04.英语国家文化 【：加拿大】

,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Chapter III,Canada,加 拿 大,Learning Goals,(,学 习 目 的,),To learn and get some general knowledge of the,brief history, geography, economy, sports and,culture of Canada;,(,学习了解一些有关加拿大历史、地理、经济、体育、,文化等方面的常识。,),To learn some ABC of (vocational) education,in Canada.,(,了解一些加拿大的教育情况。,),Part,A,Exploring,Canada,探访加拿大,Text A,A Brief Introduction,Of,Canada,加拿大概况简介,How did Canada get its name?(加拿大国名的由来),The name Canada comes from a St. Lawrence Iroquoian (易洛魁语的注：“易洛魁为北美印第安人部落) word, kanata, which means “village or “settlement. In 1535, the local inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct the French explorer Jacques Cartie towards the village of Stadacona. Cartie later used the word Canada to refer not only to that particular village, but the whole area he had discovered. By 1545, European books & maps had begun referring to this region as Canada. (p54),(Please read p54 for the detail.),【“加拿大一词源自加拿大最东南的圣劳伦斯河湾地区的易洛魁语词“kanata, 意为“村庄/落。 1535年，现今魁北克市地区的原住民用“kanata一词来指引法国探险家 Jaques Cartie (雅克卡蒂埃) 前往 Stadacona 村。卡蒂埃 随后就用“Canada一词来指代他所发现的整个地区。从1545年起，在欧洲出版的书籍和地图中就开始用“Canada一词来指代整个加拿大地区。】,Hudson Bay,哈得孙湾,A Sketch Map of Canada,加 拿 大 略 图,Nunavut Territory,St. Lawrence River,Geography and Climate,(,地理与气候,),Canada is the largest country in north America (the 2,nd,largest in the world after Russia). It shares land borders with the US to the south and the US state of Alaska,to,the northwest.,It,stretches,from,the,Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west (some 6 400 km in between); to the north lies the Arctic Ocean.,Its total area (including its waters with the Hudson Bay being 0.819 million square km,the size being 4.6 times that of Guangdong P.) is 9.98 million,sq.,km.,Canada,has,more,lakes,than any other country & much of the worlds fresh water.,(p42),Generally speaking, the climate in Canada is unfavou-,rable. Much of Canada has long & cold winters with deep snow. It is the general case that the more nor-thern the colder in winter, or the more southern the warmer.,【加拿大是北美洲面积最大的国家(也是世界上面积仅次于俄罗斯的第二大国家)。 其南部与美国接壤，西北部与美国的阿拉斯加州接壤，从东部的大西洋沿岸延伸至西部的太平洋沿岸两岸之间的距离约为6400公里，北面是北冰洋，总面积包括面积为万平方公里的“哈得孙湾广东省的倍为998万平方公里。加拿大拥有的湖泊和淡水比世界上其他任何国家都要多。,总的来说，加拿大气候不好。许多地区的冬天漫长，积雪很厚。冬天通常是越靠北越冷，或越靠南越温暖。】,加拿大地图,The National Flag of Canada,加 拿 大 国 旗,The National Emblem of,Canada,加 拿 大 国 徽,The House Of Canadian Parliament,加 拿 大 议 会 大 厦, Population (人口),With such a vast territory, Canada has a population of only 33 million, of whom 40% are descendants of the British im-migrants, 27% of the French immigrants, 20% of the im-migrants from other European countries, and 11.5% of the immigrants from other parts of the world, with only 1.5% being Indians and Eskimos the native inhabitants of that land. There are now some 1.3 million Chinese Canadians living in Canada.,Because of the cold climate that exists throughout most of Canada, a major part of the Canadian population lives along the southern border.,【加拿大幅员辽阔，但其人口仅有3300万其中40%为英国移民后裔，27%为法国移民后裔，20%为其他欧洲国家移民后裔，11.5%为来自世界其他地区的移民后裔，仅有1.5%为原住民印第安人和爱斯基摩人。现在加拿大生活的加籍华人有约130万。,由于加拿大多数地区天气寒冷，所以其大局部人口都沿南部边境,而居住。】