托福ppt课件4(xdf)

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2017/1/19,#,第二次课主要内容：,一、独立写作评分标准,二、独立写作的语言运用（第一部分）,三、独立写作题型分类（按提问方式分类）,一、,独立写作评分标准,5,分,1 Effectively addresses the topic and task by a clear opinion,2 Well organized and well developed,Appropriate explanations, exemplifications and details,3 Unity, progression and coherence,4 Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice and idiomaticity,5 Minor lexical or grammatical errors,1 effectively addresses the topic and task,内容：切题,2 well organized and well developed, using,appropriate,explanations,exemplifications,and,details,展开充分：解释、例证、细节。,specificnot general,concretenot abstract,有教育意义的电影值得看。因为他们总能鼓舞人们或改变人们对生活的态度。,当幸福来敲门,给人们上了一课，那就是如果一个人能坚持梦想并持续努力，总有一天会取得成功。传记电影,莫扎特,向观众展示了一场音乐盛宴，以及一个天才在他所热爱的事业中的坚持和热情。所以，有教育意义的电影是值得花时间看的。,有教育意义的,电影,值得,看。,educative,worth doing sth.,因为他们总能,鼓舞,人们或,改变人们,对生活的,态度,。,inspire,change ones attitude towards life,当幸福来敲门,给人们上了一课，那就是如果一个人能,坚持梦想,并,持续努力,，总有一天会取得成功。,The Pursuit of Happiness,stick to the dream,continue with great effort,传记,电影,莫扎特,向观众展示了一场,音乐盛宴,，以及一个,天才,在他所热爱的,事业,中的,坚持,和,热情,。,biographical,Mozart,musical banquet,genius,persistence,passion,cause,所以，有教育意义的电影是,值得,花时间看的。,be worth doing sth.,有教育意义的电影值得看。因为他们总能鼓舞人们或改变人们对生活的态度。,当幸福来敲门,给人们上了一课，那就是如果一个人能坚持梦想并持续努力，总有一天会取得成功。传记电影,莫扎特,向观众展示了一场音乐盛宴，以及一个天才在他所热爱的事业中的坚持和热情。所以，有教育意义的电影是值得花时间看的。,Movies with educational purpose are worth watching. It is because they can always inspire people or change their attitude towards life.,The Pursuit of Happiness,tells a lesson that if one can stick to the dream and continue with great effort, he/she will finally succeed one day. Also, the biographical movie,Amadeus Mozart,presents watchers a musical banquet, as well as a genius persistence and passion in the cause he loves. So, educative movies are worth spending time.,3 unity, progression and coherence,统一、连贯,Savings are quite important for all families. A plenty of money in the bank account can help us get through emergencies and accidents. I have a friend named Victor. He is really a handsome boy with over 1.8 meter height. Also, his physical condition is so admirable for everyone. His family kept a good habit of depositing money into bank account each month. Last year, he was involved in a horrible accident in the rush hour. He injured terribly and a large amount of money was immediately required to get an operation. Most of their familys deposit was put into use and however, he got through this nightmare. He feels so grateful for the habit of saving money. This incident makes me realize how significant deposits are. (127 words),Savings are quite important for all families. A plenty of money in the bank account can help us get through emergencies and accidents. I have a friend named Victor.,He is really a handsome boy with over 1.8 meter height. Also, his physical condition is so admirable for everyone.,His family kept a good habit of depositing money into bank account each month. Last year, he was involved in a horrible accident in the rush hour. He injured terribly and a large amount of money was immediately required to get an operation. Most of their familys deposit was put into use and,however,therefore, he got through this nightmare. He feels so grateful for the habit of saving money. This incident makes me realize how significant deposits are. (127 words),4 syntactic variety, appropriate word choice and idiomaticity,句式,多样,用词,恰当,表达,地道,5,m,inor lexical or grammatical errors,可以容忍少量小错,4,分,Though some points may not be fully elaborated,Generally well and well,Though it may contain occasional redundancy, digression, or unclear connections,Occasional noticeable minor,3,分,Somewhat developed explanations,Though connection of ideas may be occasionally obscured,Lack of clarity and occasionally obscure meaning,Accurate but limited range of syntactic structures and vocabulary,2,分,Limited development in response to the topic and