资源描述
单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2020/11/4,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2020/11/4,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2020/11/4,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2020/11/4,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2020/11/4,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2020/11/4,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2020/11/4,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2020/11/4,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2020/11/4,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2020/11/4,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2020/11/4,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2020/11/4,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2020/11/4,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2020/11/4,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2020/11/4,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2020/11/4,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2020/11/4,*,围术期多模式镇痛,汇报人:欧阳浩亮,指导老师:刘金玉,2020/11/4,1,CONTENTS,1,术后疼痛控制现状,2,围术期多模式镇痛的新理念,3,多模式镇痛常用药物和方法,4,小结,2020/11/4,2,术后疼痛,术后疼痛,(postsurgical pain,PP),:,是手术后即刻发生的急性疼痛(通常持续不超过,3-,7,d,),是临床最常见和最需紧急处理的急性疼痛,其,性质为伤害性疼痛,,但一些手术由于累积神经或创伤性炎性反应反复刺激神经而过敏,则很容易合并神经病理性疼痛。,2020/11/4,3,术后疼痛对机体的不利影响,长期不利影响,短期不利影响,2017,版中国麻醉学指南与专家共识,/,中华医学会麻醉学分会编,.,北京:人民卫生出版社,.2017,年,12,月,2020/11/4,4,术后疼痛控制现状,2020/11/4,5,术后镇痛不足现象普遍存在,在,美国,77%,患者经历术后疼痛,;,80%,的患者为中-重度,疼痛;,超过,50%,的患者报告术后镇痛不足,;,Lovich-Sapola J1, Smith CE1, Brandt CP.Postoperative pain controlJ.Surg Clin North Am,2015,95(2):301-318,2020/11/4,6,术后急性疼痛的传导途径,外周神经元,脊髓背角,背根神经节,疼痛,外周伤害感受器,损伤,脊髓丘脑束,1.,转化,有害刺激在疼痛受体被转换成神经冲动,2.,传导,神经冲动被传导至中枢神经系统,3.,调节,来自脑的神经冲动下行途径调节疼痛感觉,4.,感知,感觉到疼痛,2020/11/4,7,外周组织损伤通过外周敏化和中枢敏化机制调节神经系统的反应性,组织损伤使损伤细胞释放炎症介质,如,H+,,,K+,,组胺,缓激肽,,5-HT,,,ATP,和,NO,等;,炎症介质直接激活外周伤害性感受器,并导致,自发性疼痛,;,炎症介质或物质作用外周神经末梢,使高阈值伤害感受器初级感觉神经元传导的敏感性增加;,外周敏化,组织损伤,后,伤害性刺激经A纤维和C纤维传入,并,释放,谷氨酸、P物质、神经生长因子、降钙素基因相关肽等,神经递质或调质,;,作用于相关受体,,,AMPA、神经激肽(NK)1受体、阿片受体、肾上腺素能受体、GABA受体、NMDA和非NMDA受体、5-羟色胺受体、腺苷受体等,致使脊髓背角神经元兴奋性呈活性依赖性升高,中枢敏化,2020/11/4,8,正常疼痛感受曲线,疼痛反应的敏感性增强,伤害,刺激强度,异常痛敏,刺激导致的疼痛强度,疼痛反应的敏感性增强,刺激导致的疼痛强度,正常疼痛反应,痛觉过敏,0.9,9.2,疼 痛 强 度,10,6,8,4,2,0,外周敏感化和中枢敏感化促使了术后痛觉过敏状态的形成,万琴,薛庆,于布为,.,慢性术后疼痛的机制和围术期防治,J.中国疼痛医学杂志, 2018, 24 (5):367-372,Rosero EB, Joshi GP,.Preemptive, preventive, multimodal analgesia: what do they really mean?J.,Plast Reconstr Surg,2014,134(4):85-93,抑制,超敏,才能根本镇痛!,2020/11/4,9,围术期镇痛新理念,超前镇痛,定义是指,切皮或组织损伤,之前给予干预措施、防止中枢或外周敏感, 减轻术后疼痛强度,。,覆盖术前、术中、术后,采取有效的镇痛手段,防止外周或中枢敏化,减轻术后疼痛。强调,治疗持续的时间,和,镇痛治疗的强度,,是超前镇痛的扩展和延伸。