语从句，修饰“,instances”,从句中“,most notably diodes and transistors”,为“,discrete”,的同位语,It is difficult,these days,not to,find a light emitting diode, or LED, in ones immediate vicinity, on some appliance or piece of electronic equipment.,本句中采用了双重否定“,It is difficult, not to”,来强调,LED,的广泛应用。,全句可译为“如今在我们的身边，例如各种器械和电子设备上，到处都可以见到发光二极管的应用，或者称之为,LED,。”,2.2 Diodes and Transistors(),Saying that a diode conducts “infinite” current beyond really means that its impedance becomes so low that it no longer becomes the limiting factor in a circuit.,本句结果较复杂，主句为“,Saying that beyond ”,，“,Saying”,为动名词作主语，它的宾语为“,that”,引导名词从句。 “,means”,为主语“,Saying ”,的谓语动词，而“,that its impedance”,为“,means”,的宾语从句，而这个从句又有自己的结果状语“,so that”,。,全句可译为“我们说二极管在 以上导通的电流无穷大实际上是指它的阻抗变得如此之小导致它不再是电路中的限制因素。”,2.2 Diodes and Transistors(),When a diode is used in an application wherein it may be forward biased and driven with excessive current, a current-limiting resistor is inserted into the circuit to keep the diode within its specified operating limits.,这是一个多层的主从复合句。主句为“,a current-limiting resistor”,，“,When a diode is used in an application”,为主句的状语从句，而从句中的“,an application”,又带有一定语从句“,wherein it may be”,，其中有两个并列被动语态的谓语“,be forward biased”,和“,driven”,。,全句可译为“在应用中如果二极管正向偏置时的驱动电流很大，会在电路中放置一个限流电阻以保证二极管工作在它的极限范围内。”,2.2 Diodes and Transistors(),A major use for diodes is in the rectification of AC signals, specifically in power supplies,in which,the conversion from AC to DC is required.,这是个典型主从复合句。,全句可译为“二极管的一个主要应用是,AC,信号整流，尤其是在某些需要将,AC,电转化为,DC,电的电源中。”,2.2 Diodes and Transistors(),“,in which”,引起定语从句，修饰“,power supplies”,2.3 Diodes and Transistors(II),2.3.2 Specialized English Words,negative portion,负半周,full-wave bridge rectifier,全波桥式整流,transformers,变压器,in conjunction with,与,连接,bipolar junction,双极性,proportionality constant,比例常数,base,基极,collector,集电极,emitter,发射极,Four diodes can be assembled into a full-wave bridge,rectifier that,passes the positive portion of the sine wave and inverts the negative portion relative to the DC ground.,这是一个主从复合句。从句中有两个并列的谓语动词“,passes”,和“,inverts”,。,全句可译为“四个二极管可以组合成一个全波桥式整流器，它能让正半周的正弦波通过，并把负半周的正弦波反转到正半周。”,2.3 Diodes and Transistors(II),“,that”,引起定语从句，修饰“,a full-wave bridge rectifier”,Transformers are used in conjunction with bridge rectifiers to step down the high-voltage AC input to a more appropriate intermediate level,that,is much closer to the final voltage level required by the system.,在这个主从复合句中，“,that”,为定语从句，修饰“,a more appropriate intermediate level”,，从句中“,required by the system”,为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰“,the final voltage level”,。,全句可译为“常常将变压器和桥式整流器连接在一起，把高压,AC,输入降低到与系统所需要的电压值很接近的一个中间值。”