,爱斯基摩人宰杀海豹,冬天的冷水浴,爱斯基摩人冬天的简易居所,爱斯基摩人的狗拉雪橇,爱斯基摩人的狗,Political System,(,政治体制,),Canada is a,federation,(,联邦制国家,),composed of 10 pro-vinces and 3 territories,(,注,：,10,个省全位于加拿大南部，而,3,个地区全位于加拿大北部,),. It is a parliamentary democracy & a constitutional monarchy, with the British Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state. It is a bilingual,(,双语的,),and multicultural,country,with both English and French as official languages both at the federal level and in the,province of New Brunswick,(,新不伦瑞克省,),. Canada is a technically advanced and industrialized country, & its economy is heavily reliant upon its abundant natural resources and upon trade parti-cularly with the US. There are two main federal parties in Canada, which are,the Liberal Party,(,自由党,),&,the Progres-sive Conservative Party,(,进步保守党,),. Historically, the federal government has always been formed by one or the,other of the two parties. Though parties have sometimes taken different positions on social legislation & government intervention (干预) in the economy, there is not much differ-ence in the policies adopted by the two main parties. (p42),【加拿大是个由10个省和3个地区组成的联邦制国家，实行宪法制,民主和君主立宪制英国伊丽莎白女王二世为其国家元首。加,拿大是个双语制和文化多元的国家，英法两种语言同为联邦政府,和新不伦瑞克省的官方语言。该国还是一个技术先进的工业化国,家，其经济高度依赖它丰富的自然资源和贸易特别是与美国,的贸易。加拿大有两个主要联邦政党自由党和保守进步党。,从历史上看，联邦政府总是由这两党中的一党组成。虽然他们有,时候对社会立法和经济活动中政府的干预持不同的态度，但两党通常所采取的政策没有太大的差异。】,The time of the establishment of Canada & the time each member joined the federation:,【加拿大成立的时间及各成员参加联邦的时间】,The Canadian federal union was established in 1867 (the of-ficial name of it being The Dominion of Canada and from 1967 its official name being changed into Canada). The names of its 10 provinces and 3 territories and the time they each joined the federation as follows:,【加拿大联邦成立于1867年 (其正式名称为“加拿大自治领,从1967年起其正式国名改为“加拿大)。下面是其10个省和3个地区的名称及参加联邦的时间：】,Alberta (阿尔伯塔省；参加时间：1905年,British Columbia (英属哥伦比亚省；参加时间：1858年,Manitoba (马尼托巴省；参加时间：1870年,Newfoundland and Labrador (纽芬兰与拉布拉多省；参加时间：1949年),New Brunswick ( 新不伦瑞克省；参加时间：1867年,Northwest Territories (西北地区，亦译作“西北诸领 地；参加时间：1870年,Nova Scotia (新斯科舍省，也译作“新苏格兰省，参加时间：1867年,Nunavut Territory (努纳武特地区；参加时间：于1999年从西北地区分割出来),Ontario (安大概省；参加时间：1867年,Prince Edward Island (爱德华王子省; 参加时间: 1873年,Quebec (魁北克省; 参加时间：1867年),Saskatchewan (萨斯喀彻温省；成立时间：1905年,Yukon Territory (育空领地；参加时间：1898年,Canadas National Sports,(,加拿大的国民体育运动,),Canadas official national sports are (ice) hockey (冰球，冰上曲棍球) in winter and lacrosse (长曲棍球) in summer. Hockey is a national pastime and the most popular spectator sport in the country. It is also the most popular sport Canadians play, with some 1.7 million active participants. After hockey, other popular spectator sports include curling (冰壶运动) & football. Golf, baseball (棒球), skiing, volleyball (排球), and basketball are widely played by young people.,(pp43-4),【加拿大的全民体育运开工程是冬天的“冰球和 夏天的“长曲棍球。冰球是加拿大一项全国性的娱乐活动，也是其最流行、观众最多的体育活动约有170万人积极参加这项运动。冰球之后流行的体育工程还有冰壶、足球等。许多年轻人还喜欢高尔夫球、棒球、排球、篮球、滑雪等运动。】,冰球比赛的瞬间,2021年加拿大男子冰球队夺得冬奥会冠军后的欢庆场面,又一次夺冠后的欢庆,加拿大女子冰球队同样也是世界最强队之一,加拿大冰壶队在比赛,加拿大男女冰壶队,在 比 赛,中 国 女 子 冰 壶 队 在 比 赛,获奖后的中国女子冰壶队员笑得很开心,Text B,Economy,of,Canada,加拿大经济,Canada is one of the wealthiest countries in the world. Its GDP,of 2021 was 1.5 trillion (万亿), ranking No. 8 in t he world,(the per capita GDP being $45,428). It is one of the worlds,top ten trading nations. Since the early 1990s, the Canadian,economy has been growing rapidly, with large government,surpluses (顺差) on the federal level and low unemployment.,Its market-oriented economic system and production pattern,are similar to those of the US. According to the Forbes glo-,bal list of the worlds largest companies in 2021, Canada had,69 companies in the list, ranking the 5th in the world. Cana-,das total government debt burden is the lowest in the G8.,(pp45-6),【加拿大是世界上最富裕的国家之一，其2021年GDP为万亿美元， 列世界第8位 (人均GDP万美元)，是世界十大贸易国之一。