北京外国语大学 英汉比较与翻译

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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,英汉语比较与翻译,王克非,MTI,研修班,2011-05-20,主要讲述:,1,、关于,英汉比较与翻译,2,、宏观考察英汉异同与翻译转换,3,、微观分析英汉异同与翻译转换,4,、由异同看翻译,由翻译看异同,一、关于,英汉比较与翻译,语言表达思想。,组成思想的,是,物体、行为、属性、空间、时间等一系列概念。,概念有相通,思想有相似,但语言有差异。,语言有差异不是说不同语言表达不同的思想,而是说不同语言在表达思想时使用了不同的手段。,语言比较就是揭示这些语言手段上的差异,,也,能帮助我们,更好地,理解和,运用,翻译技巧,。,Noam Chomsky,:,各语言都有一套共同的语法,即普遍语法(理性主义语言观,),Leonard Talmy:,各语言的语法只是基于人类认知能力的普遍语法资源的一个子集(认知语言观),共性与个性,普遍性与特殊性,吕叔湘:只有比较才能看出各种语文表现法的共同之点和特殊之点。,王 力:外语教学最有效的方法就是中外语言比较教学,1,)从比较看翻译,比较,/,对比,(,contrastive analysis,),:认识事物的方法,语言比较:认识不同语言或加深对某一语言认识的方法。语言研究基本方法,/,翻译研究基本方法,语言比较的层面:,语音、词汇、句法、语篇、语用、文体等,理论的,(语言学、语言类型学等),语言比较研究:,应用的,(教学、翻译、双语词典研编),全书三部分,一、概论,二、语言的比较与翻译,词语(包括搭配),句子(包括各种句式),语篇,三、文化的比较与翻译,2,)偏实用,少理论。,不求语言对比与翻译理论的完整,注重语言之间异同给翻译的启示。,因此全书比较强调实用。理论分析少,实例说明多。配多样化练习题。,特点:基于语料库(包括英语的,BNC, COCA,和英汉双语的),例证,频率等,通用汉英对应语料库简况,北外,3000,万字,/,词的通用汉英对应语料库,所有语句汉英双语对应链接,附有各种标注,可开展的研究:,语言对比研究,翻译转换研究,翻译教学研究,双语词典研编、自动翻译研究,中英双语在线,Chinese-English Online(CEO),http:/202.204.128.82/CEO/,二、宏观考察英汉异同与翻译转换,翻译是一项跨语言、跨文化的交流活动,译者既需双语能力(,bilingual comepetence,)又需转换能力(,transfer competence,),翻译能力,=,双语能力,+,转换能力,+,其他能力,(基础) (核心) (辅助),语法系统与词汇系统,人类语言,除了语音部分外,主要由词汇和语法两部分构成。,语法是表征结构,词汇是概念内容,语法系统是封闭集,语法形式表达的意义有限,词汇系统是开放集,词汇表达的意义无限,英语较多运用语法手段,汉语更多运用词汇手段,如英语的时、体、态、气,比之于汉语,又如英语名词的性、数、格,比之于汉语,英汉语句式差异与翻译表述,1,),With my present level (of French), I can not read French newspaper easily.,a.,以我现在的(法语)水平,我还不能轻松地读法文报纸。,b.,我的法语,看报很吃力。,2,),It was one of the few gestures of sentiment he was ever to make.,a.,那是他在感情方面所作出的很少的几次表示中的一个例子。,b.,他很少表露感情,这是难得的一次。,三、微观分析英汉异同与翻译转换,1,词语,1,)名词 英汉比较注重性、数、格,大多为中性。,表示女性的,有时同汉语,直接加表示女、坤等语义的词,如女朋友,girl friend,,女医生,woman doctor,,坤表,womens watch,坤包,ladys handbag,但英语中,也有些名词,以,词缀手段,(,-ess,,等,),表示阴性。,像,hostess,(女主人),,不能说,woman host,。,heroine(,女英雄,),,不能说,woman hero,。,汉语单复数概念,有时不明确,,需要根据上下文来判断,,如:,减轻,农民负担,,保护农民,利益,to lighten the,burdens,of,farmers,and protect their,interests,现代英语有三个格:主格、宾格、所有格。,所有格有两种表达方式:,”s,属格,,of,属格,一般,前者用于,有生命名词,,后者用于无生命名词,还有,双重所有格(,两种属格合用,),,,在意义上有,点,特别,如,a friend of my sisters,的意思是我妹妹的一个朋友,,或隐含,我妹妹的朋友不止一个。,注意汉语名词表述的特点。如,汉语抽象名词喜欢加范畴词,“,化,”,、,“,性,”,、,“,度,”,、“现象”,等,来标示性质、状态、程度或特征。译成英语时需要考虑英语里对等的表达形式是否已具有这些语义特征。若有,就不必添加这类范畴词。例如:,讨论,结束两岸敌对状态,问题,Discussing how to end the cross-straits hostility,还需注意各种名词的搭配或组合,low-brow entertainment,低俗的娱乐形式,Best-seller,畅销品,,best-buy,特惠品,copycat product,山寨产品,civil engineering,土木工程,management shake-up,管理层改组,(变动),money laundering,洗钱,2,),动词,除了前面提到的英语的时、体、态、气之外,动词要注意及物与不及物性。