,2.3 Diodes and Transistors(II),Diode OR-,ing,circuits are also seen in battery-backup applications in which it is desired to keep a low-power static RAM chip powered by a battery when the main power supply is turned off.,本句结构上比较复杂，可以分为三个层次，即主句带有一定语从句，而从句又有自己的状语从句。“,in which”,以下修饰“,battery-backup applications”,。“,when”,引起状语从句，作从句中“,keep”,的时间或条件状语。,全句可译为“二极管电路还被用在备用电池应用中，以保证主要电源被关闭后电池仍可以继续驱动一个低功耗的静态,RAM,芯片。”,2.3 Diodes and Transistors(II),When power is turned off, the batterys diode,becomes,forward biased and,maintains,power to the SRAM so that its data are not lost.,本句为主从复合句。“,When”,引起的是条件从句，而“,so that”,引起的是表示结果的从句,全句可译为“当工作电源关闭后，连接电池的二极管变成正偏，替代工作电源给,SRAM,提供电能，保证了数据不会丢失。”,2.3 Diodes and Transistors(II),两个并列谓语动词,Transistors are silicon switches,that enable a weak signal to control a much larger current flow, which is the process of amplification: magnifying the amplitude of a signal.,“,that enable a weak signal to control a much larger current flow”,为“,silicon switches”,的定语从句。句末“,which is the process of amplification: magnifying the amplitude of a signal”,则为非限制性定语从句，修饰前面提到的整个从句。,全句可译为“三极管是一个用弱信号来控制另一个大得多的电流的硅开关，这个过程实际上就是将信号的幅度放大的过程。”,2.3 Diodes and Transistors(II),主句,As long as,the base-collector junction remains reverse biased, increasing base current will cause a corresponding increase in collector current, and the transistor remains in active mode.,本复合句有两个并列主句，共同有一个状语 “,As long as”,。最后一个“,as”,为连接词，后接一从句。,全句可译为“只要基极,-,集电极结还处于反偏状态，上升的基极电流就会相应地引起集电极电流的上升，此时的三极管仍处于放大状态。”,2.3 Diodes and Transistors(II),2.4 The Ideal of Op-amp,（,I,）,2.4.2 Specialized English Words,op-amp,运算放大器(operation-amplifier之略,),analog,模拟,类比,circuits,电路,ampliers,放大器,amplitude,振幅,relevant,相关的,RF,射频,无线电(Radio,Frequency之略,),weak signal,小信号,transducer,传感器,变换器,microphone,扩音器,麦克风,2.4 The Ideal of Op-amp,（,I,）,antenna,天线,Discrete,离散的,transistors,晶体管,general-purpose,通用的,interface,接口,a differential voltage,差分电压,AC signals,交流信号,DC voltages,直流电压,impedance,阻抗,全电阻,open-loop,开环,gain,增益,(,系数,),2.4 The Ideal of Op-amp,（,I,）,implementation,实现,fundamental assumptions,基本假设,feeds back,反馈,quantiable,可量化的,resolution,分辨率,temperature sensor,温度传感器,xed,sampling range,固定的采样范围,arbitrarily,任意的,approach,近似,An,amplier,is an analog circuit,that outputs a signal with greater amplitude than what is presented to it at the input.,本句的主句“,An,amplier,is an analog circuit”,为系表结构，其后为“,that”,引导的定语从句，修饰“,analog circuit”,，从句中有一“,what”,引起的名词性从句指代输入端的信号幅值。,全句可译为“放大器是让输出信号的幅值比输入信号的幅值增大的模拟电路。”,2.4 The Ideal of Op-amp,（,I,）,Many of the implementation details,of how an AC signal is,amplied,within the op-amp,are hidden from,the circuit designer, requiring only an understanding of how the op-amp behaves from an external perspective.,句中“,of how op-amp”,为介词短语结构，用作主语的后置定语，而介词“,of”,后面的“,how an AC signal is,amplied,within the op-amp”,则是名词从句，用作“,of”,的介词宾语。句末“,requiring”,以下为现在分词短语，作主句的状语，表示结果。