托福--阅读长难句

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,阅读中的长难句,TOEFL,This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house that Jack built.,This is the cat,that,killed the rat,that,ate the cake,that,was put in the house,that,Jack built,.,This is the cat,that,killed the rat,that,ate the cake,that,was put in the house,that,Jack built,.,这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在杰克修建的房间里的蛋糕的老鼠的猫。,这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。老鼠偷吃了放在屋里的蛋糕。屋子是杰克盖的。,长难句类型：,1,、主语或宾语拉长,2,、分词短语打头,3,、多个谓语动词连用,4,、插入语,5,、并列结构使得句子变长,6,、多重复合句叠加,总原则：,浓缩主干，找出核心句型,1,、 主语或宾语拉长,解决方法：有效分解主谓成分，断开之后各个击破。,The deserts, which already occupy about a fourth of the Earths land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace.,(OG Practice 2),Note: occupy,占据；,surface,表面；,alarming,令人担忧的,；,1,、 主语或宾语拉长,解决方法：有效分解主谓成分，断开之后各个击破。,The deserts,which,already occupy about a fourth of the Earths land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace.,(OG Practice 2),Note: occupy,占据；,surface,表面；,alarming,令人担忧的,；,1,、 主语或宾语拉长,解决方法：有效分解主谓成分，断开之后各个击破。,The deserts,which,already occupy about a fourth of the Earths land surface,have,in recent decades,been increasing,at an alarming pace.,(OG Practice 2),Note: occupy,占据；,surface,表面；,decade,十年；,alarming,令人担忧的,；,pace,步伐，速度,2,、分词短语打头,句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式,解决方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。,Working in a century-old schoolhouse in the village of Marland, Pennsylvania, the Conservancys Bud Smith is working with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth and environmental protection.,Note,：,Conservancy,大自然保护协会,2,、分词短语打头,句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式,解决方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。,Working,in a century-old schoolhouse in the village of Marland, Pennsylvania, the Conservancys Bud Smith is working with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth environmental protection.,Note,：,Conservancy,大自然保护协会,2,、分词短语打头,句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式,解决方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。,Working,in a century-old schoolhouse in the village of Marland, Pennsylvania, the Conservancys,Bud Smith is working,with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth and environmental protection.,Note,：,Conservancy,大自然保护协会,2,、分词短语打头,句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式,解决方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。,Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces.,（,TPO,）,Note,：,it refers to society,2,、分词短语打头,句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式,解决方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。,Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces,and,it searches for means to win the favor of these forces.,Note,：,it refers to society,介词短语位于句首类似分词短语形式。,In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States, many Americans are turning to Japan, a country of high academic achievement and economic success, for possible answers.,介词短语位于句首类似分词短语形式。,In a time of,low academic achievement by children in the United States, many Americans are turning to Japan,a country,of high academic achievement and economic success, for possible answers.,介词短语位于句首类似分词短语形式。,In a time of,low academic achievement by children in the United States, many Americans are turning to Japan,a country,of high academic achievement and economic success, for possible answers.,turn to sb for sth,有一段时间，美国的儿童学业表现不尽如人意，许多人于是转向日本，想从中,寻求可能的解决办法，因为日本不仅经济实力强，而且学术成就也很高。,3,、多个谓语动词连用,解决方法：遇到多个谓语动词连用情况要分清主句谓语动词和从句的谓语动词。英语句子本身就犹如一棵大树，只能有一个主干起支撑作用，其他起辅助作用。,Scratchy throats, stuffy noses and body aches all spell misery, but being able to tell if the cause is a cold or flu may make a difference in how long the misery lasts.,Notes: scratchy,痒的；,stuffy,不通气的；,Spell,：引起；,make a difference,有影响，有关系,Scratchy throats, stuffy noses and body aches all,spell,misery, but being able to tell if the cause,is,a cold or flu,may,make,a difference in how long the misery,lasts,.,Notes: scratchy,痒的；,stuffy,不通气的；,Spell,：引起；,make a difference,有影响，有关系,Later, people tried to lift a building off its foundation, and insert rubber and steel between the building and its foundation to reduce the impact of ground vibrations.,Foundation,地基,Insert,插入,Vibration,震动,Later, people,tried,to,lift,a building off its foundation, and,insert,rubber and steel between the building and its foundation to,reduce,the impact of ground vibrations.,Foundation,地基,Insert,插入,Vibration,震动,Later, people,tried,to,lift,a building off its foundation, and,insert,rubber and steel between the building and its foundation to,reduce,the impact of ground vibrations.,Foundation,地基,Insert,插入,Vibration,震动,后来，人们试图解除了它的基础建设，并插入橡胶之间的建筑物和地基钢铁以减少地表震动的影响。,4,、插入语,提示词,such as; for example; including,破折号前后逗号隔开,.,快速阅读的时候通常会把它省略，即忽略不看。,但是，如果根据文章问题回原文定位句子时，如果定位的关键句子包含了以上插入语中的任何一种形式，则答案往往就在此处。例如：,It is possible that tubes made from animal bones were used for spraying because hollow bones, some stained with pigment, have been found nearby. (TPO),It is possible that tubes made from animal bones were used for spraying because hollow bones,some stained with pigment, have been found nearby. (TPO),Pigment:,颜色,It is possible that tubes made from animal bones were used for spraying,because,hollow bones,some stained with pigment,have been found,nearby. (TPO),Pigment:,颜色,Finally, other people may give us instrumental supportfinancial aid, material resources, and needed servicesthat reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems,.,Q,：,Helping a sick neighbor with some repair work is an example of ,A. instrumental support,B. informational support,C. social companionship,D. the strengthening of self-respect,在主语后面加上同位语、插入语、或非限制性定语从句，（甚至是一个句子的主干主语）,注意：发现主语后面有一个逗号，立刻寻找另一个逗号，中间的内容跳读！,A recent study,published in last weeks Journal of the American Medical Association, offers a picture of how risky it is to get a lift from a teenage driver.,Get a lift,搭便车,5,、并列结构连用使得句子变长（单词，短语，句子都可以并列）,并列结构是托福阅读理解中的主要句式。出题人会把几个成分相同的并列句子，通过剔除多余成分从而使其合并为一个很长的句子。,解决方法：破解这样句子的关键是要弄清楚两个句子的逻辑关系，补全成分后重新还原为几个单独的句子即可。例如：,5.,并列结构,One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitativeas taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. (TPO),Note,：,set forth,提出；,imitative,模仿的；,seeas,把,看作；,5.,并列结构,One,set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C,., sees humans,as,naturally imitative,as,taking pleasure,in imitating,persons, things,and,actions,and,in seeing,such imitations. (TPO),Note,：,set forth,提出；,imitative,模仿的；,seeas,把,看作；,pleasure,乐趣；,6,、多重复合句叠加,一个长句子当中可能包含了好几种句式（并列的定语从句、状语从句、介词短语等等）。,解决方法：分清主从句，理清句子逻辑关系至关重要。例如：,（,1,）,Other, however, have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton. (TPO),6,、多重复合句叠加,一个长句子当中可能包含了好几种句式（并列的定语从句、状语从句、介词短语等等）。,解决方法：分清主从句，理清句子逻辑关系至关重要。例如：,（,1,）,Other,however, have adopted the philosophy,that,it is best to use the water,while,it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton. (TPO),