【课件】非谓语动词讲解课件(定稿)

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Nonfinite verbs,非谓语动词,使用条件,一个句子,当中，已经存在一个,主句,（谓语,动词）,又没有连词,的情况下, 还有别的动词出现时,这些动词就充当了,非谓语动词.,非谓语动词的,非谓语,不定式（to do),V-ing,V-ed,as a noun,as adj. or adv.,现在分词,动名词,过去分词,非谓语动词 的分类,非谓语动词的句法作用,非谓语,动词,主语,宾语,表语,定语,宾补,状语,不定式,动名词,现在分词,过去分词,高考热点,一、不定式、现在分词、过去分词做状语,不定式做状语,，主要表示目的、结果、原因以及,评论性状语。, 不定式往往放在系表结构后面，表示产生某种情绪或状态的原因。（,原因状语,）,e.g. She was surprised,to see,Jim walk in.,看到吉姆进来，她很惊讶。, 不定式可以单独作目的状语，有时为了强调目的性，在不定式前可以加上,in order, so as,。（,目的状语,）,e.g.,To succeed, one must first of all believe in himself.,In order to keep warm, we shut all the windows.,(3,4,6,8,14,23,),不定式表结果,，常用在too to, enough to结构中。,有时不定式前加上only，表示,出人意料的结果,。,(1,29),e.g. The child is old enough,to dress himself,.,We hurried to the station,only to be told,that the,train had left.,The husband left his wife, never,to return,., 有些不定式是用来表示说话者的观点或态度的，放在,句子之外，修饰整个句子，我们称之为评论性状语。,e.g. I have never seen such a person,to tell you the truth.,To cut a long story short, we disagree.,长话短说，我们不同意。,一、不定式、现在分词、过去分词做状语,2. 现在分词做状语可表示时间、原因、结果、伴随、方,式、目的以及作评论性状语等。,现在分词的一般式作时间状语，往往表示动作与谓语动词同时发生或相继发生。现在分词的完成式作时间状语，往往表示动作先于谓语动词发生。,(5,7,11,13,25),e.g.,Hearing the news, they all jumped for joy.,Having finished his speech, he answered our questions., 作原因状语：,Living far from the school, I have to get up early in the morning.,作结果状语,，常位于句尾，前面的主句表示原因，后面的分词短语表示,自然而然的结果,。,(28,30,31),e.g. The fire lasted a whole night,causing great damage,., 作伴随或方式状语，表示与谓语动词同时发生的另一动,作。（,10,）,e.g.,Following Tom, we started to climb. 我们跟随汤姆开始爬山。,She came,riding a brand-new bike.,她骑着一辆崭新的自行车来的。, 现在分词作目的状语往往具有伴随性，多放于句尾，且,与主句间用逗号隔开。,e.g. Jane kept silent,trying not to show her feelings,.,作评论性状语，有些惯用的分词短语在句中可以独立存,在，它们用来修饰全句，表明说话者的态度、观点等。,常见的有： generally speaking一般说来 strictly speaking严格说来,roughly speaking大致说来 narrowly speaking狭义上说,judging from/ by由判断。,e.g.,Judging from her accent, she must come from Australia.,3. 过去分词在句中可作时间、原因、条件、伴随、方式等状语。, 过去分词作时间状语可置于句首，也可以置于句尾，,有时还可以置于主语和谓语之间。,Asked about his address, the boy didnt respond.,Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent.,作原因状语，常置于句首。,Infected with the H1N1, the little boy was,separated from the other children.,作条件状语：,United, we stand;,divided, we fall. 合则立，分则败。,作伴随或方式状语：,The pop star hurried up to her,car,followed by her fans,.,二、不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词做定语,（,1,）,不定式做定语,放在所修饰的名词后，,表示未发 生的动作或将要发生的某一动作。,e.g. The train,to arrive,is from London,He is always the first,to come,and the last,to leave,.,（,2,）,(14,15,16),2.,动名词做定语,往往说明所修饰词的某种,用途,，一般,放在被修饰词的前面。,e.g. a washing machine,（动名词做定语，,= a machine,which is used for washing,） 洗衣机,a reading room,（动名词做定语，,= a room which is,used for reading,） 阅览室,3.,现在分词作定语表示主动、正在进行的动作。,过去,分词作定语则表示被动、或完成的意义。,单个分词,或形容词性的分词作定语往往放在被修饰词的前,面；分词短语作定语多置于被修饰词后面。,e.g. the rising sun（现在分词做定语，= the sun which,is rising）正在升起的太阳,the changing world（现在分词做定语，= the world which is changing）变化中的世界,a moving movie 感人的电影 excited voice激动的声音 （形容词性分词作定语）,fallen leaves 落叶 a broken cup 一个破了的杯子,（过去分词作定语则表示被动、或完成）,三、不定式与动名词做主语：,1.,动名词做主语,往往表示泛指的、一般的行为;,不定式,做主语,常表示某次具体的行为或将来的动作。