,全句可译为“,(,当直接采用运算放大器设计电路时，,),我们可以忽略那些交流信号在运算放大器内是如何被放大的细节，只需要了解运算放大器的外部特性就可以了。”,2.4 The Ideal of Op-amp,（,I,）,主语,谓语,It is best to,rst,explore an ideal op-amps operation and then take into account the real-world deviations from the ideal model as necessary when designing a real circuit.,这是一个并列复合句，“,explore”,和“,take”,为两个并列谓语动词，句末“,when designing a real circuit”,为条件状语，可以认为是“,when we are designing”,省略了“,we are”,。,全句可译为：当我们采用运算放大器设计时，最好一开始先采用理想模型，进而再考虑实际模型与理想模型的偏差。”,2.4 The Ideal of Op-amp,（,I,）,These fundamental assumptions provide the engineer with a very,exible,amplier,component,that can be customized by surrounding circuitry to suit a wide range of applications,.,这是一个结构比较清晰的主从复合句。,全句可译为“上述基本假设可以提供给设计工程师一个非常灵活的器件，他们可以根据周围电路来设计运算放大器以适应不同的需要。”,2.4 The Ideal of Op-amp,（,I,）,定语从句，修饰“,amplier component”,。,Perhaps the,rst,question that comes to mind is how an,amplier,with,innite,gain can be made useful.,本句不长，但结构上有一定复杂性，主句为系表动词,+,表语句型。主语为“,the,rst,question”,，连系动词为“,is”,，“,how ”,为名词性表语从句。“,that comes to mind”,为定语从句，修饰主句“,the,rst,question”,。,全句可译为“也许映入我们脑海的第一个问题就是如何让一个增益无穷大的运算放大器发挥作用。”,2.4 The Ideal of Op-amp,（,I,）,Without a feedback path, an open-loop op-amp circuit would, in fact, exhibit very high gain to the point of grossly distorting most types of signals.,本句为一简单句，但附属成分较多。“,Without a feedback path”,和“,in fact”,均为介词短语作状语，“,to the point of ”,亦为介词短语作状语，表示程度。“,distorting”,为动名词作介词“,of”,的宾语。,全句可译为“事实上，如果没有反馈回路，运算放大器的开环增益将会非常大，造成绝大多数的输入信号严重扭曲失真。”,2.4 The Ideal of Op-amp,（,I,）,R1 and R2 are chosen arbitrarily,as,long,as,they satisfy the ratio R2:R1 = 2:3.,本句为一主从复合句，主句为“,R1 and R2 are chosen arbitrarily”,，“,as ,as,”,构成比较句型，前一“,as”,为副词，修饰“,long”,，后一“,as”,为连接词，引起从句“,they satisfy ”,。,全句可译为“,R1,和,R2,的阻值可以任意确定，只要它们满足,R2 : R1 = 2 : 3,的比例即可。”,2.4 The Ideal of Op-amp,（,I,）,主句,“,as as ”,构成比较句型，前一“,as”,为副词，修饰“,long”,，后一“,as”,为连接词，引起从句“,they satisfy ”,。,2.5 The Ideal of Op-amp（II）,2.5.2 Specialized English Words,isolated,隔离,weak,微弱的,heavy load,重负载,impedance,阻抗,noninverting,input,同相输入,buffer,缓冲,feedback loop,反馈环,It,can be observed that, for a real-world op-amp gain of much less than,innity, the ideal gain expression for an op-amp provides a very accurate calculation.,这是一主从复合句，“,It”,为形式主语，代替真正的主语，即名词从句“,the ideal gain expression for an op-amp provides a very accurate calculation”,，“,for a ,innity,”,为介词短语，修饰“,provides”,，表示原因或条件。,全句可译为“通过上述实例我们可以看出，尽管实际运算放大器的增益远小于无穷大，但是采用理想模型仍能够提供非常精确的计算结果。”,2.5 The Ideal of Op-amp（II）,形式主语,An example is the need,to,isolate,a weak driver f,rom,a heavy load.,这是个简单句，“,to isolate from ”,为不定式短语作定语，修饰“,the need”,。,全句可译为“一个例子就是需要将弱信号与重负载隔离开来（的情况）。”,2.5 The Ideal of Op-amp（II）,“,to isolate from ”,为不定式短语作定语，修饰“,the need”,However, both a positive and negative voltage supply,are,required to enable the op-amp to drive both positive and negative voltages.,此句为简单句，注意动词“,are”,为复数形式，因“,supply”,为不可数名词，此处为复数,(a positive and negative),。