,超前镇痛,(,Preemptive Analgesia,),预防性镇痛,(,Preventive Analgesia,),Rosero EB, Joshi GP,.Preemptive, preventive, multimodal analgesia: what do they really mean?J.Plast Reconstr Surg,2014,134(4):85-93,2020/11/4,10,多模式镇痛,(,Multimodal analgesia),Br J Anaesth. 1989 Aug;63(2):189-95.,多模式镇痛,:,联合使用作用机制不同的镇痛药物或镇痛方法。由于作用机制不同而互补,镇痛作用相加或协同,同时每种药物的剂量减小。不良反应相应降低,从而达到最大的效应副作用比。,1989,年,丹麦,Hvidovre,大学医院的,Henrik Kehlet,,首次提出了“多模式镇痛”或“平衡镇痛”的概念。,成人术后疼痛处理专家共识,. 2017.,Kehlet H. Surgical stress: the role of pain and analgesiaJ. Br J Anaesth. 1989 Aug;63(2):189-95.,2020/11/4,11,镇痛药物的联合应用,阿片类药物,NSAIDs,曲马多,局部,麻醉药,Am Surg. 2014 Mar;80(3):219-28.,激动阿片受体,激动阿片受体,抑制,5-HT/NE,再摄取,抑制,COX,酶,阻断膜,Na,+,电压门控通道,多模式镇痛,多模式镇痛是通过联合应用能减弱中枢系统疼痛信号的,阿片类药物,和,区域阻滞,及主要作用于外周以抑制疼痛信号触发为目的的,NSAIDs,来实现的。,2020/11/4,12,镇痛药物的联合应用,阿片类(或曲马多)与对乙酰氨基酚联合:,对乙酰氨基酚的每日量,1.5-2.0 g,,在大手术可节俭阿片类药,20-40%,;,阿片类(或曲马多)与NSAIDs联合,,在大手术后使用常规剂量的NSAIDs可节俭阿片类药20,-,50%,尤其是可能达到患者清醒状态下的良好镇痛。,对乙酰氨基酚和NSAIDs联合:,两者各使用常规剂量的1/2,可发挥镇痛协同作用;,阿片类,(尤其是高脂溶性的芬太尼或舒芬太尼),与局麻药联合用于PCEA;,氯胺酮(尤其右旋氯胺酮)、加巴喷丁、普瑞巴林、可乐定、右美托咪定等术前应用,也可减低手术后疼痛和减少阿片类药物的用量,。,成人手术后疼痛处理专家共识,2017.,2020/11/4,13,镇痛方法的联合应用,椎管内阻滞,(硬膜外、鞘内),外周神经阻滞,(区域阻滞、神经干阻滞),局部浸润,(关节内,切口),全身性镇痛,(,NSAIDs,曲马多,阿片类),多模式镇痛,Chou R, Gordon DB, de Leon-Casasola OA, et al . Management of Postoperative Pain: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American Pain Society, the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine,and the American Society of Anesthesiologists Committee on Regional Anesthesia, Executive Committee, and Administrative Council,J.,The Journal of Pain, 2016, 17(2):131 157.,The Journal of Pain, 2016, 17(2):131,-,15,7.,2020/11/4,14,阿片类药物作用机制,作用大脑和脑干阿片受体,发挥下行性疼痛抑制,;,作用于脊髓,阿片受体,抑制,P,物质的释放,从而阻断疼痛信号传入脑内;,作用于外周阿片受体,防止因炎性介质( 如前列腺素E2) 释放而导致的外周敏化;,因此阿片类药物可通过,脊髓上、脊髓,以及,外周,作用而产生强大的镇痛作用,。,徐建国,.成人术后疼痛治疗进展J.临床麻醉学杂志,2011,3(27):299-302,2020/11/4,15,阿片类药物是副反应日益引发关注,阿片类药物副反应有:恶心呕吐、,便秘、,瘙痒、呼吸抑制(,RD),、肌僵直、耐受和成瘾等,其中胃肠道功能抑制是影响外科康复进程的主要因素之一,阿片类药物滥用还可能出现意识障碍、RD 等严重不良事件,导致脑损伤或死亡;,基因多样性导致个体对阿片类药物反应差异大的重要原因,;,郭云观,冯 艺,.亦敌亦友术后阿片类药物镇痛研究进展J.中国疼痛医学杂志 2017, 23 (10):721-727,2020/11/4,16,阿片类药物是多模式镇痛中最重要的组成部分,阿片类药物一直以来是术后中重度疼痛控制的主要药物;,强效纯激动阿片类药物镇痛作用强,无器官毒性,无封顶效应,镇痛作用和不良反应为剂量依赖和受体依赖,,故国内外指南提倡多模式镇痛,以期不同作用机制的药物或镇痛方法,达到阿片节俭和减少阿片类药物不良反应的目的;,阿片类药物使用时应遵循在不产生严重不良反应前提下充分镇痛的原则;,2017,版中国麻醉学指南与专家共识,/,中华医学会麻醉学分会编,.,北京:人民卫生出版社,.2017,年,12,月,Chou R, Gordon DB, de Leon-Casasola OA, et al . Management of Postoperative Pain: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American Pain Society, the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine,and the American Society of Anesthesiologists Committee on Regional Anesthesia, Executive Committee, and Administrative Council,J.,The Journal of Painn, 2016, 17(2):131 