,汉语和英语里有许多意义对应的动词在及物和不及物用法上有差异,翻译时要注意这些差异,。,处理这个问题,to deal,with,the problem,竞选市长,to run,for,mayor,回归祖国,to return,to,the motherland,需注意英汉语动词的复合,汉语动词,多,以下面五种方式构成复合词:,1.,主谓式,如头疼(,have a headache,),目击,witness,),首肯(,agree,),2.,动宾式,如签名(,sign,),吹牛(,brag,),说谎(,lie,),讲理(,argue,),3.,动补式,如进来(,enter,),回去(,return,),出去(,go out,),起来(,arise,),4.,并列式,如学习(,study,),欺侮(,bully,),敲诈(,ransom,),5.,限定式,如深入(,penetrate into,),轻视(,despise,),补习(,remediate,),遥控(,telecontrol,),英语复合动词类型主要有:,1.,小品词,+,动词,如,outplay,(击败),,undergo,(经受),,withstand,(经受,),2.,名词,+,动词,如,proof-read,(校对),,mass-produce,(批量生产),,air-drop,(空投),3.,动词,+,动词,如,cross-examine,(反复盘问),,,sleepwalk,(梦游),,kick-start,(启动,发动),4.,形容词,+,动词,如,double-click,(双击),,soft-land,(软着陆),,ill-treat,(虐待),5.,动词,+,形容词,/,副词,如,blow-dry,(吹干),,keep-away(,防范,),3,),连词,和英语相比,汉语较少依赖连词,,多靠,语序表达逻辑关系。在汉语口语里,不使用连接词的情况更多,当然也更多依赖语序。如,先发生的先说,先表原因后说结果。,有统计显示,汉语里连词的使用频率约为,2,,而英语中连词的使用频率却高达,7,。所以,从连词使用上看,英语重形合(,hypotactic,),汉语重意合(,paratactic,)。,因此汉译英时多添补连词:,咱们不打不相识。,We wouldnt have known each other,if,we hadnt had a fight.,国家这么大,这么穷,不努力发展生产,日子怎么过?,In a country as big and as poor as ours,if,we dont try to increase production, how can we survive?,这也是好事情,我们取得了经验。,But this had its good side too,because,we learned from the experience.,反过来,英译汉时可以根据情况略去连词等:,He turned away,and,bent over a chair.,他转身走去,俯在,一把,椅,子,背上。,As long as,you live under my roof, you follow my rules.,住我家,就得听我指挥。,但也常因受英文影响而照搬:,如上句译成“,只要,你,住,在,我家,,你,就得听我,的,指挥,”,在,80,多万汉字的汉译英语料(汉语原文)中,在,时,20,,在,时候,99,,当,时,6,,当,时候,23,,共,148,处。,而在近,80,万字词的英译汉语料(汉语译文)中,在,时,279,,在,时候,140,,当,时,80,,当,时候,18,;共,527,处。,“,以致,”,句:上述汉译英语料中未见一句(,0,),英译汉语料中见到,20,句。,“,如果,”,句:汉译英语料中仅见,44,句,英译汉语料中多达,393,句。,“,要是,”,句,汉译英语料中有,81,处,英译汉语料中出现,139,处。,2,搭配,任何语言中都,有,一,些词经常和另一些词在一起使用,,出现,频率很高。如,black tea, blonde hair, to teach students, beyond belief,,,strong sense/support,这些就,称作搭配(,collocation,)。它既可以是习语,也可以是固定的表达形式,还可以是复合词组。这些搭配也可以归类为语块(,chunk,)或词丛(,cluster,)。,搭配,是学习和使用外语比较困难的地方,,尤其需注意两语言不同搭配时。,比如,,strong,和,powerful,都很“强大”,但英语就喜欢用,strong tea,和,powerful car,,而不是相反。,写作业,*write my homework,do my homework,晒太阳,*to bask the sun,to bask in the sun,瓶装水饮料,*bottled water drinks,bottled water products,语块表述更为松散的搭配,,主要指一些语词常在一起组合使用的情形,,熟悉并掌握,,翻译时,就,可以随时调用,。