,全句可译为“但是为了使放大器能够输出正电压和负电压，必需提供正负两种电源。”,2.5 The Ideal of Op-amp（II）,2.6 Boolean Algebra,2.6.2 Specialized English Words,algorithms,运算,task,任务、作业,accomplish,完成、实现,established,建立,over time,过去,components,元件,unary,一元、单目,logical functions,逻辑函数,graphical representations,图形表示法,terminology,术语,parentheses,圆括号,explicitly,明确的,Boolean algebra,is,the mathematical basis for logic design and,establishes,the means by which a tasks defining rules are represented digitally.,本复合句的主句有两个并列谓语动词，“,is”,和“,establishes”,。“,by which a tasks defining rules are represented digitally”,是定语从句，修饰“,means”,。,全句可译为“布尔代数是逻辑设计的数学基础，并建立了用数字系统表示一项任务的规则的方法。”,2.6 Boolean Algebra,两个并列谓语动词,With an understanding of how basic logical relationships are established and implemented, the discussion moves on to explain flip-flops and synchronous logic design.,本复合句的主句为“,the discussion moves on to”,，“,With an understanding of”,为介词短语作状语，其中“,how basic logical relationships are established and implemented”,为名词从句，作“,of”,的介词宾语。注意这两个名词从句有两个并列的被动形式的谓语动词“,are established and implemented”,。,全句可译为“在了解了基本逻辑关系的建立和实现的基础上，继续讨论了触发器和同步逻辑设计。”,2.6 Boolean Algebra,A traffic lights behavior is predominantly defined by human beings,rather than,by natural physical laws.,这是一个简单句,全句可译为“交通灯的行为就不是由自然物理法则定义的，而是由人定义的。”,2.6 Boolean Algebra,“,rather than”,在此表示否定,Boolean logic is a branch of mathematics,that was discovered in the nineteenth century by an English mathematician named George Boole.,这是一个典型的复合句。“,Boolean logic is a branch of mathematics”,为,主句,，其表语“,a branch of mathematics”,带有“,that”,引导的从句作定语。句末“,named George Boole”,为过去分词短语，作“,English mathematician”,的定语。,全句可译为“布尔代数是数学的一个分支，在,19,世纪由英国数学家乔治,布尔率先提出。”,2.6 Boolean Algebra,More complex Boolean functions are created by combining Boolean operators in the same way,that arithmetic operators are combined in normal mathematics,.,这是一个典型的复合句，结构较清楚。“,that arithmetic operators are combined in normal mathematics”,为“,the same way”,的定语。,全句可译为“更复杂的布尔函数可以有这些基本的操作符组合而成，相同的方法就像把算术操作符组合成数学表达式一样。”,2.6 Boolean Algebra,为“,the same way”,的定语。,2.7 Number System,2.7.2 Specialized English Words,binary representation,二进制表示法carry,进位(位,),digit,数字,数位,数码,octa,八进制的,digital arithmetic circuits,数字算术(运算)电路,hexadecimal,十六进制的,positional notation,位置计数法,fractional numbers,分数,representation,表示,表达,decimal point,十进制小数点,multiplying factor,乘因子,2.7 Number System,radix point,小数点,weight,权,duodemical,十二进制的,power,幂,乘方,term,项,coefficient,系数,subscript,下标,short,representation缩写(形式,),binary-to-decimal conversion,二-十进,Algorithm,算法，进制转换,plus sign,加号,double-and add method“,乘,2,加,1”,法,2.7 Number System,tally marks,筹码,remainder,余数,Radix,基,least significant bit,最低位,equation,等式,方程,most significant bit,最高位,binary number,二进制数,difference,差(数,),The binary representation of information is generally utilized in computers and other digital systems,because,the basic elements from which such systems are built are of a binary nature.,不难看出，这是一个典型的主从复合句。