科技英语特点

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,专业英语,科技英语特点,Contents,词汇特点,1,语法特点,2,修辞特点,3,1,、针对性,(Appropriateness),。,2,、平衡性,(Balance),。,3,、简洁,(Brevity),。,4,、连贯性,(Consistency),。,5,、完整性,(Unity),。,6,、精确性,(Precision),。,7,、合理安排,(Control),。,8,、直观手段,(Visual Aids),。,9,、正规性,(Formality),。,科技英语特性,一、科技英语词汇特点,科技词汇的组成,(Formation of English Technical Terms),科技词汇的基本特点,(the Main Features of EST Words),1.,科技英语词汇的组成,纯科技词汇或称专业技术词汇,(Pure ST words),通用科技词汇,(Common ST Words),半科技词汇,(Semi- ST Words),2.,科技英语词汇的基本特点,普通词汇专业化,(the Specialization of Common Words),同一词语词义的多专业化,(,Polysemy,in Specialty),抽象名词,(Abstract Noun),由动词或名词派生出来的形容词作描绘性词语,二、科技英语句法层面特点,大量使用名词化结构,被动结构现象比较普遍,广泛使用非谓语动词,无人称句使用多,(5),科技英语中的静态结构,(5),句子长、结构复杂,（一）大量使用名词化结构,例句,1,：,The rapid urban development process taking place in developing countries leads to swift and drastic changes in the physical, economic, social political and administrative structures of the countries and the cities.,例句,2,：,The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.,例句,3,：,Archimeds,first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.,1.,名词化的概念,名词化结构指的是大量使用名词和名词词组，即在日常英语或其它功能和题材里用动词、形容词等词类充当某种语法成分，在科技英语里往往会转化为由名词充当这种语法成分。这种名词化结构可以用以下一组例子来说明。,翻译举例：插入一条斜线便可以纠正此错误。,日常英语表达：,(1) You can rectify this fault if you insert a slash.,翻译举例：插入一条斜线便可以纠正此错误。,科技英语表达,:,(2) Rectification of this fault is achieved by insertion of a wedge.,2.,名词化的分类,1),动词的名词化,动词的名词化的结果是科技英语中行为名词的出现频率大大增加。这些行为名词可以由动词加上,-,ment, -,sion, -,xion, -,ment, -,ance, -,ence,等后缀构成。这类名词除表示行为动作外，还可表示状态、手段、结果及存在，其中以,-,ment,为后缀的词还能表示事物或工具。,(1) The dependence of the rate of evaporation of a liquid on temperature is enormous.,例如,:,(2) The construction of such satellites has now been realized, its realization being supported with all the achievements of modern science.,液体蒸发速度很大程度上取决于它的温度。,由于得到现代科学所有成就的支持，现在制造了这样的卫星。,2,）形容词的名词化,即把作表语的形容词转化为名词，如,:,(1) It is doubtful how accurate the results are.,(2)The accuracy of these results is doubtful .,3,）从句的名词化,下面例句中的,If,从句能变成担任主语的名词词组。,(1) If we add or remove heat, the state of matter may change.,(2) The addition or remove of heat may change the state of matter .,3,、名词化的结构,1),名词,(,行为名词,),介词名词,(1) The flow of electrons is from the negative zinc plate to the positive copper plate.,(2) Again in the case of all motor vehicles, friction is essential in the operation of the brake.,2,）介词名词（行为名词）,(1) Before germination, the seed is watered.,(2) A soluble crystalline solid may be separated from a solution by evaporation.,3,）中性名词行为名词（介词短语）,(1) Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.,(2) Curved rails offer resistance to the movement of the train.,4),与动名词构成固定搭配,名词化结构与动词构成固定搭配的常用形式为：,动词名词化结构动词介词名词化结构,。这种搭配大量地以一动词短语的形式出现，约定俗成。,例如：,call attention to ,注意,draw a distinction between,区分,lay emphasis on,强调,take possession of,拥有,5,）行为名词短语从句,在此结构中行为名词可以译成动词，与后面的成分一起构成汉语的动宾结构。如：,(1) I have a doubt whether the news is true.,此句可以改换成,:,(2) I doubt whether the news is true or not.,6,）名词名词（行为名词）,在此结构中，名词在表层结构上是前置定语，但在翻译过程中，其深层结构的内在含义可以译成动宾词组，行为名词转换成谓语。,(1) Power generation,发电,(2) hail prevention,防冰雹,4,、名词化的原因,科技英语以事实为基础记述客观事物，,名词正是表物的词汇,；,名词化结构可以整合信息，起到承上启下的作用；,名词化结构可以压缩信息，成为专业词汇；,名词化结构能够传达一种客观的语气；,名词化结构能够表达抽象的概念。,（二）广泛使用被动语句,根据英国利兹大学,John Swales,的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态，例如：,应当注意机器的工作温度。,Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.,Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. Such a device is called a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance. It is measured in farads.,电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器，其储存电能的能力称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。,3.,使用非限定动词,科技文章要求行文简练，结构紧凑，为此，往往使用分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句；使用分词独立结构代替状语从句或并列分句；使用不定式短语代替各种从句；介词十动名词短语代替定语从句或状语从句。这样可缩短句子，又比较醒目。,A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction.,Radiating from the earth, heat causes air currents to rise.,A body can more uniformly and in a straight line, there being no cause to change that motion.,Vibrating objects produce sound waves ,each vibration producing one sound wave.,In communications, the problem of electronics is how to convey information from one place to another.,Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental conditions.,There are different ways of changing energy from one form into another.,In making the radio waves correspond to each sound in turn, messages are carried from a broadcasting station to a receiving set.,4.,后置定语,大量使用后置定语也是科技（专业）英语文章的特点之一。常见的结构不以下五种：,1),介词短语；,2),形容词及形容词短语 ；,3),副词；,4),单个分词，但仍保持较强的动词意义；,5),定语从句。,The forces due to friction are called frictional forces.,由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力。,A call for paper is now being issued.,征集论文的通知现正陆续发出。,1),介词短语,In this factory the only fuel available is coal.,该厂唯一可用的燃料是煤。,In radiation, thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy, similar in nature to light.,热能在辐射时，转换成性质与光相似的辐射能。,2),形容词及形容词短语,The air outside pressed the side in.,外面的空气将桶壁压得凹进去了。,The force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level.,向上的力与向下的力相等，所以气球就保持在这一高度。,3),副词,The results obtained must be cheeked.,获得的结果必须加以校核,The heat produced is equal to the electrical energy wasted.,产生的热量等于浪费了的电能。,4),单个分词,During construction, problems often arise which require design changes.,在施工过程中，常会出现需要改变设计的问题。,The molecules exert forces upon each other, which depend upon the distance between them.,分子相互间都存在着力的作用，该力的大小取决于它们之间的距离。,Very wonderful changes in matter take place before our eyes every day to which we pay little attention.,我们几乎没有注意的很奇异的物质变化每天都在眼前发生。,5),定语从句,三、科技英语文体修辞特点,（,1,）陈述句居多，动词时态运用有限,（,2,）依式行文，文笔素朴，结构严谨,（,3,）陈述客观、准确，语言规范,（,4,）省略、倒装和割裂现象多见,（,5,）条件句（包括虚拟语气句）较多,（,6,）表示祈使功能、指令功能的祈使语气使用较多,（,7,）逻辑性强,（,8,）专业术语性强,Thank You !,