修辞与文体Publicspeech

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Public Speech,Public speeches include speeches at gatherings, academic lectures, religious preaches,etc.,Although public speeches are oral practices, yet most of them have to be prepared beforehand in written form. If a type of speaking is a daily practice, such as lecturing daily to the students, it may not be so formal as to require a preparation of committing every word to paper. Writing an outline for the speech may serve the purpose,1,But if it is a very formal speaking to the public, such as speaking at a mass meeting, a full-length text of the speech has to be prepared.,Formal public speeches care much about rhetorical effect. Some public speeches are quite argumentative. One distinctive features of public speech is appeal to emotions.,2,Structure of public speech,At the present time, both oral speech and written composition universally accept the three-part division: the introduction, the body( argument for rgumentative speech or writing) and the conclusion. In a public speech, there should be a salutation preceding the introducing paragraph.,3,Structure of public speech,1)Salutation,A.The inclusiveness of salutation,B. The appropriateness of salutation,2) Introduction,3)Argument,4)Conclusion,4,1)Salutation,For a public speech, just like a letter, the salutation is indispensable. An appropriate salutation not only shows politeness to the addressees, but also brings about intimacy between the speaker and the audience. There are at least two points to be made clear concerning the salutation. One is inclusiveness and the other is appropriateness.,5,A.The inclusiveness of salutation,Salutation in a speech must be inclusive. that is, the speaker should salute all those people who are listening to your speech. Neglect or careless omission of any of them will cause discontent, even serious consequences. Dont feel bothered to include all the addressees in your salutation.,6,B.The appropriateness of salutation,Salutations may vary from occupations (such as Senators, Judges), to titles (such as President, Chairman), to honorific (such as Your Majesty, Your Excellency, Your Eminence, Your Holiness, Holy Father), to gender (Ladies, Gentlemen). Or simply to relationships betweem the speaker and audience( Fellow Students, Fellow Countrymen, Guests), etc.,All these salutations must strictly conform to the identities of the audience.,7,In modern speeches, honorific salutations are used only to salute royalties or important religious people. Government leaders or other important figures can simply be saluted as Mr.(Mrs.)+Title, such as Mr. President, Mrs.Cliton, Mr.Chairman,or Ambassador .,8,2) Introduction,A usual formal introduction of a speech, just like a piece of writing, may be one paragraph in which the theme or central idea is introduced.,Apart from the central idea that should be stated in the introduction, the speaker often tries to say sth that can create an atmosphere of intimacy between the speaker and the audience.,9,3)Argument,The speaker should devote most of his speaking to the middle part, the argument of the speech. The argument may consist of many paragraphs and be divided into several parts for elaboration or detailed discussion.,10,4)Conclusion,As the conclusion of a piece of writing, the ending in a speech may vary according to the different topics: a summary of the whole speech, a speculation of the future,suggestions to solve problems, and very often thanks for the audience to attend his or her speech.,11,Language Features of Public Speech,1)Syntactical Features,A)The use of short sentences,B)The use of Parallelisms,C)The use of Repetitions,D)The use of Rhetorical Questions,12,2)Lexical Features,A)The use of short but formal words,B) Figurative use of words,C)Using words appealing to emotions,13,Language Features of Public Speech,1)Syntactical Features,In public speeches, simple sentences and short compound or complex sentences are the main patterns used, with some alternation between them from time to time. Most of these sentences are declarative and grammatically correct. But in order to increase rhetorical effect, the speaker may also employ some special sentences or structures such as interrogative sentences, sentences with parallel structures, sentences with