“,because”,引起的是原因状语从句。从句的主语“,the basic elements”,又带有一个定语从句“,from which such systems are built”,。,全句可译为“用二进制表示信息广泛用于计算机和其他数字系统，因为构建这些系统的基本元素具有二进制的本质。”,2.7 Number System,“,because”,引起的是原因状语从句。,Representation of numbers in positional notation has received such universal acceptance,that,we tend to overlook its importance and the long historical evolution,that,brought us to this point.,全句可译为“用位置计数法表示数得到如此广泛的认同，以至人们往往对它熟视无睹，忽视了它的重大意义，以及人类走到这一步所经历的漫长历史发展过程。”,2.7 Number System,第一个”,that”,引导状语从句，表示结果；,第二个“,that”,引导定语从句,修饰“,evolution”,。,When we are given,a sequence of decimal digits,e.g,40795, we attach to each digit a multiplying factor, or weight that is,some power of 10,and which depends on the position of the digit in the number, for example, 40795=410,4,+010,3,+710,2,+910,1,+510,0,.,全句可译为“当我们得到一个十进制数，例如,40795,时，我们给每一位数码加上一个乘因子，或者说权，它是,10,的某次幂，幂的大小取决于该数码在整个数字中所处的位置，例如,40795= 410,4,+010,3,+710,2,+910,1,+510,0,。”,2.7 Number System,指一串十进制数位组成的数，即一个十进制数,some power of 10”,为“,10,的某次幂”。,It appears that the,Mesopotamians,understood the concept of0 and had a,positional system,using 60 symbols.,全句可译为“美索不达米亚人似乎懂得了,0,的概念，并有了一种采用六十个符号的位置记数系统”。,2.7 Number System,指美索不达米亚人，即古伊拉克人。,“,Positional system”,指一种位置法计数系统。,The,decimal system with a positional notation,was developed by the,Hindus,around the 5th century and was introduced to western civilization by the,Arabs,who also added the symbol 0.,全句可译为“十进制位置计数法是印度人在大约五世纪发明的，并由阿拉伯人传给西方文明社会，阿拉伯人还增加了,0,的符号。”,2.7 Number System,“,Positional system”,指一种位置法计数系统。,阿拉伯人,印度人,Another binary-to-decimal conversion technique is the so-called double-and-add method: starting with the most significant binary digits (bit), double the 1 present in that bit and proceed to the next bit.,句中的“,double-and-add”,意思是“,(,先,),乘,2(,然后,),再加”。根据操作方法可译为“乘,2,加,1”,法。“,Double”,为动词，“,the 1”,为其宾语，而“,present in that bit”,为“,the one”,的定语。,全句可译为“另一种二,-,十转换法被称为乘,2,加,1,法：从最高位开始，将该位的,1,乘以,2,然后再处理下一位。”,2.7 Number System,One method for decimal-to-binary conversion of small numbers is based on,recognition,of the sum of powers of 2 contained in the decimal number.,句中的“,recognition”,意为“认可、找出”。,全句可译为“一种小数字的十,-,二转换方法是靠找出十进制数中所包含的全部,2,的幂的和。”,2.7 Number System,意为“认可、找出”。,2.8 Flip-Flops and Latches,2.8.2 Specialized English Words,deterministic,确定性的,flip-flops,触发器,duty cycle,占空比,rising-edge,上升沿,triggered,触发,triangle,三角形,falling-edge,下降沿,enhancements,增强,active-low,低(电平)有效,2.8 Flip-Flops and Latches,truth table,真值表,ripple counter,行波计数器,asserted确定的,undesirable不希望的,不受欢迎的,characteristic,特性,stabilize,稳定,burdensome,难以承受的,powers up,上电,Logic alone does not a system make.,这是一个倒装句。