英语语法—动词的分类和基本形式

专 题 一动词的分类和基本形式,知识框架,动 词,按功能分类,按词义特点分类,按构词方式分类,行为,动词,系动词,助动词,单词,动词,延续性,动词,非延续,性动词,情态,动词,短语,动词,一、考点明细,考点,1,动词的五种基本形式。,动词的五种基本形式包括原形、现在时第三人称单数（以下简称为“单,三”）、过去式、过去分词、现在分词。其基本变化规则如下表所示：,构成方法,原形,(,现在式）,单三形式,过去式,过去分词,现在分词,一般在词尾加,s,，,ed,或,ing,work,talk,works,talks,worked,talked,worked,talked,working,talking,以,e,结尾的加,s,d,或去,e,加,ing,live,hope,lives,hopes,lived,hoped,lived,hoped,living,hoping,以”辅音字母,+y“,结尾的，把,y,变,i,，再加,es,ed,或直接加,ing,study,worry,try,studies,worries,tries,studied,worried,tried,studied,worried,tried,studying,worrying,trying,以单辅音结尾的重读闭音,节，双写该辅音再加,ed,，,ing,，单三形式直接加,s,stop,plan,stops,plans,stopped,planned,stopped,planned,stopping,planning,以,r,结尾的重读音节，重复,r,后再加,ed,ing,单三直接加,s,prefer,prefers,preferred,preferred,preferring,以,l,结尾的有时要重复后再,加,ed,ing,，单三形式直接加,s,travel,travels,travelled,travelle,d,travelling,考点,2,感官类系动词的用法。,感官类系动词有,look,(,看起来,),，,sound,(,听起来,),，,smell,（闻起来），,taste,(,尝起来,),，,feel,(,觉得,),，,touch,(,摸起来,),等,。,Her voice sounds beautiful.,她的声音听起来很动人。,This kind of cloth feels very soft.,这种布摸起来,(,手感,),很软。,考点,3,变化类系动词的用法。,变化类系动词有,become, turn, get, grow,等。,His face turned red.,他的脸变红了。,The man grew rich within a short time.,那个人在很短的时间内就变富了。,考点,4,状态类系动词的用法。,状态类系动词有,keep, remain, stay, lie, stand,等。,The weather remains old.,天气依然很冷。,Why he remains a secret.,他为何离开仍然时一个谜。,考点,5,表像类系动词的辨析。,表像类系动词有,look, seem, appear,。,He looks happy.,他看起来很幸福。,He seems,（,to be,）,very sad.,他看起来很伤心。,考点,6,常见的助动词。,常见的助动词,be, do/does, have/has, shall, will,等构成动词的时态、,语态，或构成否定句、疑问句有以下用法。,She has never been to Shanghai before.,她以前从没有去过上海。（构成现在完成时）,You are invited to the party.,你被邀请参加聚会。（构成被动语态）,He doesnt know the answer, either.,他也不知道答案。（构成否定句）,Did you go to the museum yesterday,？,你昨天去博物馆了吗？（构成一般疑问句）,考点,7,情态动词,can,和,be able to,的辨析,二者都意为“能”，,can,只用于现在时和过去时,（,could,）,;,而,be able to,可用于各种时态。,- The baby couldnt speak last month, but he can now.,那个婴儿上个月还不会说话，但现在会了。（本句中,could,表示过去的能力，,can,表示现在的能力。）,You will be able to know the result of the exam very soon.,你很快就能知道那次考试的成绩了。,考点,8,情态动词,have to,和,must,的辨析。,二者都意为“必须”，,have to,表示客观条件的需要，有人称、数及时态,的变化；而,must,表示说话人主观上的看法，即主观上认为必要，没有人,称、数及时态的变化。,I had to go by bus to the office because my car wouldnt start.,我不得布乘公共汽车上班，因为我的车发动不起来了。（客观上需要这样做）,You must get to the station before 6:30.,你必须在六点半前到达车站。,考点,9,情态动词,must, can,和,may,表示推测的用法。,must,表示肯定性的推测，意为 “一定，肯定” 表示可能性很大，通常用于肯定句。,Its already ten oclock. My mother must be angry.,已经十点了，妈妈一定生气了。,can,和,may,表示可能性的推测，,can,常常用于疑问句和否定句中，而,may,通常用于肯定句中。,He cant be a bad man.,他不可能是个坏人。,The child may be home already.,那个小孩可能已经到家。,考点,10,情态动词,should,的用法。