task;,Inadequate organization or connection of ideas;,Inappropriate or insufficient exemplifications, explanations, or details to support or illustrate generalizations in response to the task;,A noticeably inappropriate choice of words or word forms;,An accumulation of errors in sentence structure and/or usage.,1,分,Serious,disorganization,or,underdevelopment;,Little,or,no,detail,or,irrelevant,specific,or,questionable,responsiveness,to,the,task;,Serious and frequent errors in sentence structure or usage.,0,分,Merely copies words from the topic,rejects the topic, or is otherwise not connected to the topic,is written in a foreign language,consists of keystroke characters, or is blank,二、独立写作的语言运用（第一部分）,Section1,用词合理,Section2,句式多样,Section3,表达地道,独立写作语言运用的误区：,低频词越多越好,句子越长越好,文章字数越多越好,Section 1,用词合理,低频词的合适搭配较少，使用时要注意准确合理。不恰当的低频词的使用破坏语言的一致性。,change VS. transform,influence VS. repercussion,for instance VS. for paragon,change VS. transform,例句：,After changing,the bed sheet, I would fall asleep quickly.,（换床单）,Industrialization transformed,the world,.,（改变世界）,(difference VS. big difference),程度不同,influence VS. repercussion,例句：,Van Gogh had a major influence on,the development of modern painting.,（绘画）,He was arrested on suspicion of driving under the influence of,alcohol.,（酒精）,It was an effort which was to have,painful,repercussions.,（痛苦）,(,中性词,VS.,负面评价,),感情色彩不同,for instance VS. for paragon,例句：,Zhou Enlais moral, personality and noble sentiments set up a paragon for the Chinese nation.,（优秀品质）,(,中性词,VS.,正面评价,),感情色彩不同,We are supposed to relieve our exhaustion and pressure by sailing in seas of wonderful movies and readings, for they plant the seeds of romantic and wisdom.,􀗥􁬖􀯔􁬦􀭩,sailing in seas of,plant the seeds of,语言,修辞性太强,，适用于诗歌、小说等文学作品的创作中。不适合,essay,，托福作文的语言平实、准确即可。,电影和阅读可以缓解人们的压力,。,Movies and readings can relieve our pressure.,Section 2,句式多样,丰富的内容,熟练的语法,丰富的内容,例,:,Junk food is harmful to childrens health.,Potato chips are bad for childrens health. Fried chicken could cause harm to their health. Coca-cola negatively poses their health in danger.,对,有害,is harmful to,be bad for,cause harm to,pose in danger,potato chips,脂肪多导致糖尿病,fried chickens,化学物质多（提味儿、防腐），导致癌症,C,oca-cola,食欲下降导致营养不良,糖分高导致孩子牙齿变坏,potato chips,脂肪多导致糖尿病,fat,d,iabetes,fried chickens,化学物质多导致癌症,chemicals,c,ancer,c,oca-cola,食欲下降导致营养不良,糖分高导致孩子牙齿变坏,appetites,nutrition,sugar,teeth to decay,Junk food is harmful to childrens health. Potato chips have too much fat,which causes diabetes among young children.,Fried chicken contains various chemicals,to add color and flavor.,These chemicals can increase the risks of various diseases such as cancer. Coca-cola decreases childrens appetites for regular meals,causing them lack of nutrition.,Also, cokes have excessive sugar,which gives rise to childrens teeth to decay.,Junk food is harmful to childrens health. Potato chips have too much fat, which causes diabetes among young children. Fried chicken contains various chemicals to add color and flavor. These chemicals can increase the risks of various diseases such as cancer. Coca-cola decreases childrens appetites for regular meals, causing lack of nutrition. Another problem with cokes is that they have excessive sugar, which causes childrens teeth to decay.,三国志：了解三国的历史人物和事件。,（赤壁之战）,大话西游：了解西游记的情节和人物。,（孙悟空帮助唐僧西天取经）,人物和事件,figures and events,三国,Three Kingdom Period,赤壁之战,Battle of Red Cliffs,情节和人物,plots and characters,神圣的宗教教义,the sacred religious teachings,第三次课主要内容：,一、独立写作的语言运用（第二部分）,二、独立写作题型分类（按提问方式分类）,三、谋篇布局（文章结构、论证结构、开头、结尾）,熟练的语法,1.,简单句与复合句,2.,非谓语动词,3.,状语,4.,倒装句,5.,强调句,1.,简单句与复合句,句子的长短根据所要表达的内容需求来选择。,简单句与复合句交替，使句式结构丰富、有节奏感。,句子,简单句,主谓,主系表,主谓宾,主谓宾宾,主谓宾宾补,复合句,并列复合句,主从复合句,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,定语从句,状语从句,Parents should not allow their children to watch television.,（简单句）,兼职工作,有助于,学生把知识应用到实践中，他们的经验也,有利于,学习。