repetitions.,14,A)The use of short sentences,A public speech is a formal spoken form of language. It cannot use long complicated sentences.,15,B)The use of Parallelisms,Parallelisms or parallel structures can be used not only to help order, clarify, emphasize,and beautify a thought, but also to create some rhythmic effect.,A. for what you said, and for what you are doing,B. for children in the world, for the homeless, for the victims of injustice.,C. light and darkness, dusk and dawn, crime and punishment, cruelty and compassion, good and evil,16,C)The use of Repetitions,Repetition, a special kind of parallelism, is more emphatic and more aesthetically effective.,A.,The victims,of injustice,the victims,of destiny and society,B.,so much,violence,so much,indifference,C.,our,work,our,dreams,our,hopes,.,17,D) The use of Rhetorical Questions,Rhetorical questions are more persuasive than direct statement.,A. do we hear their pleas?do we feel their pain, their agony?,B. is it a philosophy? Is there a philosophy of indifference conceivable? Can one possibly view indifference as a virtue?,18,2)Lexical Features,A)The use of short but formal words,Short formal words are preferred in public speeches. Pronouns of the first and second persons are more frequently used.,19,B) Figurative use of words,a.Metaphors,b.Oxymorons,C)Using words appealing to emotions,20,We,observe,today not a victory of party, but a celebration of freedom,symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning; signifying,renewal, as well as change.For I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same,solemn,oath,our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three quarters ago.,21,今天我们庆祝的不是政党的胜利，而是自由的胜利。这象征着一个结束，也象征着一个开端；意味着延续也意味看变革。因为我已在你们和全能的上帝面前，宣读了我们的先辈在,170,多年前拟定的庄严誓言。,22,In your hands, my fellow citizens, more than in mine, will rest the final success or failure of our course. Since this country was founded, each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty. The graves of young Americans who answered the call to service surround the globe.,23,公民们，我们方针的最终成败与其说掌握在我手中，不如说掌握在你们手中。自从合众国建立以来，每一代美国人都曾受到召唤去证明他们对国家的忠诚。响应召唤而献身的美国青年的坟墓遍及全球。,24,Now the trumpet summons us again, not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need; not as a call to battle, though embattled we are; but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle, year in and year out, “rejoicing in hope; patient in tribulation”, a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself.,25,现在，号角已再次吹响,-,不是召唤我们拿起武器，虽然我们需要武器；不是召唤我们去作战，虽然我们严阵以待。它召唤我们为迎接黎明而肩负起漫长斗争的重任，年复一年，从希望中得到欢乐，在磨难中保持耐性，对付人类共同的敌人,-,专制、社团、疾病和战争本身。,26,Can we forge against these enemies a grand and global alliance, North and South, East and West, that can assure a more fruitful life for all mankind? Will you join in that historic effort?,27,为反对这些敌人，确保人类更为丰裕的生活，我们能够组成一个包括东西南北各方的全球大联盟吗？你们愿意参加这一历史性的努力吗？,28,In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger. I do not shrink from this responsibility. I welcome it. I do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other people or any other generation. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it. And the glow from that fire can truly light the world.,29,在漫长的世界历史中，只有少数几代人在自由处于最危急的时刻被赋予保卫自由的责任。我不会推卸这一责任，我欢迎这一责任。我不相信我们中间有人想同其他人或其他时代的人交换位置。我们为这一努力所奉献的精力、信念和忠诚，将照亮我们的国家和所有为国效劳的人，而这火焰发出的光芒定能照亮全世界。,30,And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.My fellow citizens of the world, ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.,31,因此，美国同胞们，不要问国家能为你们做些什么、而要问你们能为国家做些什么。,全世界的公民们，不要问美国将为你们做些计人，而要问我们共同能为人类的自由做些什么。,32,Finally, whether you are citizens of America or citizens of the world, ask of us here the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you. With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that here on earth, Gods work must truly be our own.,33,最后，不论你们是美国公民还是其他国家的公民，你们应要求我们献出我们同样要求于你们的高度力量和牺牲。问心无愧是我们唯一可靠的奖赏，历史是我们行动的最终裁判，让我们走向前去，引导我们所热爱的国家。我们祈求上帝的福佑和帮助，但我们知道，确切地说，上帝在尘世的工作必定是我们自己的工作。,34,I have a dream,I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.”,我梦想有一天，这个国家将会奋起，实现其立国信条的真谛：“我们认为这些真理不证自明：人人生而平等。”,35,I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.,我梦想有一天，在佐治亚州的红色山岗上，昔日奴隶的儿子能够同昔日奴隶主的儿子同席而坐，亲如手足。,36,I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.,我梦想有一天，我的四个孩子将生活在一个不是以肤色的深浅，而是以品格的优劣作为评判标准的国家里。,37,