,should,意为“应该”，可用于各种人称。,We should speak to old people politely.,我们应该礼貌的对老人讲话。,考点,11,情态动词,used to,的用法。,used to,后面接不定式，表示过去的习惯（过去经常反复发生的动作）,或状态，意为“过去常常做某事（而现在已不再这样了）”，且只有一种形,式，用于各种人称；其否定式为,didnt use to,或,used not to,疑问式为,“,Diduse to?”,或“,Usedto?”,My father didnt use to play basketball.,=My father used not to play basketball.,我的父亲过去常常不踢足球。,Did you use to go to school by bike?,=Used you to go to school by bike?,你过去常常骑自行车上学吗？,考点,12,had better,的用法。,had better,意为“最好, ”,，用来表示劝告或建议，后面接动词原形，,否定式是在,better,后面加,not,。,Youd better try it again if you fail this time.,如果你这次失败了，最好再试一次。,Youd better not quarrel with our neighbors whatever happens.,不管发生什么，你最好不要和邻居吵闹。,考点,13,延续性动词和非延续性动词的用法。,延续性动词表示可延续的动作和状态，能与时间段连用。,The greens have lived here since ten years ago.,格林一家在这里住了十年了。,非延续性动词表示的动作一发生即结束，一般不与时间段连用。如“狗死了一个星期了”应说成,“,the dog has been dead for a week”,而不能说,“,the dog has died for a week”; “,会议开始半小时了”应说成,“,the meeting has been on for half an hour”,而不能说,“,the meeting has started for half an hour”,。,考点,14,短语动词的用法,短语动词由两个或两个以上的单词构成，主要包括以下几种：,1.,动词,+,介词。这类短语动词相当于及物动词，后面可以直接跟宾语。,I think this is best way to solve the problem. Do you agree with me?,我认为这是解决这个问题的最好方式，你同意吗？,2.,动词,+,副词。这类短语动词后面若接代词作宾语，宾语要放在动词和副词之间。,Ill have to put off my visit until next month.,我不得不把访问推迟到下个月。,3.,动词,+,副词,+,介词。这类短语动词是及物动词性质，宾语要置于整个短语的后面。,I believe the scientists will come up with a better way to heal the A/H1N1.,我相信科学家会想出一个治疗甲型,H1N1,流感的更好方法。,4.,动词,+,名词,+,介词。这类短语动词常见的有,make a contribution to, give birth,to, take care of,等。,Would you please make room for this old lady?,你能为这位老妇人腾个地方吗？,Sure. Have your seat, please.,当然可以，请坐。,5.,be,动词,+,形容词,+,介词。这类短语动词常见的有,be good for, be worried about, be interested in, be proud of, be afraid of,等。,Doing much sport is good for your health.,做大量的运动对你的身体有好处。,二、易错点突破,！,易错点一 以情态动词开头的一般疑问句的答语。,回答以,must,开头的一般疑问句时，肯定答语用,must,，否定答语用,neednt,或,dont have to,;,回答以,need,开头的一般疑问句时，肯定答语用,must,否定答语用,neednt,；回答以,may,开头的一般疑问句时，肯定答,语用,may,，否定答语用,mustnt,或,cant,。,Dad, must I finish my homework today?,No, you,you may do it tomorrow.,A.neednt,B. mustnt C. dont D. wont,we swim in the river, Mr. Song?,No, you,. Its dangerous to swim there.,A. Shall; cant B. May; mustnt C. Must; dont D. Can; may not,【,解析,】,A,。,对于以情态动词,must,提问的疑问句，否定回答要用“,No,主语,+,needn,t,”,。由问句中的,must,和答句中的,No,可选,A,。,B,。,shall,意为“将”，,may,意为“可以，能”，,must,意为“必须”，,can,意为“能”。结合关键信息,No,和,It,s dangerous to swim there,可以推断出语意为“我们可以在那条河里游泳吗？” “不行，在那里游泳危险。”故选,B,。,！,易错点二,need,的用法。,need,用作行为动词时，后面接名词、代词、不定式及动词,-,ing,形式，也有人称、时态和数的变化；用作情态动词时，主要用于疑问句和否定句中，后面接动词原形。