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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,英语语言学,教学课件,Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics,Teaching aims:,let the students have the general idea about language and linguistics.,Teaching difficulties:,design features of language ; some important distinctions in linguistics,1.,language,1.1,What is language?,Language is a,system,of,arbitrary,vocal,symbols,used for,human,communication.,system-elements in it are arranged according to certain rules. They cannot be arranged at will.,Arbitrary-there is no intrinsic(logic) connection between a sign and its meaning.,Symbols-words are just the symbols associated with objects, actions, ideas by convention.,Vocal-the primary medium for all languages is sound, no matter how well developed their writing systems are.,Human-specific-human beings have different kinds of brains and vocal capacity. “Language Acquisition Device”(LAD),1.2,design features of language,语言的结构特征,a. arbitrariness-the form of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. The link between them is a matter of convention.,.,E.g. “house” uchi (Japanese),Mansion (French),房子(,Chinese),conventionality-It means that in any language there are certain sequences of sounds that have a conventionally accepted meaning. Those words are customarily used by all speakers with the same intended meaning and understood by all listeners in the same way.,b. duality-language is a system which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.,.,b,Primary level-words which are meaningful,Secondary level-sounds which are meaningless, but can be grouped and regrouped into words.,This is the most,economical,feature of language.,creativity-language is resourceful. It makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.,displacement-human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication.,cultural transmission-genetic transmission,Language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning rather than by instinct.,1.3 functions of language,.,课间休息,2.,Linguistic,2.1 What is linguistics?,Linguistics is a scientific study of language .It is a major branch of social science.,Linguistics studies not just one language of any society, but the language of all human society, language in general,.,2.2,Main branches (scope) of linguistics,phonetics,语音学-,the study of sounds used in linguistic communication.,phonology,音系学（音位学）,morphology,词法学,syntax,句法学,semantics,语义学,pragmatics,语用学,2.3 Important distinctions in linguistics,Descriptive vs. prescriptive “,描写式”和 “规定式”,They represent two different types of linguistic study. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be,descriptive,; if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, i. e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be,prescriptive.,Synchronic vs. diachronic “,共时,”,和,“,历时,”,The description of a language at some point of time in history is a,synchronic,study; the description of language as it changes through time is a,diachronic,study. A diachronic study is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.,langue & parole “,语言” 和 “言语”,The distinction was made by the Swiss linguist,Saussure,in the early 20,th,century.,Langue,refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.,parole,refers to the realization of language in actual use.,As a social product,language can be thought of as the generalized rules of the language.Parole,on the other hand,is the concrete use or application of the rules.,Competence and performance,语言能力和语言运用,The distinction is discussed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s.,.,Competence-the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language.,Performance-the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication,1971,Hymes,communicative competence,1980 Canal & Swain,linguistic competence,Competence,sociolinguistic,competence,discourse competence,strategic competence,After-class work,Homework,Questions and Exercises1,4,6,12,Self-study guide,Read “A New Concise Course On Linguistics For Students Of English”,Chapter 1 Introduction,George Yule “The Study of Language”,chapter 3,
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