自20纪90年代初开始，加拿大经济一直快速开展，联邦政府收支有大额顺差，失业率低下。其市场导向型经济体制和生产模式与美国相似。根据福布斯2021年世界最强公司的排名表，加拿大的69家公司榜上有名，居世界第5位。在世界8国集团中，加拿大的政府债务率最低。】,Canada,is,one,of,the,worlds,most,important,suppliers of agri-cultural products, such as wheat,canola,(,低酸油菜籽,), etc. In the 20,th,century, the fast growth,of,manufacturing,mining,&,service,sectors,has,transformed,Canada,from,a,largely,rural,economy into one primarily industrial and urban. Now the Canadian economy,is,dominated,by,the,service,industry,which employs,some,three,quarters (or 75%),of,Canadians.,However, the,logging,(,木材,),& oil industries,are,of the,most,importance,in,the,Canadian economy.,Canada is one of the few developed nations that are,net,ex-porters of energy (mainly natural gas and oil). Canada also abounds in other natural resources, such as,zinc,(,锌,),ura-nium,(,铀,), (of which Canada is the worlds largest producer),gold,nickel,(,镍,),aluminum,(,铝,),lead,(,铅,), etc.,(p46),【加拿大是世界上小麦、油菜籽等农产品的最主要供给国之一。20世纪快速开展的制造业、采矿业和效劳业使加拿大从一个主要以农村经济为主的国家转变成为了一个主要的工业和城镇化经济国家。现在加拿大经济中占主导地位的是效劳业雇佣了75%的加拿大人，但是木材和石油工业是加拿大经济中最为重要的局部。,加拿大是少数几个能源净出口国之一 (主要出口天然气和石油) 。加拿大的其他自然资源也非常丰富是世界上锌和铀的最大生产国，其金、镍、铝、铅等的储藏量也非常丰富。】,Part,B,Broadening,My,Horizon,开 阔 视 野,Education,in,Canada,加拿大教育简介,BMH,A,The education system in Canada is generally similar to that in America. It is funded (资助) following this, students who wish to pursue their studies to the university,level have to attend CEGEP (college des etudes generales et professionneles). (p48),【加拿大的教育体系总体与美国相似， 受联邦、省和区政府资助和监督。教育属于省立法范畴，其全部课程受省的监督。加拿大的教育总体分为初等教育、中等教育和高等教育。在加拿大各省，16岁以前的教育是义务性的但在安大概和新不伦瑞克两省，18岁以前的教育是义务性的。在加拿大，大多数义务教育体系一直持续到12年级。 唯独在魁北克省，义务教育只持续到中学5年级即11年级16-17岁， 之后，希望继续进入大学学习的学生不得不参加CEGEP (普通教育和职业教育学院) 的学习(其中又分为普通教育和职业教育两局部。普通教育即大学预科，学习时间一般为两年)。】,Pre-university:,(,大学前教育,),In Canada, primary education and secondary education combined are sometimes referred to as,K-12,(,Kindergarten through Grade 12,). Yet what should be noted is that this structure/system can vary from school to school, and from province to province.,(p48),【,在加拿大，初等教育和中等教育有时合称为,K-12,。但,值得注意的是这种体制在学校与学校之间可能会有所不,同，在省与省之间会不尽相同。,】,Post-secondary Education:,(,高等教育,),Post-secondary education,(,higher education,),in Canada is also the responsibility of the individual provinces and territories. The provincial governments provide the majority of funding to their,public post-secondary institutions,(,公立高校,),with the rest of money coming from tuition fees, the federal government, and,research grants,(,科研经费,),. Canada is one of the top three countries with the highest enrollment percentage of its graduates from secondary schools.,Nearly all universities and colleges in Canada have the authorities to,grant,(,颁发,),degrees, diplomas or certificates.,Colleges all over Canada typically offer,vocationally- oriented programs,(,职业教育课程,), and grant,diplomas,(,毕业 证书,),and,certificates,(,结业证,),.,(pp48-9),【在加拿大，高等教育也是由各省和各地区负责管理。各省政府给其公立高校提供绝大局部所需经费，其余的钱来自学费、联邦政府和科研经费。加拿大是全世界上中学毕业生升入大学就读人数百分比最高的国家之一。,几乎所有的加拿大大学和学院都有权颁发授予学位、毕业证书或结业证书。