,She didnt need to write to her brother because he had come back.,她不用给哥哥写信了，因为他已经回来了。,The computer doesnt work. It needs mending.,电脑坏了，它需要修理。,You neednt bring an umbrella with you. Its going to be fine.,天要放晴了，你没有必要带伞。,！,易错点三,used to,和,be used to,的用法区别。,used to,是情态动词，其后接动词原形；而,be used to,表示“习惯于,做某事”，其中,to,为介词，后面接名词、代词或动词,-,ing,形式。,She used to,with her parents, but now she is used to,with her classmates at school.,A. live; living B. live; live C. living; living D. living; live,【,解析,】A,。,used to,后面接动词原形,，,be used to,后面接动词,-,ing,形式可,知选,A,。,！,易错点四 及物动词和不及物动词的辨析。,及物动词只有加上宾语才能表达完整的意思；而不及物动词后面不接,宾语就能表达完整的意思，当后面要接宾语时要加上介词或副词。,We love our motherland.,我们热爱我们的祖国。,（,love,为及物动词，后面接宾语,）,All the leaves have fallen.,所有的叶子都落了。（,fall,为不及物动词,）,The baby is smiling at us.,这个婴儿正对着我们微笑。,（,smile,为不及物动词，后面加介词,at,后接宾语,）,！,易错点五,might,和,may,的用法和区别。,might,是,may,的过去式，但它并非完全表示过去。,might,用于现,在时的肯定句表示可能性比较小，用于一般疑问句表示语气更加客气和,委婉,。,You might ask your teacher for help.,你可以向你的老师求助。,Might I ask you to dance?,我可以请你跳舞吗？,！,易错点六 助动词肯定式的简略形式。,如下表所示：,助 动 词,简略形式,例 句,be,am,m,Im reading the novel,The Song of the Youth,these days.,这些天我在看小说,青春之歌,is,s,Hes playing table tennis now.,他正在打乒乓球。,are,re,Were often praised.,我们经常受到表扬。,have,have,ve,Theyve visited the agricultural,exhibition.,他们已经参观过农业展览会。,has,s,Shes finished her essay.,她已经完成了论文。,had,d,Hed learned 3,000 English words by the end of last term.,到上学期末他已学习了,3000,个英语单词。,shall,ll,Well have a class meeting this Saturday afternoon.,我们将在这个星期六下午召开班会。,Theyll soon graduate from middle school.,不久他们将中学毕业。,will,should,d,I knew that Id be sent to work in Tibet.,我知道我将被派到西藏去工作。,She said that shed leave for Tokyo.,她说她将去东京。,would,！,易错点七 助动词和否定词,not,连用时的简略形式。,如下表所示：,助动词,+not,简略形式,例 句,is not,isnt,It isnt raining now.,天没在下雨。,are not,arent,We arent going shopping this Sunday.,我们这个星期天不计划购物。,was not,wasnt,He wasnt in at that time.,他那时没在家。,were not,werent,They werent watching TV this time yesterday.,昨天这个时候他们没看电视。,have not,havent,I havent been to Pairs.,我没有去过巴黎。,has not,hasnt,This book hasnt been translated into Chinese.,这本书还未译成汉语。,had not,hadnt,She said that she hadnt visited China.,她说她没有访问过中国。,do not,dont,I dont like dancing.,我不喜欢跳舞。,does not,doesnt,He doesnt listening to music every day.,他不是每天都听音乐。,did not,didnt,They didnt do their homework carefully.,他们没有认真做作业。,shall not,shant,We shant be free this evening.,今晚我们没有空。,will not,wont,They wont come here tonight.,今晚他们不会来这里。,should not,shouldnt,He told us that we shouldnt have lunch at school the next day.,他告诉我们第二天我们不再学校吃午饭。,should not,wouldnt,She said she wouldnt go there by air.,她说她不会乘飞机去那里。,