157.,2020/11/4,17,NSAIDs,药物作用机制,2017,版中国麻醉学指南与专家共识,/,中华医学会麻醉学分会编,.,北京:人民卫生出版社,.2017,年,12,月,NSAIDs主要是通过抑制COX酶的活性,从而减少脊髓和外周前列腺素的合成,以抑制外周和中枢敏化,从而发挥抗炎、镇痛作用;,2020/11/4,18,应用,NSAIDs,的不良反应和高危因素,不良反应,NSAIDs会引起胃肠道出血、肝肾损害、增加心血管不良事件、过敏反应、神经毒性、水钠潴留、伤口愈合延迟等;,选择性COX-2抑制药不影响血小板功能,引起出血的风险小,但心血管不良反应发生率增加;,高危因素,年龄65岁,原有易损脏器疾病疾病(如上消化道、溃疡、冠心病、肾脏能功能障碍)、凝血功能障碍和使用抗凝药(COX-2抑制剂不禁忌),同时服用皮质激素、ACEI、利尿剂、氨基糖苷类,长时间、大剂量服用;,高血压、高血糖、高血脂、吸烟、酗酒等;,2020/11/4,19,应用,NSAIDs,的主要指征,1.,术前给药,发挥术前抗炎和抑制超敏作用,;,主要指征,2.,中小手术术后镇痛,;,3.,大手术与阿片药物或曲马多联合多模式镇痛,有显著的阿片节俭作用,;,4.,大手术后,PCA,停用后,残留痛的镇痛,;,The panel recommends that clinicians provide adults and children with acetaminophen and/or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as part of multimodal analgesia for management of postoperative pain in patients without contraindications (strong recommendation, high-quality evidence).,2016美国三学会(美国疼痛协会、美国区域麻醉和疼痛医学学会 和美国麻醉医师协会)共同推出的指南中,只要没有禁忌症,,都强烈,推荐,NSAIDs,和对乙酰氨基酚用于多模式镇痛;,2017,版中国麻醉学指南与专家共识,/,中华医学会麻醉学分会编,.,北京:人民卫生出版社,.2017,年,12,月,Chou R, Gordon DB, de Leon-Casasola OA, et al . Management of Postoperative Pain: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American Pain Society, the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine,and the American Society of Anesthesiologists Committee on Regional Anesthesia, Executive Committee, and Administrative Council,J.,The Journal of Painn, 2016, 17(2):131 157.,2020/11/4,20,PCA,联合,NSAIDs,多模式降低阿片类药物不良反应,一项纳入,60RCT,,术后接受,PCA,的患者,分为四组,,NSAIDs+,阿片组、选择性COX-2抑制剂组,+,阿片组、对乙酰氨基酚,+,阿片组、安慰剂,+,阿片组的,meta,分析,,NSAIDs,组、选择性COX-2抑制剂组、对乙酰氨基酚组都能显著减少阿片类药物的消耗,减少术后恶心、呕吐发生率,,NSAIDs,和选择性COX-2抑制剂比对乙酰氨基酚吗啡节俭效果明显,但是,NSAIDs,手术相关的出血增加,差异具有统计学意义。,E. Maund, Rice, K. Wright, B. Jenkins N.Paracetamol and selective and non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the reduction in morphine-related side-effects after major surgery: a systematic review,J.British Journal of Anaesthesia ,2011,106 (3): 292297 .,2020/11/4,21,局麻药,以非选择性方式抑制钠离子通道,中止神经传导,,减弱中枢神经系统疼痛信号,发挥镇痛作用;,局部麻醉药用于术后镇痛给药方式主要有:椎管内给药、外周神经阻滞以及局部浸润等三大类型;,2017,版中国麻醉学指南与专家共识,/,中华医学会麻醉学分会编,.,北京:人民卫生出版社,.2017,年,12,月,2020/11/4,22,局麻药的不良反应和应用,不良反应,神经毒性、心脏毒性、低血压和运动阻滞,局部浸润简单易行,适用于浅表或小切口手术;,Clinicians should consider use of surgical sitespecific peripheral regional analgesic techniques in adults and children,as part of multimodal analgesia, particularly in patients who undergo lower extremity and upper extremity surgical procedures,.,复合硬膜外镇痛的效果均优于静脉,PCA,(硬膜外单用吗啡除外),且可以减少心肌梗塞、深静脉血栓、肠梗阻和肺部并发症的发生率;,局麻药中加入阿片类药物不仅可达到协同作用,还可减少这两类药物的副作用,是目前最常用和配伍;,Daniel M. P,et al. impact of Epidural Analgesia on Mortality and Morbidity After Surgery:Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Annals of Surgery,2014,259(6):1056-1067,Wu CL1,Cohen SR, Richman JM, Rowlingson AJ, Courpas GE, Cheung K, Lin EE, Liu SS.Efficacy of postoperative patient-controlled and continuous infusion epidural analgesia versus intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with opioids: a meta-analysis.Anesthesiology. 