blood groupsamp;amp; blood transfusiongeeyola

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,05/02/2013,#,Blood Groups & Blood Transfusion,Dr. Shaikh Mujeeb Ahmed,Assistant Professor,AlMaarefa College,HMIM BLOCK 224,Objectives,Different types of Blood groups blood group system,Explain blood typing and how it is used to avoid adverse reactions following blood transfusions.,Describe how blood reactions may occur between fetal and maternal tissues.,Blood Groups and Transfusions,3,In the year 1900, identification of the ABO blood antigen gene explained the observed blood type,incompatibilities by,Karl Landsteiner,Today there are 31 different genes known to contribute to the surface features of RBCs determining compatibility between blood types,Blood Group Systems,Major systems,ABO,Rhesus system(Rh),Minor,MN,P,Familial blood groups,Importance of Blood Groups,Transfusion of blood,Association with disease,Duodenal ulcers are more common in group O than in A or B,Tumors of salivary glands, stomach and pancreas are more common in group A than in group O individuals.,6,Antigens and Antibodies,Terms to become familiar with:,Agglutination clumping of red blood cells in response to a reaction between an antibody and an antigen,Antigens a chemical that stimulates cells to produce antibodies,Antibodies a protein that reacts against a specific antigen,7,Type B blood,Type AB blood,Type O blood,Red blood cell,Red blood cell,Anti-B antibody,Antigen A,Anti-A antibody,Anti-B antibody,Red blood cell,Antigen A,Antigen B,Red blood cell,Anti-A antibody,Antigen B,Type A blood,8,Red blood cell,Anti-B antibody,(a),(c),(d),(b),Agglutinated red,blood cells,Anti-A antibody,Antigen A,9,ABO Blood Group,Based on the presence or absence of two major antigens on red blood cell membranes,Antigen A,Antigen B,Antigens and antibodies of the ABO blood group,Blood Type,Antigen,Antibody,A,A,Anti B,B,B,Anti A,AB,A and B,Neither Anti,A nor Anti B,O,Neither,A nor B,Both Anti A and Anti B,Genotype of ABO blood groups,Blood Group,Possible Genotype(s),A,AA, AO,B,BB, BO,AB,AB,O,OO,Landsteiners law,.,If an agglutinogen (antigen) is present on the RBCs the corresponding agglutinin (anti body) must be absent in the plasma,If an agglutinogen (antigen) is,absent,on the RBCs the corresponding agglutinin (anti body) must be,present,in the plasma,The first law is applicable to all blood groups. But the second part is not necessary always, its true for ABO blood groups.,13,Rh Blood Group,The Rh blood group was named for the rhesus monkey,The group includes several Rh antigens or,factors (Cc, Dd & Ee),Rh positive presence of antigen D or other Rh antigens on the red blood cell membranes,Rh negative lack of these antigens,The seriousness of the Rh blood group is evident in a fetus that develops the condition erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease of the newborn,Erythroblstosis Fetalis,14,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,Rh-negative,woman with,Rh-positive,fetus,Cells from,Rh-positive,fetus enter,womans,bloodstream,In the next,Rh-positive,pregnancy,maternal,antibodies,attack fetal red,blood cells,Woman,becomes,sensitized,antibodies (,+,),form to fight,Rh-positive,blood cells,+,Erythroblastosis Fetalis (Hemolytic disease of the newborn-HDN),Clinical Features,Edema (Hydrops),Jaundice,Anemia,Enlarged Liver & Spleen,Erythroblastosis Fetalis (Hemolytic disease of the newborn-HDN),Treatment,Exchange blood transfusion,Prevention,Rh immune globulin (RhIG),injections to the Rh negative mother during pregnancy,Blood groups in local population,Blood Group,Percentage,of Population,O +,48 %,A +,24 %,B +,17 %,AB +,4 %,Rh Positive are about 93% (90-95%),O-,4 %,A-,2%,B-,1 %,AB-,0.23%,Rh negative are about 7% (5-10%),19,Blood transfusion,Autologus blood transfusion,Blood grouping and cross matching,Donors RBCs + Recipients plasma (major cross matching),Recipients RBCs + Donors plasma (minor cross matching),Proffered And Permissible Blood Types For Transfusion,Blood Type of Recipient,Preferred,Blood Type of The Donor,Permissible Blood Type of The Donor (In Extreme Emergency),A,A,O,B,B,O,AB,A B,A,B, O,O,O,No alternate type,Complications of Blood Transfusion,Fatal hemolytic reactions in mismatched reactions.,Rapid hemolysis,Jaundice,Renal tubular damage,Circulatory overload if rapid transfusion,Hemosiderosis repeated blood transfusion,Electrolyte disturbances,Transmission of disease,Hepatitis B or C,AIDS,