加拿大所有的学院主要提供的是职业教育课程，颁发授予毕业证书和结业证书。】,Private Schools at All Levels,(,各级各类私立学校,),In,Canada,there,are,private,schools,at,all,levels,which take up some 10% of all the education institutions,in,the,country.,A,small,number,of,these,schools are elite (,精英的,),ones,which,usu.,charge,more,fees.,The major difference,between,private,schools,and,religious,ones,is that the former have money from various channels (including religious bodies) while the latter have money mainly or only from religious bodies such as churches,religious,funds,etc.,All,private,universities in Canada have a religious history or foundation.,(p49),【加拿大还有约占全国10%的各级各类私立学校。其中少局部为精英教育学校，通常收费较高。私立学校与教会学校的主要区别在于前者从多种渠道获取经费(包括从宗教机构获得资助)，而后者主要或仅从诸如教堂、教会基金等渠道获取资金。加拿大所有的私立大学都有教会渊源。】,A Very Brief,History of Canada,加拿大历史简介,BMH,B,Before the European discovery of Canada at the end,of the 15th century, the indigenous people (原住民) in Canada were Inuit (因纽特人 也译作“伊努伊特人，即“爱斯基摩人) & Indians. This means the written his-tory of Canada is only over 500 years. Two men are important in the early discovery of Canada. They were John Cabot (an Italian), and Jacques Cartier (a Frenchman). Heading an English expedition (探险队), John Cabot discovered Newfoundland (纽芬兰岛) and the east coast of Canada in 1497. However, it was Jacques Cartier who in 1535 sailed up to the St. Lawrence River (圣劳伦斯河在加拿大东南部) as far as what it is today the site of Montreal. (pp50-1),【在欧洲人于15世纪末发现加拿大之前，加拿大的原住民为“因纽特人也译作“伊努伊特人， 即“爱斯基摩人和“印第安人。这就是说，加拿大有文字记载的历史仅有500多年。有两个人对早期加拿大的发现非常重要：约翰卡伯特 (意大利人) 和 雅克卡蒂埃 (法国人)。卡伯特率领一支英国探险队于1497年发现了纽芬兰岛和加拿大东部海岸地区。但是在1535年，雅克卡蒂埃 航行到达了圣劳伦斯河流域 (在加拿大东南部) 和今天的蒙特利尔地区。】,约翰,卡伯特,雅克,卡蒂埃,Before long, the English and the French became,rivals,(,竞争对手,) in the gradual conquest of those parts of North America. In 1608, Samuel de Champ-lain (a French explorer) established the first,perma-nent European settlement in Quebec City, to lay the roots,of,French,Canada.,In,1610,Henry Hudson,(an English explorer) gave his name to the huge bay in the centre of Canada after he had discovered it (that is,how,the,bay,got,its,name).,Through,the,17,th,century, the French settled the banks of the St.,Lawrence,River and Nova Scotia (in the Southeastern part of Canada), while the English established larger and better settlements in their New England colonies.,(p51),【不久，英法两国在逐渐征服北美洲的过程中变成了竞争对手。萨缪尔德尚普兰1567年-1635年法国探险家于1608年在魁北克城建立了欧洲第一个永久性定居点，从而奠定了法国人在加拿大的根基。1610年，亨利哈得孙英国探险家发现了嵌入加拿大中心地带的巨大海湾，并以他的名字将其命名为“哈得孙湾该海湾就是这样得名字。在17世纪期间，法国人在圣劳伦斯河流域和新斯科舍省位于加拿大的东南部不断定居下来，而英国人那么在新英格兰的诸殖民地地区建立了更大更好的定居点。】,Because of the valuable,fisheries,(,渔场,) and fur trade, a conflict developed between the English and the French, and in 1713 Newfoundland, Hudson Bay,&,Nova,Scotia,were,lost,to,England.,After the Seven Years War from 1756 to 1763 between the two countries in North America, the French were de-feated & forced,to,give,up,every,inch,of land,in,North,America,&,the whole Canada came under the British rule.,(,Note:,the British allowed the French col-onists,60,000 in all,to,stay,on,without,forcing,them to change the French way of life,.),(p51),【为了争夺富有的渔场和皮革贸易，英法两国之间发生了冲突，纽芬兰岛、哈得孙湾和新斯科舍于1713年落入英国人之手。在英法两国经历了1756-1763年的“七年战争之后，法国人被彻底打败，被迫放弃了北美洲的所有土地，从此整个加拿大由英国统治。注：英国人允许约6万法国殖民者继续待在加拿大，也未强迫他们改变法国式的生活方式。】