正常语序应为“,Logic alone does not make a system.”,。,全句可译为“逻辑不可能单独地构成一个完整的系统。”,2.8 Flip-Flops and Latches,However, these equations have no ability to store the results of previous calculations,upon which,new calculations can be made.,本句是一个含有定语从句的主从复合句，“,upon which”,引起的定语从句修饰“,calculations”,。,全句可译为“然而，逻辑方程在进行新的计算时没有存储过去计算结果的能力。”,2.8 Flip-Flops and Latches,“,upon which”,引起的定语从句修饰“,calculations”,。,An ideal clock has a 50/50 duty cycle,indicating that its period is divided evenly between the two states,.,句中“,indicating states”,为状语，修饰主句谓语动词“,has”,，“,indicting”,为现在分词，“,that”,引起的是动名词从句，作“,indicting”,的宾语。,全句可译为“一个理想时钟具有,50/50,的占空比，即整个时钟周期平均地分配给两个状态。”,2.8 Flip-Flops and Latches,状语,Each bit starts out at zero,if is asserted,.,全句可译为“如果复位信号 有效，每一位则从,0,开始计数。”,2.8 Flip-Flops and Latches,条件状语从句，用作主句谓语动词“,starts out”,的条件。,This sequence continues,until,the count value reaches 7, at which point the counter rolls over to zero, and the sequence begins again.,句中“,at which”,以下为定语从句，修饰“,7”,，从句中“,rolls”,和“,begins”,为并列动词。,全句可译为“这个顺序一直持续到值为,7,，然后计数器循环变为,0,，接着重新开始计数。”,2.8 Flip-Flops and Latches,主句,连接词,“,the count value reaches 7”,为“,until”,引导的从句，修饰主句中“,continues”,Because each flops output clocks the next flop in the sequence,it can take some time for all flops to be updated following the CLK rising edge.,本句中“,it can take edge.”,为主句，“,Because sequence”,为其原因从句。注意主句中“,following the CLK rising edge”,，为现在分词短语作状语，修饰“,be updated”,。,全句可译为“这是因为在这个过程中,每个触发器的输出都是下一个触发器的时钟输入。随着,CLK,上升沿的出现,所有触发器都更新就需要一定的时间。”,2.8 Flip-Flops and Latches,主句,原因从句,Because each flops output clocks the next flop in the sequence,it can take some time for all flops to be updated following the CLK rising edge,.,本句中“,it can take edge.”,为主句，“,Because sequence”,为其原因从句。注意主句中“,following the CLK rising edge”,，为现在分词短语作状语，修饰“,be updated”,。,全句可译为“这是因为在这个过程中,每个触发器的输出都是下一个触发器的时钟输入。随着,CLK,上升沿的出现,所有触发器都更新就需要一定的时间。”,2.8 Flip-Flops and Latches,主句,2.9 Programmable logic Device,2.9.2 Specialized English Words,programmable logic,可编程逻辑,complex state machine,复杂状态机,HDL,硬件描述语言(Hardware,Description,Languages略,),IC,集成电路,Devices,器件,PLDs,可编程逻辑器件,Boolean algebra,布尔代数,2.9 Programmable logic Device,AND gates,与门,OR gates,或门,Boolean expressions,布尔表达式,fuse-based,基于镕丝工艺的,flip-flops,触发器,polarities,极性,configurations,配置,macrocell,宏单元,I/O pin,输入/输出引脚,Schematic,原理图,Multiplexers,多路器,2.9 Programmable logic Device,Term,项,fitted into,适配到,dealing with,处理,synchronous logic,同步时序逻辑,textual (HDL) form,文本方式,programming image,编程映像,fuse map,熔丝图,Synthesis,综合,Characteristics,特性,predictable capabilities,可预测容量,2.9 Programmable logic Device,worst-case,最坏的情况,propagation delay,传播延迟,sui
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