英语语法之词法及名词

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,语法汇总,英语语法知识结构,英语语法,词法,句法,词类（10大词类）,构词法,句子成分,句子分类,直接引语和间接引语,It的用法,倒装,主谓一致,省略,按用途,(,使用目的分）,按结构,（形式分）,陈述句,疑问句,祈使句,感叹句,一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,选择疑问句,反义疑问句,简单句,并列句,复合句,名词性从句,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,形容词性从句,限制性从句,非限制性从句,副词性从句,（状语从句）,让步、目的、地点、,时间、原因、结果、,方式、比较、条件,第一讲：词法,一、英语十大词类,根据词的意义，形态特征及其在句中的作用，将词分成若干类，叫做词类,（,Parts of Speech,），英语的词分为十类，如下表：,英语名称,汉语名称,概念,例词,语法作用,实,词,n.,noun,名词,表示人、事物或地点的名称的词,Sam,，,mother,，,book,，,car,，,water,，,Yi,chang,主语，宾语，表语，定语，,宾语补足语，同位语,pron.,pronoun,代词,代替名词、形容词、或数词的词,I,，,my,，,this,，,some,，,both,主语，宾语，表语，定语，同位语,a.,或,adj.,adjective,形容词,形容名词、代词的词,important, red, big, interesting,状语，表语,ad.,或,adv.,adverb,副词,修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的词,not, too, always,hard, early, quickly,谓语,v.,verb,动词,表示动作或状态的词,play ,work, study, be, have, know,主语，宾语，表语，定语，同位语,num.,numeral,数词,表示数目或顺序的词,one ,two, three, second, third,主语，宾语，表语，定语，同位语,英语名称,汉语名称,概念,例词,语法作用,虚,词,art.,article,冠词,用在名词前，说明名词的含义的词,a, an, the,prep.,preposition,介词,表示名词、代词等和其他词之间关系的词,in, at, on, about,conj.,conjunction,连词,连接词与词、短语与或句与句的词,and, but, or,if,int.,或,interj.,interjection,感叹词,表示喜怒哀乐等感情或语气的词,ah, eh,oh, hello,英语十大词类简单记忆：,名代形副动，数冠介连叹,二、英语构词法,英语词的构成有一定的规律，这个规律称为构词法（,word-building,）,英语主要有三种构词法：转化，合成和派生,1,，转化法（转换法）,不增加任何成分，不改变词形，由一个词转化为另一个词类，使该词具有新的意义,和作用，成为一个新词。这种构词法叫做词类转化法，简称转化法。,名词,动词,名词,动词,名词,动词,名词,动词,button,纽扣,扣纽扣,hand,手,传递，交,book,书,预订,fire,火,开火,chair,椅子,就任,主持人,seat,座，座位,容纳,人,picture,图画,映出，照出,water,水,浇水,pencil,铅笔,用铅笔写,/,画,/,标,名词,动词,名词,动词,名词,动词,back,背,支持，后盾,tiger,虎,唬人,fox,狐狸,欺骗,head,头,担任,monkey,猴子,恶作剧,ear,耳朵,向上长，抽穗,stage,舞台,试探,eye,眼睛,看，注视,X-ray x,射线,透视,Example,：,Have you booked your ticket?,你已经订票了么？,The hall can seat a thousand people.,这个大厅可以容纳一千人。,形容词,动词,形容词,动词,形容词,动词,形容词,动词,correct,正确的,改正,empty,空的,倒空,slow,慢,放慢,warm,温暖的,变暖和,quiet,安静的,平静下来,right,正确的,纠正，矫正,idle,闲着的,虚度,busy,忙的,使,忙,dirty,脏的,弄脏,Better,较好,改善,wrong,错误的,冤枉,grey,灰色的,变成灰色,Example,：,He felt himself wronged.,他感到自己很冤枉。,Her hair is beginning to grey.,她的头发在变灰。,副词,动词,副词,动词,副词,动词,副词,动词,further,更远，进一步,举起，提高,down,向下,放下，击落,forward,向前,转到,动词名词,动词,名词,动词,名词,动词,名词,look,看,看,try,尝试，试,试，尝试,wear,穿着，戴着,穿戴,rest,休息,休息,chat,聊天,聊天,talk,谈话,谈话,wash,洗,洗,bath,给,洗澡,洗澡,swim,游泳,游泳,smoke,吸烟,吸烟,dream,做梦,梦,fight,打架,打架,walk,步行,步行,run,跑,跑,watch,看,看,形容词名词,形容词,名词,形容词,名词,形容词,名词,native,本地人,本地人,communist,共产主义者,共产主义者,young,年轻人,the young,年轻人,rich,富的,the rich,富人,poor,贫穷的,the poor,穷人,beautiful,美丽的,the beautiful,美丽的人或物,sick,生病的,the sick,病人,dead,死的,the dead,死人,right,正确的,the right,正确的东西,wrong,错误的,the wrong,错误的东西,true,真的,the true,真正的东西,ugly,丑的,the ugly,丑陋的东西,dear,亲爱的,the dear,招人喜欢的人,final,最后的,the final,决赛,right and wrong,The right and wrong,是与非,2,、合成法（复合法）,把两个或两个以上的独立词合成的一个新词叫合成法，用合成法,构成的词叫合成词（,Compound Word,）,Example:,hard-working,勤奋的；,good-looking,漂亮的,合成名词的构成方式：,1,，名词,+,名词 ：,classroom,教室；,notebook,笔记本；,basketball,篮球；,housework,家务活,2,，形容词,+,名词：,blackboard,黑板；,green-house,温室,3,，动词,+,名词：,playground,操场；,pickpocket,扒手,4,，动名词,+,名词：,living-room,起居室；,waiting-room,候车室,5,，副词,+,名词：,background,背景，,downtown,市中心,6,，名词,+,动词：,sunshine,阳光；,sunset,日落,7,，名词,+,现在分词：,handwriting,书写；,sightseeing,观光，浏览,8,，名词,+,介词短语 ：,father-in-law,岳父,9,，动词,+,副词：,lookout,注意，小心，,setup,机构,合成形容词的构成方式：,1,，形容词,+,名词：,high-class,高级的,2,，序数词,+,名词：,second-hand,二手的,3,，形容词,+,现在分词：,good-looking,好看的，漂亮的；,easy-going,随和的；,4,，名词,+,现在分词：,peace-loving,爱好和平的,5,，副词,+,现在分词：,outstanding,杰出的；,forthcoming,即将到来的,6,，名词,+,过去分词：,man-made,人造的；,air-conditioned,空调的,7,，形容词,+,过去分词：,middle-aged,中年的,8,，名词,+,形容词：,life-long,终生的；,homesick,想家的,9,，形容词,+,形容词：,wide-open,张大的,10,，副词,+,副词：,faraway,遥远的,合成动词的构成方式：,1，介词+名词：underline在下面划线,2，形容词+动词：whitewash粉刷,3，副词+动词：download 下载,合成副词的构成方式：,1,，形容词,+,名词：,anyway,无论如何；,meantime,当时，同时,2,，副词,+,名词：,upstairs,在楼上；,downstairs,在楼下,3,，副词,+,副词：,however,但是；,furthermore,而且，此外,4,，代词,+,副词：,anywhere,在任何地方，,somehow,以某种方法,合成代词的构成方式：,1,，反身代词：一、二人称的物主代词,+self/selves,：,myself,；,ourselves,；第三人称代词宾格,+self/selves,：,himself,2,，不定代词：,some-,，,any-,，,every-,，,no-+-body,，,-one,，,+thing,：,someone,，,somebody,，,everybody,3，派生法（缀合法）,在一个单词的前面或后面加上一个前缀或后缀构成新词的方法叫做派生法,（Derivation）或者缀合法（Affixation），由派生法构成的词叫,派生词（Derivative）,派生词主要有三种类型：,加前缀：re-+tell,retell 复述；dis-+agreedisagree不同意,加后缀：teach+-erteacher教师；danger+ousdangerous危险的,加前缀和后缀：un+friend+-lyunfriendly不友好的,im+possible+-lyimpossibly不可能地,注：,1，大多数前缀只改变词义，不改变词性。,2，后缀只改变词类，不改变词义,。,构词法记忆：,转化合成与派生，名形副转动，动形可转名，合合成名动副代形,前缀变词义，保留原词类；后缀变词类，保留原词义,Affixation,:prefix,1,anti-:,against,opposite of,antibody 抗体 antiwar反战； antinuclear反核 anticorruption反腐,2，auto-：,of or by oneself,autobiography 自传体 auto-criticism自我批评,3，bi-：,two，twice，double,bicycle 自行车； bilingual 双语的；bilateral 双边的,4，co-:,together, with,coexist 共存；coworker 共事者,5，fore-:,in advance, in or at the front,forefather 先父（ancestor)；foresee 预见；forehead 额头,6,mal-：,bad or badly,malfunction 发生故障；maltreat 虐待,7，pseudo-:,not real , false,pseudonym 假名字；pseudoscience 假科学,8，ex-：,former（and still living）,ex-minister 前任部长 ex-wife 前妻,9，tri-：,three，three times,triangular 三角形 tricycle 三轮车,小结重点：,1，掌握十大词类的英文全称以及缩写,2，熟悉三种构词法，尤其是词缀法的运用,第二讲：名词,目录Contents：,1，名词分类,2，名词的数,3，名词的格,4，名词的作用,名词的分类：英语名词可分,专有名词,和,普通名词,两大类：,1,、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。,专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。,如：,Beijing, Tom, the Peoples Republic of China(,中华人民共和国,),专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词,the,。,如：,the Great Wall(,长城,),姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人,(,复数含义,),如：,the Greens(,格林一家人,),。,2,、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如：,pupil, family, man, foot.,普通名词又可分为：,1，个体名词：表示人或事物的个体。如：house，teacher，doctor,2，集体名词：表示由若干个体组成的集合体。如：people，team,3，物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物的名称。如：air，water,4，抽象名词：表示动作、状态、性质、情感等抽象概念的名词。 如： health，love，fun，work，luck，anger，time，death,二、名词的数：,1,、,普通名词又分为,可数名词,和,不可数名词,。,可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如：,box, child, orange,；,可数名词,有单数（,Singular Noun,和复数名词（,Plural Noun,）之分。,单数名词前可加不定冠词,a/an,或数词,one,，复数名词前可加,two,以上数词或,some,，,few,，,several,等不定代词，后加,-,s/-es,复数结尾。如：,a book,，,two cats,，,several days,不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如：,water, news, oil, population, information .,不可数名词前不加,a/an,或数词，后不加,s/es,词尾。物质名词和抽象名词都是不可数名词。