2005 Nov;103(5):1079-88,2020/11/4,23,Johns N, ONeill S, Ventham NT, Barron F, Brady RR, Daniel T. Clinical effectiveness of transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block in abdominal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.,J,Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland 2012;14(10):e635-42,一项纳入9个RCT(n=413),以外周神经阻滞+吗啡为实验组,吗啡+安慰剂为对照组的meta分析发现,实验组和对照组疼痛评分无统计学差异,但实验组术后24h和,48h,吗啡消耗量显著减低,恶心、呕吐等不良反应减少,差异具有统计学意义;,2020/11/4,24,普瑞巴林(pregabalin),给药途径:,PO,作用机制:,与,2,亚基结合抑制Ca,2+,内流,;,副作用:头晕嗜睡、,视物模糊,、,外周水肿,等副作用;,Both medications(加巴喷丁和普瑞巴林),are associated with reduced opioid requirements after major or minor surgical procedures, and some studies reported lower postoperative pain scores.,指南推荐加巴喷丁和普瑞巴林用于多模式镇痛。(strong recommend,ation, moderate-quality evidence),Chou R, Gordon DB, de Leon-Casaso,la OA, et al . Management of Postoperative Pain: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American Pain Society, the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine,and the American Society of Anesthesiologists Committee on Regional Anesthesia, Executive Committee, and Administrative Council. J Pain, 2016, 17(2):131 157.,2020/11/4,25,一项纳入,11,个,RCT,(,n=899),,以普瑞巴林,+,阿片类药物为实验组,阿片类药物,+,安慰剂为对照组的,meta,分析发现,普瑞巴林和阿片类药物组减少了术后,24h,吗啡消耗,差异具有统计学意义;,2020/11/4,26,普瑞巴林组+阿片组恶心、呕吐发生率减少,但头晕、嗜睡、视觉模糊的发生率增加;,ZHANG J,HO KY,WANG Y Efficacy of pregabalin in acute postoperative pain: a meta-analysisJ,.,Br J Anaesth,2011,106( 4) : 454 462,2020/11/4,27,右美托咪定,(,dexmedetomidine,),给药途径:,IV,作用机制,:,主要与,2,受体结合,产生镇静、镇痛及抗交感作用,副作用:过度镇静、低血压和心动过缓,;,临床应用,:,围术期的应用,发挥镇静,减少有害刺激引起的交感兴奋,减少麻醉和镇痛药物用量的作用;,Engelman E, Marsala C: Efficacy of adding clonidine to intrathecal morphine in acute postoperative pain: Metaanalysis.,Br J Anaesth 110:21-27, 2013,Popping D, Elia N, Marret E, Wenk M, Tramer MR: Clonidine as an adjuvant to local anesthetics for peripheral nerve and plexus blocks: A meta-analysis of randomized tri-als. Anesthesiology 111:4006-4415, 2009,2020/11/4,28,右美托咪定能延长局麻药镇痛效果减少不良反应,Sixteen RCTs involving 1092 participants were included. Neuraxial DEX significantly decreased postoperative pain intensity (SMD, 21.29; 95% confidence interval (CI), 21.70 to 20.89; P,0.00001), prolonged analgesic duration (WMD,6.93 hours; 95% CI, 5.23 to 8.62; P,0.00001) and increased the risk of bradycardia (OR, 2.68; 95% CI, 1.18 to 6.10; P = 0.02).No