,e.g. Climbing mountains is great fun. 爬山很有趣。,To visit China is my next goal.,2.,不定式做主语,，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不,定式短语后置。,e.g. It took me only five minutes to finish the job.,3.,动名词作主语,有时用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句,尾。常见于以下句型中：,Its use/ good / fun Its useful/ nice/ useless,Its nice seeing you again.,四、不定式与动名词做宾语：,1. 下列动词后常跟不定式做宾语：,want, wish, hope, expect, ask, afford, agree, choose, pretend, decide, happen, learn, offer, refuse, fail, plan, prepare, order, manage, promise, intend等。,e.g. He agreed to get someone to help us.,They promised not to break the school rules,again.,决定想做计划需要同意能做被用来做的事,decide,to do sth. 决定做某事,want would like,to do sth. 想做某事,plan,to do sth. 计划做某,need,to do sth. 需要做某事,agree,to do sth. 同意做某事,afford,to do 能做某事,be used to,do 被用来做,迫不及待下决心做过去常常未能做的事,cant wait,to do 迫不及待地要做某事,make up ones mind,to do 下决心做某事,used to,do 过去常常做某事,fail,to do 未能做某事,2. 在下列动词或动词短语后常用动名词做宾语：,admit, advise, allow, avoid, bear, cannot help, consider, delay, enjoy, finish, give up, imagine. include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, put off, permit, practice, resist, risk, suggest, stand, insist on, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from), keepfrom, stop(from), protectfrom, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, admit to, be/ get/ become used to, be equal to, devoteto, get down to, look forward to, object to, stick to, take to, see to, lead to, pay attention to等。,喜欢花费忙着想象忍不住想要结束练习,enjoy,doing sth. 喜欢做某事,spend,.doing sth. 花费,做某事,be,busy,doing sth. 忙于做,imagine,sb. doing sth. 想象做某事,cant help,doing sth. 忍不住做某事,feel like,doing sth. 想要做某事,finish,doing sth. 完成做某事,practice,doing sth. 练习做某事,miss,doing sth. 错过做某事,suggest,doing sth. 建议做某事,keep,(on) doing sth. 保持（继续）做某事,mind,doing sth. 介意做某事,be,worth,doing sth. 值得做某事,consider,doing sth. 考虑做某事,错过建议保持介意值得考虑,介词+doing,常考介词:,at, in, on,of, off, for, from,up, about, without,to 等等,be good,at,doing sth 擅长做某事,be interested,in,doing sth. 对做某事感兴趣,insist,on,doing 坚持做某事,be used,for,doing sth. 被用来做某事,thank sb.,for,doing sth. 谢谢某人做某事,be tired,of,doing sth. 厌烦做某事,be afraid,of,doing sth. 害怕做某事,put,off,doing 推迟做某事,stop sb.,from,doing sth. 阻止某人做某事,give,up,doing sth. 放弃做某事,without,doing sth. 没有做某事,think,about,doing sth. 考虑做某事,What,How,about,doing 做某事怎么样?,此to 非彼to,look forward,to,doing sth. （盼望）,pay attention,to,doing sth. （注意）,be used,to,doing sth. （习惯于）,prefer doing sth,to,doing sth.（更喜欢）,devote,to,doing sth （致力于）,make a contribution,to,doing （做贡献）,特殊词精讲:,to do,doing,remember,forger,(do在后) 要做,（do在前）做过,stop,go on,（两个字）两件事,（一个字）一件事,like,hate,love,一次性,长期,try,尽力做,尝试做,start,begin,一样,一样,stop doing/to do,stop to do停下来去做另一件事，,stop doing停止正在做的某事。,Eg:,他们停下来吸烟。 They stop to smoke.,我必须戒烟了 I must stop smoking.,forget to do忘记要去做某事，,forget doing忘记做过某事。,Eg：,办公室的灯还在亮着，他忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作,The light in the office is still on.,He forgot to turn it off.,他忘记他已经关了灯了。（已做过关灯的动作）,He forgot turning the light off.,forget doing/to do,remember doing/to do,remember to do 记得去做某事,remember doing记得做过某事,记着放学后去趟邮局。