,in the hands of,在,手上;由,来掌控,rise to the presidency/challenge,登上总统宝座,/,接受挑战,评述性的:,one of the most beautiful/popular/ is famous for its/ one of the finest,陈述方位的:,at the end/corner/heart/top of the/in the center/middle of the/ to the north of the / on the north/opposite side of the/,汉译英时还需尽可能多熟悉和记忆一些汉语的表述。,搭配词(,+knowledge,),NYT CLEC,01 have,37.85%,9.91%,02 use,4.44%,5.54%,03 deny,4.03%,0.00%,04 share,2.48%,0.00%,05 require,1.71%,0.29%,06 gain,1.70%,2.62%,07 test,1.63%,0.29%,08 apply,1.19%,2.04%,09 give,1.18%,1.17%,10 lack,1.00%,0.00%,词语的对应与搭配,“,克服,”与,overcome,1,),有了这样的团结,任何困难和挫折都能,克服,。,With unity like that we can,overcome,any difficulty or setback.,2),要,克服,一个怕字,要有勇气。,We should,overcome,our fears.,从汉译英看,“,克服,”,的其他英文对应与搭配。如:,3),制定了正确的纲领和策略,,克服,了党内的错误思想,formulated a correct programme and correct tactics and,straightened out,the wrong ideas inside the Party.,4),但是,我们的社会主义政策和国家机器有力量去,克服,这些东西。,But with our socialist policies and state apparatus, we shall be able to,cope with,them.,5),但我们有信心,我们的党我们的国家有能力逐步,克服,并最终消除这些消极现象。,But we are confident that our Party and our country are capable of gradually,reducing,these negative phenomena and eventually eliminating them.,6),抓住典型,处理了,效果也大,表明我们下决心,克服,一切阻力抓法制建设和精神文明建设。,Dealing with these cases will have the most effect; it will show our determination to,surmount,all obstacles in strengthening the legal system and promoting ethical progress.,7),第二个目标是,克服,官僚主义,提高工作效率。,The second objective of political structural reform is to,eliminate,bureaucratism and increase efficiency.,8),要相互容忍,相互谦让,相互帮助,相互补充,包括相互,克服,错误和缺点,You should be tolerant and generous with each other, help each other, complement each others thinking and help,correct,each others mistakes and shortcomings.,从英译汉看,“,克服,”对应的英文,。如,:,9) Knowing your natural temper better than I, he could the better judge what arguments to use, whether of tenderness or terror, such as might,prevail over,your hardness and obstinacy,由于他比我更了解你的秉性,他应该是个更合格的法官,他更清楚应该选用什么样的刚柔相济的辞令,来,克服,你的桀骜不驯,10) She,conquered,her fears, and spoke:,她,克服,了内心的畏惧,终于启齿了:,11) But, few cared enough for that to think of it a second time, and, in this matter, as in all others, the common wretches were left to,get out of,their difficulties as they could.,可是注意到这类事件并加以考虑的人却很少因而在这件事上也跟在别的事上一样,普通的穷苦百姓便只有自行努力去,克服,困难了。,12) Greater things than the Doctor had at that time to,contend with, would have yielded before his persevering purpose.,即使当时医生要,克服,的困难比现在还要大得多,在他那坚持不懈的努力之下困难也是会退让的。