,（并列复合句）,有利于,be beneficial to,be conducive to,be good for,be helpful to,be instrumental in,Part-time jobs can help students put their knowledge into practice, and,their experience also helps to learn.,（并列复合句）,Part-time jobs can help students put their knowledge into practice,;,their experience also helps to learn.,（并列复合句）,Parents should be good behavioral model for their children,; however,not every parent is doing well.,（并列复合句）,暴力的电子游戏会给心理不成熟的孩子造成负面影响。,（主从复合句）,negatively affect,immature psychologically,Violent video games can negatively affect children who are immature psychologically.,2.,非谓语动词,非谓语动词,动词不定式,动名词,分词,现在分词,过去分词,为了缓解交通拥堵，市政府鼓励人们乘坐公交出行。,a,lleviate,municipal government,To alleviate traffic congestion, the municipal government encourages people to take public transit.,People,working in big cities,(who work in big cities) are more successful and happier than people staying in villages.,Educators should make sure that their,teaching methods,are acceptable for their students.,When you travel in other countries, you should follow their customs.,Traveling in other countries, you should follow their customs.,（时间）,Matthew,拿着麦克风。,Matthew,在讲语法理论。,Matthew is explaining the grammatical theory. Matthew holds a microphone.,Holding a microphone, Matthew is explaining the grammatical theories.,（伴随）,Affected easily by the media, children should not watch television without their parents.,（原因）,分词作状语，主句和从句的主语要一致。,主从句关系可以是时间、伴随、原因、结果、让步等，不可是,转折,等其他关系。,3.,状语,介词短语、分词短语、不定式短语、状语从句等。,前置或后置,4.,倒装句,语序：自然语序和倒装语序。,倒装语序：完全倒装和部分倒装。,部分倒装的原理：,谓语的一部分（助动词、情态动词、连系动词）,+,主语,+,谓语的主体,部分倒装的应用：,a.,否定副词开头,never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, under no circumstances,She hardly has time to listen to music.,她几乎没时间听音乐。,Hardly,does,she,have,time to listen to music.,b.,“,only +,状语”放句首,只有当基本生活需求被满足了，人们才会很轻松。,satisfy the basic needs of life,feel relieved,Only,when,the basic needs of life are fully satisfied,can,one,feel,relieved.,c.,N,ot only,+,句子,but also,+,句子,.,前半句部分倒装,经济学不但可以为大学的学习打下基础，还可以教会学生如何理财。,lay a solid foundation,manage money,Not only,does,economics,lay,a solid foundation for college study, but it also teaches students how to manage money.,Not only,do,advertisements,increase,sales of the products,but they also,provide consumers with plenty of valuable information.,For students, not only,does,uniform,create,an impression of unity, but it also gives students a sense of identity.,5.,强调句,It is (was),+,被强调部分,+,that,+,句子的其他成分。,被强调部分可以是主语、宾语、表语或状语。,强调的主语如果是人，可以由,who,代替,that,。,由于乔丹的个人魅力，耐克成为全世界顶尖的体育用品制造商。,charisma,leading,sportswear,manufacturer,Because of Jordans charisma, Nike has become the worlds leading sportswear manufacturer.,It is,because of Jordans charisma,that,makes Nike the worlds leading sportswear manufacturer.,It is,because of Jordans charisma,that,Nike has become the worlds leading sportswear manufacturer.,It is,Jordans charisma,that,has made Nike the worlds leading sportswear manufacturer.,It was part-time job that enabled my friend to complete his college education.,Section3,表达地道,仿写的方法：,1.,选取文本（以段,/,文章为单位）,2.,分析文本（文章结构、解题思路、,词汇、句式、内容,）,3.,背诵文本（只记精华）,4.,仿写运用（达到与原文,70%,相似即可）,First, better job preparation,benefits,students. A,well-prepared,student,is,more,likely to,seek a better job. For example,thanks to,the help of the training courses at my school, I now work as an editor for a,multimedia production company,. When I was a,sophomore, the,career center,in my university offered a course,called job preparation for students,. The course taught us,how to,choose our careers,how to,plan our future and,how to,apply and interview for jobs. With the skills I learned in this course, I found an ideal job before graduation.,First, better job preparation,benefits,students,seeking better jobs,. For example,thanks to,the help of the training courses at my school, I now work as an editor for a,multimedia production company,. When I was a,sophomore, the,career center,in my university offered a course,called job preparation for students,. The course taught us,how to,choose