,Remember to go to the post office after school.,你不记得以前见过那个人吗?,Dont you remember seeing the man before?,go on doing/to do,go on to do做了一件事后，接着做另一件事，,go on doing继续做原来做的事。,Eg：,做完数学后，他接着去做物理。,After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics.,做完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习,Go on doing other exercises after you have finished this one.,try doing/ to do sth.,try to do sth. 努力, 尽力做某事,Although maths is difficult, I will try to study it .,try doing sth. 试着做某事,The machine couldnt work. Lets try repairing it.,五、不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词做表语,1. 表示一定的概念，具有名词的性质时，不定式和动名,词可以互换。,e.g. My hobby is collecting/ to collect ancient coins.,2. 若表示具体的、个别的动作或有将来含义时，一般用,不定式。,e.g. My wish is to find a part-time job this summer.,3. 现在分词和过去分词作表语具有形容词特征,也可以,作为形容词。但要注意二者的区别,e.g. The party was very,exciting,.,They were very,excited,at the news,六、不定式、现在分词、过去分词做补足语,1. 在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中，不定式作宾语补足语，“宾语+不定式”构成了复合宾语。,有些动词要求不定式不带to，有些要求必须带to，还有的带与不带都可以。, 以下动词后常跟带符号to的不定式做宾语补足语：,ask, tell, want, wish, order, persuade, advise, allow, warn,encourage, cause, require等。,e.g. The doctor advised him,to stay in bed,for another few,days.,We wish him,to remain and accept the post,.,我们希望他留下来接受这个职位。,想要邀请期待鼓励与建议,want,sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事,invite,sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事,expect,sb. to do sth. 期待某人做某事,encourage,sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事,advise,sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事,答应告诫允许提醒和帮助,promise,sb. to do 答应某人做某事,warn,sb. not to do sth. 告诫某人做某事,allow,sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事,remind,sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事,help,sb. (to) do sth. 帮助某人做某事, 有些感官动词和使役动词，如see, watch, hear, feel, notice, observe, look at, listen to, let, have, make, keep, get等后常跟不带符号to的不定式做宾语补足语，常表动作的整个过程。 e.g. We noticed him,enter the house,.,我们留意到他进了那所房子。 The boss made them,work twelve hours a day,.,老板让他们一天干12小时工作。,省略to的情况:,使役动词和感官动词后：一感二听三让四看,feel/ hear, listen to/ let, make, have, / look at, see, watch, notice,had better （not）do sth. 最好(不)做,why not /why dont you do sth为什么不做?,help sb.（to）do sth,Would rather宁愿做,would you please,情态动词+do,助动词+do,2. 现在分词做补足语分两种情况：, 形容词性质的现在分词作补足语：,e.g. I find the book very,interesting,.,我发现这本书非常有趣。（宾语补足语）,The boy is found very,annoying,.,发现这个小男孩很令人讨厌。（主语补足语）, 动词性质的现在分词作补足语：感官动词和使役动,词，如see, watch, hear, feel, notice, observe, look at, listen,to, let, have, make, keep, get等后可以跟表示动作性质的,现在分词作补足语，表示“正在或持续做某事”。,e.g. I see him,passing by a bank,.,我看见他正经过一家银行。（宾语补足语）,He was seen,working in the garden,.,有人看见他正在花园里干活。（主语补足语）,3. 过去分词(done)做宾语补足语，说明宾语的性质或状态，与宾语一起构成复合宾语，其前的宾语是它的逻辑主语。, 若是及物动词的过去分词，既表示被动，也可以表示动作已经完成（即先于谓语动词）。, 若是不及物动词的过去分词，则只表示完成。, 句子由主动变被动时，宾语补足语相应的变为主语,补足语。,The boss found his plan,carried out,successfully.,The boy was found,lost,in the forest.,Have you heard this song,sung,in Japanese? (宾补),This song is often heard,sung,everywhere in China. (主补),下面从二个方面来探究非谓语动词的解题方法：,1.