,13) He, on this part, had pretty well,fought,his weakness,down,.,至于希尔弗,他已经比较成功地,克服,了自己一时的怯懦。,又如,find,与,“,找,”“,发现,”,许多,find,并不对译为“找”或“发现”,:,She would have been content to,find,twenty percent of Toms statement true.,只要汤姆讲的话有百分之二十是真的,她也就心满意足了。,But truly, forsooth, I,find,it hard to believe him the same man.,不过,说老实话,我简直不敢相信他就是那同一个人呢。,How did you,find,that,out,?,你咋知道,?,If hes,found,guilty, you mean to say?,你是说,若是认定他有罪的话,?,汉译英时译为,find,的,其对应也常非“找”,/,“发现”,:,这条,路,还没有,开,出来,各行各业,包括企业,都要解决这个问题。,We have to,find,ways,to provide such opportunities. People in all fields of endeavour, including those in enterprises, should try to solve this problem.,南方不发展,北方还有什么市场,?,For where can the North,find,a market,for its products if the South remains underdeveloped?,解决这个问题,从何入手,,要很好,的,研究。,We have to make a careful analysis to,find out,how to go about political reform.,这些人恰恰就在共产党里,。,They are to be,found, of all places, inside the Communist Party.,3,、句子,英语主语突出型,汉语话题突出型,英汉语语序,时、体、态的不同表述,定语的异同与翻译,状语的异同与翻译,肯定与否定的表达,英语:主语突出,汉语:话题突出,英语常使用物和事做主语;汉语喜欢用人做主语。,The thought of it terrified me.,一想到这我就后怕。,Words failed me.,我说不出话来。,It occurred to him to leave the whole thing to his wife.,他想把这桩事全部交由妻子打理。,汉语句子有时只有话题而隐含主语,,有时,找不到能做主语的成分,,汉译英时要考虑,增补主语,:,有时需,增补表达泛指意义的人称代词或名词,如,one, people, you, things,等。,不到长城非好汉。,He who has never been to the Great Wall is not a true man.,最好等明天再,来,谈罢。,The best thing would be for you to come again tomorrow.,有,时可以考虑通过词类转换将动词转化为抽象名词或名词化结构,并将其置于主语位置,来,重设主语,:,C-E,一看到这条河,我便想起了我的故乡。,The sight of the river reminds me of my hometown.,E-C,A new dignity crept into his walk.,他走起路来,不知不觉地添了几分尊严。,被动句,It has,been noted,with concern that the stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly. Students,are asked,to remind themselves of the rules for the borrowing and return of books, and to bear in mind the needs of other students. Penalties for overdue book will in the future,be,strictly,enforced,.,最近发现图书馆内藏书惊人地减少,因此特要求同学们切记借还书规定,并考虑其他同学的借阅需要。今后凡借书逾期不还者,将严格地课以罚金。,Too many words have been spoken out.,话说的太多了。,He was elected governor of the state of California.,他当选为加利福尼亚州州长。,A map was hung on the wall.,地图挂在墙上。,Children should be taught to speak the truth.,应该教导儿童讲实话。,被动句式,1,),有施事的被动句(包括明确表达和未明确表达出来的施事;如,He was shocked by their beheviour. The pyramids were built around 400 AD.,),2,)无施事的被动句(如,English is spoken here.,),3,)准被动句(如,John was interested in linguistics,),英语被动句翻译成汉语时分别发生什么样的句式变化?,主要译法有几种?,反过来,汉语句式容易译成英语被动句的,除汉语的被动句外,还可能有:,1,),无主句(,去年又发现了一种稀有元素。