our careers,how to,plan our future and,how to,apply and interview for jobs. With the skills I learned in this course, I found a job before graduation.,Revised: Our thinking developed.,Revised: a serious mistake in planning.,Revised: treasure,Revised: accelerate the economic reform,Revised: mechanization,三、独立写作题型分类,提问方式分类：,话题分类：,1,选课类,2,薪水类（工作类）,3,资源分配类,4,今昔对比和预测类,5,幸福类,6,成功类,7,杂项,三、独立写作题型分类（按提问方式分类）,Section 1,：,价值判断类,Section 2,：,现象证明类,Section 3,：,绝对词类,Section 4,：因果关系,类,Section 1,：,价值判断类（问好坏）,出题方式,：单一事物价值判断,含有比较关系的价值判断,三选一的价值判断,解题策略,：利弊分析（七大解题角度,+,个性化角度）,找受益方或者受损方再做利弊分析,拆分法,单一事物价值判断,判断方法,：,should, good, prefer, important, necessary, need to, have to,例,1. People should take different jobs before taking a career in long term.,例,1. People should take several different kinds of job before they take a career in a long term.,（解题方法：利弊分析）,Thesis,：,Agree,accumulate knowledge,broaden social circles,explore professions that interested in,Thesis,：,disagree,prevents from progressing to higher positions,encounter financial problems,difficult to seek another job,例,2. Universities should offer students better job preparation before start working.,例,2. Universities should offer students better job preparation before start working.,（解题方法：找受益方再做利弊分析）,Thesis,：,Agree,Students,：,seek better jobs,University,：,benefit the fame,Society,：,benefit economically,例,3,：,People should not pay for public transportation.,例,3,：,People should not pay for public transportation.,（解题方法一：利弊分析）,Thesis,：,Agree,be helpful to environmental protection,lower the living expense of urban commuters,Concession,Admittedly, transportation companies would suffer from large,financial deficit,. However, if the government can provide them with,relevant subsidy,there will be nothing to worry about,.,拆分法的操作方法：,挑选题目中的名词性概念进行拆分。,如果题干中的名词难以拆分，还可以从以下两个维度进行思考：,1,场景：（工作、学习、生活、紧急情况、突发事件等）,2,人物： 职业（教师、律师、医生、学生、商人等）,年龄（老年、中年、少年）,年级（大学、中学、小学）,例,3,：,People should not pay for public transportation.,（解题方法二：拆分法）,Thesis,：,Disagree,City buses,：,better service,Highway,：,as an investment,Train,：,financial burden,含有比较关系的价值判断,判断方法：,is better than,shouldthan,It is more importantthan,两种类型：,可比、好比（段内比）,不可比、不好比（段间比）,例,1.,Spending money on traveling is better than saving money for future use.,例,1.,Spending money on traveling is better than saving money for future use.,（不可比、不好比的段间比）,Thesis: Agree,widen friend circle,help relax,affect life quality negatively,(,cuisines in fancy restaurants,well-furnished apartment, tour around world,),Concession,Admittedly, money enables us to resist the risk of life. However, as social welfare system is getting perfect, no need to worry such emergencies.,(medical care/unemployment insurance, student loan, compulsory education),三选一的价值判断,题目标志：三个对象,+,问好坏,解题策略：解法同含有比较关系（不可比、不好比）的价值判断类,例,1. Which is important for traveling?,Food, location or friends.,例,1. Which is important for traveling?,Food, location or friends.,Thesis: Friends,Emergencies happen:,wallet was stolen, get injured,Understand historical remains and relics better,Food and location: costly,Concession,Admittedly, fancy food and good location may bring us enjoyment and convenience. However, the benefits obtained by accompanying by friends are more important.,Section 2,：,现象证明类,出题方式：单一事物现象证明,比较关系的现象证明,解题策略：分析原因（七大角度,+,个性化角度）,拆分法,判断方法：是不是、有没有,与价值判断的区别：价值判断是好不好、该不该,单一事物的现象证明,例,1. Playing sports teaches people lessons about life.,例,2. Advertisements make the products seem better than they really are.,例,1. Playing sports teaches people lessons about life.,例,1. Playing sports teaches people lessons about life.,（解题方法：拆分法）,Thesis: Agree,teamwork spiritbasketball,persistencemarathon,couragebungee,例,2. Advertisements make the products seem better than they really are.,例,2. Advertisements make the products seem better than they really are.,（解题思路一：分析原因）,Thesis: Agree,Merchants make profits.,Advertisement is a form of art.,(creative ideas, amazing pictures),Celebrity