非谓语动词的七大经典原则,2.非谓语动词解题四大步骤,非谓语动词题的做题技巧,一.非谓语动词的,七大经典原则,原则一：用作目的状语，原则上要用不定式,原则二：用作伴随状语，原则上要用现在分词,原则三：用作结果状语时，可用-ing 或不定式,原则四：凡是含有被动意义时，原则上要用过去分词。,原则五：非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语原则上应与主句主语保持一致,原则六：强调动作发生在主句谓语动作之前时，原则上要用完成式,原则七：用于名词后作定语时，原则是：用不定式，表示动作尚未发生; 用-ing，表示动作正在进行; 用过去分词，表示动作已经发生，同时表示被动意义。,英语非谓语动词题的七条经典原则,原则一：,用作目的状语，原则上要用不定式,When asked why he went there,，,he said he was sent there _ for a space flight.,A. training B. being trained,C. to have trained D. to be trained,【,解析,】,由于进行航空飞行训练是他被派往那儿的目的，所以要用不定式，因此可排除,A,和,B,。另外，由于“他”与“训练”为被动关系，,故选,D,。,2. _ this cake， youll need 2 eggs， 175 g sugar and 175 g flour.,A. Having made B. Make,C. To make D. Making,3.As the light turned green， I stood for a moment， not _， and asked myself what I was going to do.,A. moved B. moving,C. to move D. Being moved,【解析】由于与句子主语之间为主动关系，且表示当 时持续了一会 儿，故用-ing。句意为：当信号灯变绿时，我站在那儿一会儿没动，心想自己该怎么办。,原则二,：,用作伴随状语，原则上要用-ing.,4. He sat _ to her _ the stairs.,A. to listen; to climb,B. listening; to climb,C. listening; climb,D. listening; climbing,listen to do/doing ,【解析】listen是伴随sat而同时由主语he发出的，所以用-ing作伴随状语；listen to 后跟不带to的不定式/-ing作宾补。,用括号里的词的适当形式填空,1. She wrote to the editor,_that the editor would be able to help her（ hope ）,2.She reached the top of the hill and stopped there,_ on a big rock( rest ),3.The secretary worked late into night,_ a long speech. ( prepare ),4. _ warm, we shut all the windows.,( keep,),preparing,to rest,hoping,To keep,ing形式作伴随状语与 to do作目的状语的区别：,作伴随状语的ing形式与谓语动词的动作同时发生且,前面常常带一逗号;而作目的状语的不定式的动作要比,谓语动词的动作后发生，且前面不能用逗号。,原则三：,用作结果状语时，可用-ing或不定式，其区别是，一般用-ing，表示一定逻辑的结果，即结果在意料之中。不定式用作结果状语表示非逻辑的结果，即结果在意料之外,。,5. The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance，_ in the natural light during the day.,A. to let B. letting C. let D. having let,【解析 此处用-ing 表示自然而然的结果。,如：It rained heavily， causing severe flooding in that place.,大雨滂沱，造成了那个地方洪水泛滥。,6. Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year，_ a record US$ 57. 65 a barrel on April 4.,A. have reached B. reaching,C. to reach D. to be reaching,8. He hurried to the booking office only _ that all the tickets had been sold out.,A. to tell B. to be told,C. telling D. told,7.He hurried to the station, only _ that the train had left.,A. to find B. finding,C. found D. to have found,【解析】only to do sth,在此表示出人意料的结果。,原则四,：,凡是含有被动意义时，原则上要用过去分词。,但是，如果所涉及的动作尚未发生，则用不定式的被动,式；如果所涉及的动作正在进行，则用-ing的被动式.,9.The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle _.,A. to be heard B. to have heard,C. hearing D. being heard,【解析】根据句意，此处指的是“被听见”，故要用被 动式，因可排除 B 和 C。另外，由于“设法被听见”为目的状语，动作当时尚未发生，故用不定式，即选 A。,10. At the beginning of class, the noise of desks _ could be heard outside the classroom.,A. opened and closed,B. to be opened and closed,C. being opened and closed,D. to open and close,【解析】of 后应接-ing，desks 与open and close 之间存在逻辑上的被动关系，又因could be heard，所以选-ing的被动式表正在被进行的动作。