,In 1783, the UK and the USA signed The Treaty of,Paris,which,recognized,American,independence,&,the UK was forced to,cede,(,割让,) territories south of the,Great,Lakes,to,the,US.,Some 50,000 UK,loyalists fled the US to Canada after the signing of the treaty. The British Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the province into French-speaking Lower Canada and English-Speaking Canada, granting each their own elected,Legislative,Assembly.,The,defense,of,Canada in the war of 1812 between the US and the British Empire contributed to a sense of uniting the British north,colonies.,So,large-scale,immigration,to,Canada began in 1815 from Britain and Ireland.,(p51),【1783年，英美两国签订了“巴黎条约，成认了美国的独立。英国被迫向美国割让了大湖地区以南的领土。在“巴黎条约签订之后，约有5万名效忠英国的殖民者从美国逃到了加拿大。1791年的英国宪法法案将加拿大分为说法语的低地加拿大和说英语的加拿大两局部，并授权它们选举各自的立法机构。1812年英美之间爆发了保卫加拿大的战争使英国产生了统一其北部诸殖民地即说法语的低地加拿大和说英语的加拿大两大块殖民地的想法。所以从1815年起，大量来自英国和爱尔兰的移民不断进入加拿大。】,The Act of Union (1840) combined Canada into a,United Province of Canada, which enabled French and English Canadians to work together in the As-sembly (议会；立法机构). A responsible government was established for all British North American provinces in 1849.,Following several constitutional conferences held by the British Parliament, the Constitution Act (1867) brought about the confederation creating “one dominion under the name of Canada (加拿大自治领) on July 1, 1867 with 4 provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, & New Brunswick. From 1870 to 1949, other provinces and territories joined the federation in succession (相继). (p52),【英国于1840年公布的“联合法案 将加拿大合并成一个联合的加拿大省，使得讲法语和英语的加拿大人能在同一立法机构中共事。1849年成立了管理英属北美各省的责任政府。,在英国议会召开了几次宪法会议之后，于1867年通过了宪法法案，决定在加拿大实行联邦制，并于1867年7月1日成立“加拿大自治领，下辖四个省：安大概省、魁北克省、新斯科舍省和新不伦瑞克省。 在1870年1949年期间，其他各省和地区相继参加加拿大联邦。】,This marked the founding of Canada, and,July 1 was made the Canadian National Day ever since 1867,.,After the World War II, tremendous development took place in industries and agriculture in Canada. Rich oil fields were found in Alberta and other wes-tern provinces.,Uranium,(,铀,) was mined in the far,north,and,also,in,Ontario,and large,deposits,(,储存,) of,iron ore,(,铁矿石,) were developed in Labrador and Quebec.,In,1959,the,opening,of St.,Lawrence,Seaway saw a further growth in Canadas economy. Today Canadas economy ranks among the top 10 countries in the world.,【这标志着加拿大联邦的成立， 7月1日也就从1867年起被定为加拿大国庆节。第二次世界大战之后，加拿大的工农业有了巨大的开展。在阿尔贝塔省和其他西部省份发现了蕴藏丰富的油田，在北部和安大概省开采出了铀，在拉布拉多省和魁北克省铁矿石储量巨大。1959年开通的圣劳伦斯河水上航道见证了加拿大经济的巨大开展。今天，加拿大经济已跻身于世界十强之列。】, A few words about the capital of Canada,(三言两语话加都),Ottawa (渥太华) is the capital of Canada, which is located in southeastern Ontario across the Ottawa River from Quebec (加拿大首都渥太华位于安大概省东南部与魁北克省的交界处). With a population of about 1.2 million, it is the 4th biggest city in Canada after Montreal (蒙特利尔), Toronto (多伦多), and Vancouver (温哥华). Ottawa is a government town, dominated by the neo-Gothic (新哥德式的) Parliament Buildings and other government office buildings. It is the political and cultural centre of Canada. (Note: In 1857 it was the then British Queen Victoria, who chose Ottawa, Ontario, as the capital of Canada.),【渥太华为加拿大首都，位于安大概省东南部与魁北克省的交界处，人口约120万，是加拿大第4大城市 (名列蒙特利尔、多伦多与温哥华之后)。渥太华是政府办公的都城，主要建筑物有新哥特式的议会大厦及其他各种政府办公大厦等，是加拿大的政治和文化中心。,注：渥太华是1857年由英国当时的维多利亚女王钦定的加拿大首都。】,Location of the Canadian Capital,加拿大首都位置图,鸟瞰加拿大首都渥太华,侧面的加拿大议会大厦一瞥,渥太华街景,渥太华夜景,Thank,you for,your patience,!,