,);,2,),隐性被动句(,飘,这个书名译得好。这里讲英语,);,3,),带,“,由,V,”,、,“,加以,”,、,“,得到,”,等的句子(,在实践过程中学员们的翻译水平得到了提高。,);,4,),“,是,V,的,”,句(,那台电脑是上个月才买的。,)等等,当然少数情况下也有汉语的被动句译为英语非被动句的:,老太太被风吹病了。,The old lady fell ill because of the draught.,四、由异同看翻译,由翻译看异同,1,),The film is a dramatic treatment of a threatened stoppage in the factory.,a.,影片是对一家工厂的一场受到威胁的罢工的戏剧性的处理。,b.,本片用戏剧手法,表现一家工厂面临罢工威胁的情况。,2,),You neednt care about the affairs in the home.,a.,你不必担心家里的事。,b.,家里的事,你不用管。,3,),If you take this medicine, your illness will surely be cured.,a.,如果你服用这个药,你的病肯定能治好,。,b.,这药吃了准好。,4,),If you have something to say, say it like a gentleman.,a.,你要是有什么话要说,就绅士一点说吧。,b.,有话斯斯文文的说。,5,),There wasnt much to do except watch the calendar,除了看着日历,没多少事可做。,除了眼看着日历一张一张撕下来之外,再没别的事可做了,。,6,),His discourse, says Speidel, became lost in fantastic digressions.,斯派达尔说,他的话开始迷失了,变得奇怪而跑题了。,斯派达尔说,他的话越说越远,越说越离奇,最后不知说到哪儿去了。,7,),The authority of science, which is recognized by most philosophers of the modern epoch, is a very different thing from the authority of the Church, since it is intellectual, not governmental. No penalties fall upon those who reject it; no prudential arguments influence those who accept it. It prevails solely by its intrinsic appeal to reason. It is, moreover, a piecemeal and partial authority; it does not, like the body of Catholic dogma, lay down a complete system, covering human morality, human hopes, and the past and future history of the universe.,科学的权威是近代大多数哲学家都承认的;由于它不是统治威信,而是理智上的威信,所以是一种和教会威信大不相同的东西。,否认它的人并不遭到什么惩罚;承认它的人也决不为从现实利益出发的任何道理所左右。它在本质上求理性裁断。全凭这点制胜。并且,这是一种片段不全的威信;,不像天主教的那套教义,设下一个完备的体系,概括人间道德,人类的希望,以及宇宙的过去和未来的历史。,(罗素,西方哲学史,(下)马元德译,商务印书馆,,1976,),科学的权威,已为近世多数哲学家所承认。此一权威,殊不同于教会的权威。科学权威,理智的力量也;教会权威,统治的力量也。,人于科学权威,可以拒绝,可以接受。拒绝,无须受惩罚;接受,无须出于保身家保名誉之考虑。科学所以有权威,唯一原因,是科学有内在的足以令人折服的力量。 再者,科学的权威,明一理有一理之权威,明二理有二理之权威。科学的权威,止于已明之理,;不若天主教义,乃包罗万象之体系,道德准则,人生理想,甚至世界之过去与未来,无一不在此体系之内。,No penalties fall upon those who reject it; no prudential arguments influence those who accept it. It prevails solely by its intrinsic appeal to reason. It is, moreover, a piecemeal and partial authority,否认它的人并不遭到什么惩罚;承认它的人也决不为从现实利益出发的任何道理所左右。它在本质上求理性裁断。全凭这点制胜。并且,这是一种片段不全的威信,人于科学权威,可以拒绝,可以接受。拒绝,无须受惩罚;接受,无须出于保身家保名誉之考虑。科学所以有权威,唯一原因,是科学有内在的足以令人折服的力量。 再者,科学的权威,明一理有一理之权威,明二理有二理之权威。科学的权威,止于已明之理,谢谢各位!,Thanks,for your patience,
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