如：,water,，,ink,，,milk,，,luck,2,、复数名词的规则不规则变化,规则变化：,1,， 在单数名词词尾加,s,。如：,map maps, boy boys, horse horses, table tables.,在清辅音后读,/s/,，在浊辅音后读,/z/,2,，,s, x ,sh,ch,结尾的词加,es,.,如：,class classes, box boxes, dish dishes, bench benches.,读,/,iz,/,3,，以,o,结尾的词，变复数时只加,s,（少数）,无生命的,；,如：,piano pianos photo photos,相片,radio radios,收音机,zoo zoos,动物园,或是直接加,es,，特,hero heroes,（一般吃的后加,es,，用的后加,s,）,有生命的,如,tomato-tomatoes potato potatoes,土豆,两种方式都可的 ，如,zero-zeros / zeroes,4,、以辅音字母加,y,结尾的名词,变,y,为,i,再加,es,。如：,family families, city cities, party parties.,5,、以,f,或,fe,结尾的名词,变,f,或,fe,为,v,再加,es,。如：,shelf shelves, wolf wolves, life lives, knife knives.,不规则变化：,1,、有些名词有不规则的复数形式。例如：,child-children mouse-mice,man men,男人,woman women,妇女,tooth teeth,牙齿,foot feet,2,、有些名词的单复数形式相同。例如；,deer,，,sheep,，,fish,，,Chinese,，,Japanese,，,li,，,jin,，,yuan,，,但除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式，,a dollar, two dollars,3,、有些学科名词虽以,s,结尾，但通常都做单数名词看待。,例如：,physics,物理,mathematics,数学,politics,政治,news,新闻,4,、有些单数形式的名词具有复数的含义，要当作复数看待。例如：,people,人们，人民,police,警察,public,公众,一般为集合名词,、不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。,如：,a bag of rice two bags of rice, a piece of paper three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk five bottles of milk.,不可数名词的转化,：,(1),物质名词表示种类或具体事物时则成为可数名词。如：,glass (,玻璃,) a glass (,一个玻璃杯,),，,tea (,茶,) two teas (,两杯茶,),，,ice (,冰,) three ices (,三个冰淇淋,),。,(2),抽象名词具体化时也可成为可数名词。如：,beauty (,美丽,) a beauty (,一个美人,),，,youth (,青春,) a youth (,一个青年,),。,(3),表示具体事物的可数名词，用于表示抽象或物质意义是，便转化为不可数名词。如：,a room (,一个房间,) room (,空间,),，,a chicken (,一只小鸡,) chicken(,鸡肉,),。,三、名词所有格,1,、名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下：,(1),表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加,s,。,如：,Childrens Day(,儿童节,), my sisters book(,我姐姐的书,),(2),以,s,或,es,结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加。,如：,Teachers Day(,教师节,),在不规则复数名词后，要加,s.,如：,womens clothes,(3),有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加,s.,如：,todays newspaper(,今天的报纸,), ten minutes break(,十分钟的课间休息,),Chinas population(,中国的人口,).,(4),无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词,of,短语来表示所有关系。如：,a beautiful flower of the spring(,春天的一朵最美花朵,).,单数名词所有格在名词后加,s,以,s,结尾的复数名词所有格在名词后加,有生命的事物可用名词所有格，无生命的事物用,of,结构,Of,结构不论是可数还是不可数，都可用,注： ,s,还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：,my aunts(,我阿姨家,), the doctors(,诊所,),两人共有某物时,可以采用,A and Bs,的形式,如：,Lucy and Lilys bedroom(,露西和丽丽合住的卧室,), “of+,名词所有格,/,名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：,a friend of my fathers(,我父亲的一位朋友,), a friend of mine(,我的一位朋友,),四、名词的作用：,英语共有九个句子成分，名词除了不能作谓语外，可以做作另外八个成分。,作主语（,Subject,）,The computer is made in China.,作宾语（,Object,）,1,，作宾语,You must look after your things.,2,作直接宾语（,Direct Object,）,My sister in America sent me an email just now.,作表语（,Predicative),Her brother is a driver.,作同位语（,Appositive,）,The lady,，,his wife,，,is a doctor.,作定语（,Attributive),作状语,His illness lasted three years.,作宾语补足语,We elected him monitor.,独立成分,Where are you going, Xiao Wang,？