1 Translation Theory and Prctice

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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,Translation Theory and Prctice,翻译理论与实践,1,第一章 绪论,1.1 翻译的定义,1.2 翻译的标准,1.3 翻译的条件,2,1.1 翻译的定义,1.1.1 “翻译”是个多义词,翻译过程(translating process),翻译行为(translate / interpret, translational act),译者(translator / interpreter),译文或译语 (translation / interpretation product),翻译工作(事业)(translation work/ career),翻译研究(translation studies),1.1.2 “翻译”的定义多种多样,(1)“翻译是按社会认知需要、在具有不同规则的符号系统之间传递信息的语言文化活动”(方梦之,2004:p9),翻译的目的(推进社会集团利益+自勉、自习、自用、自娱),翻译的媒介物(符号系统),翻译的本质(传递信息的语言文化活动),3,(2)翻译既是科学,又是艺术。,科学:强调文本的特征和翻译中的规律,艺术:强调原作和以作的艺术性以及翻译过程中译者的再创造,(3)“Translation is like dancing with chains. You must stick to the original, but at the same time you must also be free to create something new.” 翻译犹如带着镣铐跳舞,在有限的自由中争取最大程度地贴近原文,再现原作的神韵与风貌。,“Translation is like a beautiful woman, the more beautiful the more unfaithful.” 翻译像女人,美的不忠,忠的不美,越美越不忠。,“Translation is like a tree transplanted but still able to bear fruit.”,(These analogies are intended to capture one particular facet of translation.),4,(4) J. C. Catford (1965:20) defines translation as “the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by,equivalent textual material,in another language (TL)”.卡特福德:用一种等值的语言(译语)的文本材料去替换另一种语言(原语)的文本材料。,(5) “Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language,the closest natural equivalent,of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style” (Nida & Taber, 1969 / 1982:12).奈达:从语义到风格在译语中用最近似的自然对等值再现原语的信息。,(Such defintions tend to be normative rather than descriptive , as they frequently state not only what translation is, but also what it is supposed to be.),5,(6)A translation is taken to be any target-language utterance which is presented or regarded as such within the target language, on whatever grounds. (Toury, 1985:20) 图里:翻译就是在目标系统中,表现为翻译或者被认为是翻译的任何目的语文本,不管所依据的理由是什么。翻译总是介于忠实于原文本和被目标语文化系统接收两极之间。,(Descriptive translation studies is a,target text-oriented,discipline.),Translation is the production of a functional target text maintaining a relationship with a given source text that is specified according to,the intended or demanded function,of the target text.,Christiane Nord,6,(7)吕俊:,翻译是一种跨文化的信息交流与交换活动,其本质是传播,是传播学中一个有特殊性质的领域。,(,四大贡献,:将传播学引入翻译学作为机体框架、对译学发展进行范式划分、确立建构主义翻译学的理论框架、首次提出翻译批评学的理论。),7,1.2 翻译的标准,1.2.1 西方古典译论,西塞罗(Marcus Tullius Cicero, 公元前106-43):我不是作为解释员,而是作为演说家进行翻译的。,Roman philosopher, orator, writer and statesman. A,fter his retirement, he devoted his final years to translating large parts of the Greek corpus into Latin.,I decided to take speeches written in Greek by great orators and to to translate them freely, and I obtained the following results: by giving a Latin form to the text I had read I could not only make use of the best expressions in common usage with us, but I could also coin new expressions, analogous to those used in Greek, and they were no less well received by our people as long as they seemed appropriate. (Qtd. Lefevere, 1992:4),贺拉斯(Horace / Quintus Horatius Flaccus, 公元前65-8):“忠实原作的译者不适合逐字死译”成为意译批评直译的名言。