evidence showed that neuraxial DEX increased the risk of other adverse events, such as hypotension (OR, 1.54; 95% CI,0.83 to 2.85; P = 0.17). Additionally, neuraxial DEX was associated with beneficial alterations in postoperative sedation scores and number of analgesic requirements, sensory and motor block characteristics, and intro-operative hemodynamics.,Wu HH, Wang HT, Jin JJ, Cui GB, Zhou KC, Chen Y, Chen GZ, Dong YL, Wang W,.Does dexmedetomidine as a neuraxial adjuvant facilitate better anesthesia and analgesia? A systematic review and meta-analysisJ.,PLoS One. 2014 Mar 26;9(3):e93114,meta,分析发现,右美托咪定和局麻药联用时,镇痛和镇静效果更好,延长了作用时间,减少了镇痛药物的需求;同时减少了局麻药运动和感觉阻滞,更加稳定的血流动力学,但心动过缓的发生率增加;,2020/11/4,29,氯胺酮,给药途径:IV,作用机制,:,NMDA,受体拮抗剂,产生麻醉、镇痛及拟交感作用,;,副作用:,幻觉,、躁动不安、恶梦,;,临床应用:用于全身诱导、复合麻醉及小儿基础麻醉,低剂量的氯胺酮副作用不明显。虽然氯胺酮能减少阿片类药物的用量,但是并不会减少阿片类药物的不良反应;,指南推荐氯胺酮用于多模式镇痛,,特别适合对阿片类药物引起的耐受和痛觉过敏的患者,;(weak recommendation, moderate,-,quality,evidence),Lovich-Sapola J1, Smith CE1, Brandt CP.Postoperative pain controlJ.Surg Clin North Am,2015,95(2):301-318,Chou R, Gordon DB, de Leon-Casasola OA, et al . Management of Postoperative Pain: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American Pain Society, the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine,and the American Society of Anesthesiologists Committee on Regional Anesthesia, Executive Committee, and Administrative Council. J Pain, 2016, 17(2):131 157.,氯胺酮首次合成于,1962,年,由,Parke-Davis,在,1966,年申请专利应用于临床麻醉。,在越南战争期间,氯胺酮是战场上使用最广泛的麻醉剂。,1970年氯胺酮被美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)批准用于儿童、成人和老人的麻醉。,2020/11/4,30,Laskowski K, Stirling A, McKay WP, Lim HJ: A systematic review of intravenous ketamine for postoperative analgesia. Can J Anaesth 58:911-923, 2011,一项纳入,91RCT,(,n=4701),以氯胺酮,+,阿片类药物为实验组,安慰剂,+,阿片类药物为对照组的,meta,分析发现,所有的实验组减少了阿片类药物的消耗,延长了作用时间,一些报道,氯胺酮能减少了疼痛评分,但氯胺酮致幻、恶梦的发生的发生率增加;,A reduction in total opioid consumption and an increase in the time to first analgesic were observed across all studies (P0.001).,Hallucinations and nightmares were more common with ketamine but sedation was not,.Despite using less opioid, 25 out of 32 treatment groups(78%) experienced less pain than the placebo groups at some point postoperatively when ketamine was efficacious. When ketamine was efficacious for pain,postoperative nausea and vomiting was less frequent in the ketamine group. The dose-dependent role of ketamine analgesia could not be determined.,氯胺酮能减少阿片类药物的用量,2020/11/4,31,小结,1,术后疼痛对机体造成诸多不利影响,急性疼痛治疗不充分可能转变成慢性疼痛;,2,组织损伤可致外周敏化和中枢敏化,导致痛觉过敏状态的形成;,3,多模式镇痛(包括超前镇痛、预先镇痛)通过联合不同作用机制的药物或镇痛方法,能增强镇痛效果,减少不良反应;,4,尽管存在多种不良反应,阿片类药物依然是多模式镇痛中重要药物;,2020/11/4,32,THANKS,2020/11/4,33,
展开阅读全文