,巩固练习,一、填空,二、判断题,三、选择题,四、用名词适当形式填空,Ten years _(is ,are) short time for me.,A pair of shoes _(is, are) under the bed.,The number of the students in our school _(is ,are) 2,000.,The woman with two children _( is ,are ) coming here.,Neither he nor I _(are, am ) an American.,is,is,is,is,am,6.,Maths,_(are, is ) hard to learn for the boy.,7. They are all _( woman, teachers ; women teachers).,8. The population of China _(are, is ) over 1,300,000,000.,9. There are many _(peoples,people )in the street in summer.,10. One of the students _(have, has) gone to Shanghai.,is,is,women teachers,people,has,1.Several _ are talking under the tree,And they are_.,Awoman;children Bwoman;child Cwomen;children,2.How far is your school from here,？,Not very far,Its about twenty,walk.,Aminutes Bminutes Cminutes,3. There are three,in my family.,A.people B. person C. child,4. Most students can go to college for further,in our city.,A. education B. information C.science,5. This is,bedroom. The twin sister like it very much.,A. Ann and Jane B. Ann and Janes C.Anns and Janes,C,C,A,A,B,The Browns,is,going to visit China. ( ),The Browns,are,going to visit China. (,),The young,is,dancing there. ( ),The young,are,dancing there.,( ),Physics,are,very difficult to learn. ( ),Physics,is,very difficult to learn.,( ),We have five,Germen,in this meeting. ( ),We have five,Germans,in this meeting.,( ),This is one of the English-Chinese,dictionary,. ( ),This is one of the English-Chinese,dictionaries,.,( ),(,) 1. Please give me _ paper.A. one B. a piece C. a D. a piece of (,) 2. This table is made of_. A. many glass B. some glasses C. glasses D. glass ( ) 3.,Bill runs fast,.,He won the _ 800-metre race yesterday,.,A,boys B,boys C,boy D,boys . (,) 4. Some _ came to our school for a visit that day. A. Germans B. Germen C. Germany D.,Germanies,(,) 5. In the picture there are many_ and two_.A.,sheeps,; foxes B.,sheeps,; foxes,C. sheep; foxes D.,sheep;foxs,D,D,B,A,C,选择填空：,( ) 6. This is not my cap, but my _.,A. brothersB. brothersC. brothersD. brother,( )7.They write most of their_ in English.,A. business letter B. business letters,C. businesses D. businesses letters,( ) 8. _are_for cutting things. A. Knife, used B. Knives, using,C. Knife, using D. Knives, used,(,) 9. John bought_for himself yesterday. A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoeC. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes,( ) 10.Excuse me, where is the_? A. mens room B.,mens, room,C. mens rooms D. men rooms,B,B,D,A,A,根据所给单词的正确形式填空：,1. Different people may have different _. (idea),2. I often go to work on,. (foot),3. I know one of the,. (boy),4. Mr. Brown is wearing a pair of,. (glass),5. Please give them their,. (photo),6. Are there any,in the box? (watch),7. There are twelve,in,a year. (month),ideas,foot,boys,glasses,photos,watches,months,8. Would you like some,? (tomato),9. Look at those,in the boats! (people),10. Look! The,are singing. (woman),11. September 10th is,Day. (teacher),12. Jim has some,. (knife),13. How much are these,? (vegetable),14. My school is twenty _ walk from here. (minute),15. The girl under the tree is a friend of,_,. (Lucy),Lucys,minutes,vegetables,tomatoes,people,women,Teachers,knives,小结,名词重点,:,1,、名词的数的变化，以及不可数名词作主语时的谓语。,2,、名词所有格的运用，双重所有格。,3,、名词的句法功能。,4,、名词的词型的变化。,