,of,11. When she came in, she was surprised to find a stranger _ at the back of the classroom with his eyes _upon her.,A. seating; fixing B. to seat; fixing,seated; fixed D. seated; fixed,a stranger,his,eyes,sitting,seat,vt,.,I seated myself,.,=I was seated,.,=I sat down,fix ones eyes upon,原则五：非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语原则上应与主句主语保持一致.,12. Faced with a bill for $10,000，_.,A. John has taken an extra job,B. the boss has given John an extra job,C. an extra job has been taken,D. an extra job has been given to John,(be) faced with,Faced with,13. While watching television，_.,A. the door bell rang,B. the doorbell rings,C. we heard the doorbell ring,D. we heard the doorbell rings,【解析】因为 watching 的逻辑主语一定是人，排除选项 A 和 B ；又因在hear后作宾补的是省略了 to 的不定式， 所以选项 D 中的 rings 是错误的。,watching,原则六：强调动作发生在主句谓语动作之前时，原则上要用完成式（根据情况,可用不定式的完,成式或ing的完成式）,14._ from other continents for millions of years， Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other countries in the world.,A. Being separated B. Having separated,C. Having been separated D. to be separated,【解析】因为 Australia 与 separate 是被动关系，且 separate发生在谓语动词 has 之前，所以用-ing的完成被动式作原因状语。,has,15. The manager，_ it clear to us that he didnt agree with us， left the meeting room.,A. who has made B. having made,C. made D. making,【解析】因为 The manager 与 make 是主动关系，且 make 发生在谓语 left 之前，所以用-ing的完成式作状语，having made . 相当于 who had made. 的意思。,left,16.Li Ming is said _ abroad. Do you know what,country,Yes, In London.,A. to have studied B. to study,C. to be studying D. to have been studying,he studied in ?,he will study in?,he studies in?,C,A,B,is,sb is said to do 据说,原则七：用于名词后作定语时，原则是：,用不定式，表示动作尚未发生;,用-ing，表示动作正在进行;,用过去分词，表示动作被动、完成。,17.There will be more than three hundred scientists,attending the meeting _ the day after tomorrow.,A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be held,18. There are hundreds of visitors _ in front of,the Art Gallery to have a look at,Van Goghs paintings.,A. waited B. to wait C. waiting D. wait,the meeting,the day after tomorrow,visitors,19. “Things _ never come again!” I couldnt help talking to myself.,A. lost B. losing C. to lost D. have lost,20. The last one _ pays the meal.,Agreed!,A. arrived B. arrives C. to arrive D. arriving,Things,The last one,lose,vt.,lose sb/sth,注：受 the first， the second . the last 修饰,的名词或代词后原则上要用不定式作定语。,You are the second to make that mistake.,你是第二个犯这错误的人。,原则一：用作目的状语，,原则二：用作伴随状语，,原则三：用作结果状语，,原则四：凡是含有被动意义时，,原则五：非谓语动词作状语时，,原则六：强调动作发生在主句谓语动作,之前时，,原则七：用于名词后作定语时，,原则一：用作目的状语，原则上用不定式.,原则二：用作伴随状语，原则上用-ing.,原则三：用作结果状语，可用-ing/ to do ,区别是：,-ing 表示一定逻辑的结果，to do 表示非逻辑的结果。,原则四:凡是有被动意义时，原则上要用过去分词。,如果动作尚未发生，则用不定式的被动形式；,如果动作正在进行，则用-ing的被动形式。,原则五：非谓语动词作状语时，原则上其逻辑主语应与,主句主语保持一致。,原则六：强调动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，原则上,要用完成式（-ing 的完成式或不定式的完成式）,原则七：用于名词后作定语，原则是：不定式表示动作,尚未发生；-ing表示动作正在进行：过去分词表示动作完成，被动。,二. 非谓语动词解题,四大步骤,（一）分析句子结构,辨别“谓语与非谓语”,_many times , but he still couldnt understand it .,2. _ many times , he still couldnt understand it .,Having been told B. Being told,C. He had been told D. Though he was told,C,_,A,注意连词,3.It _ a hot day,wed better go swimming.,4. _ a rainy day ; we decided not to go there.,is B. to be C. being,being E. It was F. been,C,E,注意标点符号,二. 分析逻辑主语,确定要选非谓语动词之后，第二步要分析其逻辑主语。