,“Do not worry about rendering word for word, faithful translator, but render sense for sense.” (Qtd. Lefevere, 1992:15),8,哲罗姆(St. Jerome, 347-420): 主译的拉丁文圣经成为当时第一个“标准”的圣经译本,天主教所承认的唯一一本。他坚持灵活翻译、区别对待文学翻译(传意)和宗教翻译(直译)、正确的翻译依赖于正确的理解,而无所谓“上帝的感召”。,The translator of Holy Writ should translate word for word. St. Jerome also admits that other texts should be translated in a different manner.,奥古斯丁(St. Augustine,350-430):极力鼓吹神学翻译中“神的启示”。,They that are wise had rather have their judgments at liberty in differeces of readings, than be captivated to one, when it may be the other. We cannot follow a better pattern of elocution than God himself. (Qtd. Lefevere, 1992:73),9,泰特勒(Alexander F. Tytler,1747-1814,近代),(18世纪英国最著名的翻译理论家。1790年,发表了论翻译原则(,Essay on the Principles of Translation,)一书,提出了翻译三原则。),(1)译文应完全传达原文的思想。(A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.),(2)译文的风格和笔调应与原文一致。(The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.),(3)译文应像原文一样流畅。(A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.),10,1.2.2 中国古典译论,安世高(二世纪):我国历史上最早的直译派代表,译佛经34部。译作“说理明白,措辞恰当,不铺张,不粗俗,恰到好处”。,支谦():首创“会译”(编译)。译文的加注也始于支谦。在文质之争中,主张文丽简略。借用老子和孔子的话,在法句经序中他说“老氏称:美言不信,信言不美;仲尼亦云,书不尽言言不尽意,明圣人意深邃无极”。该序是我国现存古籍中最早谈到翻译标准的文章,强调译经中“实宜径达”。,道安(314-385):东晋著名的佛学家,为当时的佛经翻译作出了重大的贡献。梁启超誉他为“中国佛教界第一建设者”。他提出了著名的“五失本,三不易”,意思是说,翻译梵文佛经时,有五种情况容易使译文失去原来面目(梵文词序颠倒、梵经质朴、梵经意义多重复、结尾处多小结、开新话又把前话简述一遍),有三种情况不易处理好(古今说话习俗不同,使古俗适应今时不易;把古圣先贤的微言大义传达给后世的浅识者不易;释迦摩尼死后,平凡的人来传译不易)。,11,玄奘(602-664):“唐僧”主译的佛经纠正了旧译中的许多错误,他的翻译直译意译融合,恰到好处。在翻译理论上,就佛经中的音译与意译问题,提出了“五不翻”的原则(秘密故、含多义故、无此故、顺古故、生善故)。,1.2.3 近现代译论,严复(1853-1921):信、达、雅。,“译”事三难:信、达、雅。求其信,已大难矣。顾信矣不达,虽译犹不译也,则达尚焉。译文取明深意,故词句之间,时有所颠倒附益,斤斤于字比句次,而意义则不倍本文。至原文词理本深,难于共喻,则当前思后衬,以显其意。凡此经营,皆以为达:为达,即以为信也。易曰:“修辞立诚”。子曰“辞达而已!”又曰:“言之无文,行之不远”。三者乃,文章,正轨,亦即为,译事,楷模。故信达而外,求其尔雅。,天演论译例言),(易经修辞立诚:表达准确;孔子辞达:意思表达明畅+文:文采),12,Translation has to do three difficult things: to be faithful, expressive and elegant. For a translation to be faithful to the original is difficult enough, and yet if it is not expressive, it is tantamount to having no translation. Hence expressiveness should also be required,13,鲁迅(1881-1936):以信为主,以顺为辅。,翻译必须有异国情调,就是所谓洋气。其实世界上也不会有完全归化的译文,倘有,就是貌合神离,从严辨别起来,它算不得翻译。凡是翻译,必须兼顾着两面,一当然力,求其易解,,一则,保存着原作的丰姿,,但这保存却又常常和易懂相矛盾:看不惯了。不过它原是洋鬼子,当然谁也看不惯,为比较的顺眼起见,只能改换他的衣裳,却不该削低他的鼻子,剜掉他的眼睛(鲁迅全集第6卷,48页)。,林语堂(1895-1976):忠实、通顺和美。“翻译上的问题不外乎译者的心理及所译文字的两样关系”。,译者不但要求达义,并且要以传神为目的,译文必须忠实于原文之字神句气与言外之意。,傅雷(1908-1966):在高老头重译本序中提出,“以效果而论,翻译应当像临画一样,所求的不在形似而在神似”。,14,钱钟书(1910-1998):在林纾的翻译中,提出“化境”说。,文学翻译的最高标准可以说是“化”。把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字,既不能因语言习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹,又能完全保存原作的风味,那就算得入于“化境”。,朱生豪(1912-1944):在莎士比亚全集译者自序中,他说“翻译第一在求于最大可能之范围内,保持原作之神韵;逼不得已而求其次,亦以明白畅晓之字句,忠实传达原文之意趣;而于逐字逐句对照式硬译,则未敢苟同。”,15,1.3 译者的条件,翻译前,我喜欢多读几遍原著,尽量体味原作的风格、情调和文字的特色,如有可能,再找风格有些相似的中文书来读,慢慢会有一种冲动。翻译时,我特别注意初稿的质量 ,尽可能少出错。一般说来,从初稿到定稿,主要是修改句子结构、掌握词的色彩与分寸以及尽量达到总体效果的和谐。最近几年,我一晚一部书后喜欢抽译稿的一些章节,让,作家朋友读,一读,根据他们的感觉再作一些修改。我发现作家的感觉很好,他们的意见对我提高译文质量起到很大的作用。(许钧,2002:66-67),16,THE INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF TRANSLATORS国际翻译工作者联合会THE TRANSLATORS CHARTER翻译工作者宪章,17,
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