effect makes products seem better.,(,beautiful or handsome look,),（解题思路二：拆分法）,Thesis: Agree,Fast Moving Consumer Goods,(Crest Toothpaste, Safeguard, Head & Shoulders shampoo),Durable Consumer Goods,(Toyota, HP computers),含有比较关系的现象证明,判断方法：,than in the past,than in today,morethan,comparedwith,解题策略：,分析原因,（段内比较）,拆分法,（段内比较）,例,1.,Life is easier and more comfortable today,than,grandparents were children.,例,1.,Life is easier and more comfortable today,than,grandparents were children.,（解题思路：拆分法）,Thesis: Agree,communication,transportation,medical care,food preparation,Thesis: Disagree,traffic jam,online fraud,natural environment,h,igher work pressure,not secure food,c,omplex social relationship,例,2. People rely on their neighbors less now than they did in the past.,例,2. People rely on their neighbors less now than they did in the past.,Thesis: Agree,m,odern technologies,(camera, electronic eye, security equipment),progress of social welfare,concept change,(idea of living independently),Section 3,：,绝对词类,题目标志：,best, only, most important, always, every, all, never,解题策略：承认合理性，反驳绝对性,反驳绝对性的方法,找弊端,针对绝对词来驳,best,better,only,other,most important,more important,always,exception,all,exception,never,exception,例,1. Increasing teachers salary is the,best,way to improve education.,Admittedly, teachers passion can be motivated by granting more salary. However, it is a statement surpassing the fact.,“言过其实”,T,o say that. is too exaggerated.,I,t overstates that.,overshoot the truth,However, to say that.is an overstatement.,taking,training course,updating school facilities,(projectors, smart board and microphones, etc.),例,2.,Only,movies that teach people something about real life are worth watching.,Admittedly, movies with educational purpose are worthy. It is because they can always inspire people or change their attitude towards life. (,The Pursuit of Happiness, Amadeus Mozart,) However, other types of movies also have their value of existence.,popular comedies,animations,例,3.,A person should,never,make important decision alone.,Admittedly, group discussion,minimizes the risk,of making a wrong decision.,However, to say that is an overstatement.,make a quick decision in emergencies,The same logic applies to,some private issues.,例,4. A person should,never,be impolite to others.,不得不承认的是，大多数情况下有礼貌是值得赞扬的。（等待时排队、公共场合小声儿说话）但是，永远都这样做言过其实。,Admittedly, in most cases,courtesy,is,appreciated,. (stand in line when waiting, talk quietly in public places) However, to say we should never be impolite to others is an overstatement.,Consider emergencies.,(pregnant woman is about to give birth),The same logic applies to,dealing with criminals. (criminals resorted to violence, police nicely whisper to criminal),例,5: Movies and televisions should,always,show audience good rewarded and bad punished.,Thesis: Disagree,Admittedly, in most cases, good and evil have their reward,and punishment.,(inspire positive energy, embody soci,al,justice),However, this principle does have some demerits.,mislead juveniles, result in disastrous consequences,(Once a young man did a good deed without reward, it may break his heart and cease to do good things.),Stereotyped movies decelerate the movie industry.,(no innovation in designing the plot, boring, be reluctant to buy tickets, the whole movie industry suffers),Section 4:,因果关系类,题目标志：因果关系,解题策略：,反驳原因,反驳结果,反驳因果关系,因为哈佛好，所以我要去哈佛。,驳因：,哈佛不好。,驳果：,即使哈佛好，但是我也不想去。因为家人在国内。,驳因果关系：,想去哈佛不是因为哈佛好，而是因为女友经去了。,因为眼睛大，所以他帅。,驳因：,眼睛不大。,驳果：,即使眼睛大也不帅，因为只有,1.1m,。,驳因果关系：,他帅不是因为眼睛大，而是因为心灵美。,例,1. Students should study abroad because they could receive better education.,因为可以接受更好的教育，所以学生毕业后应该出国留学。,国外教育并不一定好。（野鸡大学）,想接受好的教育并不一定去国外。（国内的著名大学、科研机构很多）,学生去国外并不是因为教育好。（实习机会、丰富生活、培养独立、拓宽交际）,国外教育并不一定好。,Foreign education is,not necessarily,good.,（,diploma mill, unaccredited institutions of higher learning,）,does not always,想接受好的教育并不一定去国外。,To receive a good education, students,do not have to,study abroad