非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，,其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语,。非谓语动词,作状语,时，其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语,一致,。若不一致，则须,加上,自己的逻辑主语,。,怎么加?,非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做,逻辑主语,，特别是当非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常是主句的主语，若不然，则得加上自己的逻辑主语，这时就构成,独立主格,。,一般说来,非谓语动词,作定语,时，逻辑主语为其,所修饰的名词；,作宾语补足语,，逻辑主语为,宾语补足语之前的宾语；,作表语、宾语或状语时，,其逻辑主语通常,为主句的主语,（二）找逻辑主语,1.Walking along the street one day, she saw,a little girl running up to her.,2.She is reading a book found on the way.,3.Most of the artists invited to the party were,from South Africa.,一般来说，,非谓语动词,作状语,逻,辑主语是,句子的主语；,非谓语动词,作宾补,逻辑主语是,宾语；,非谓语动词,作定语,逻辑主语是,被修饰词,。,分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是,主动,还是,被动,关系。,_from space , the earth looks blue .,2._from space , we can see the earth is blue .A. Seen B. Seeing C. To see D. See,A,B,解析：句1. “地球”被“看起来”，表,被动,，故选,A,，,用过去分词表被动。 句2. 我们主动看.即表,主动,，故选,B,。,（,三）分析语态,take B. taking,C. to be taken D. taken,D,B,Everything,they,1._ everything into consideration,they ought to have another chance.,2.Everything _into consideration,they ought to have another chance.,（四）,分析时态,1. The building _ now will be a restaurant .,2. The building _ next year will be a restaurant .,3. The building _ last year is a restaurant.,having been built,be built,C.being built,D. built,_,C,_,B,_,D,二. 找逻辑主语,三、分析语态,四、分析时态,一. 辨别“谓与非谓”,三. 非谓语动词解题步骤,方法总结：,谓非谓，找主语，析语态，定时态,Practice,Challenge yourself!,1. A railway station is no place for a child _ alone at night.,A. leave B. leaving C. to be leaving D. to be left,2. We were warned _ the fish which might give us a slight stomach upset.,A. not to eat B. not eating C. to eat not D. eating not,3. _ themselves awake they sat on the floor and told each,other stories.,A. Keep B. Keeping C. To keep D. To have kept,4._ these children _ what you want is a science I,can tell you!,A. Getting; done B. Get; done,C. To get; to do D. Getting; to do,5. When youre learning to drive，_ a good teacher makes,a big difference.,A. have B. having C. and have D. and having,6. A few days after the interview， I received a letter _,me the job.,A. offered B. offering C. to be offering D. having offered,7. The plane crashed，_ all 200 people aboard.,A. killed B. having killed C. killing D. had killed,8. He was always the first _ and the last _ the office.,A. to come， to leave B. coming， leaving,C. to come， left D. coming， left,9. Robert is said _ one of my classmates the other day，,but I dont know who she is.,A. to marry B. to have married,C. to be marrying D. being married,10.With everything she needed_, she left the shop.,A. buying B. to buy C. bought D. to be bought,11.We are interested in _ to swim.,A. study B. studying C. learn D. learning,12.My grandfather wants _around the world because he enjoys _new places.,A. traveling , seeing B. to travel , to see,C. to travel, seeing D. traveling ,to see,13. Jack gives me a piece of paper_.A. to write B. to write on C. to write at D. to write in,14. Lets make a fire _ ourselves up.,A. to warm