器官移植麻醉双语

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,器官移植麻醉双语,Anesthesia for Kidney Transplantation,Kidneys are the most common major organ transplanted,，,the success of kidney transplantation,，,which is largely due to advances in immunosuppressive therapy,，,has greatly improved the quality of life for patients with end-stage renal disease.,2,I,ndications,Patients with end-stage renal diseases and dependent on dialysis,（透析）,for a long time.,3,Characteristic of Pathophysiology,Changes of electrolyte and acid-base balance,Water intoxication,（水中毒），,hyperkalemia,（高钾），,hyponatremia,（低钠），,hypernatremia,（高钠）,and,metabolic acidemia,（代酸）,.,4,Cardiovascular,Hypertension,（高血压,）,Renal ischemia,，,sodium retention and abnormalities in the renin-agiotension system result in systemic hypertension.,Uremic cardiac disease,myocardiosis,（心肌炎），,pericarditis,（心包炎） ，,left ventricular hypertrophy,）（左室肥大），,coronary ischemia,（冠脉缺血），,angiosclerosis,（血管硬化）,.,5,Potential congestive heart failure,（潜在性充血性心力衰竭）,and pulmonary edema,（肺水肿）,arrhythmia,（心律失常）,6,Hematologic,Bone marrow suppression , decreased erythropoietin production , decreased erythrocyte production, increased deformation erythrocyte production and increased bleeding tendency Anemia (,贫血,).,Liver disease coagulation factor,，,Uremia,(,尿毒症,),and using of heparin coagulation disorder,，,bleeding time .,7,Other changes,Nausea,（恶心）,，,vomit,（呕吐）,，,anorexia,（厌食）,，,diarrhoea,（腹泻）,，,ascites,（腹水）,and gastric dilatation,（胃扩张）,.,Infection,（感染）,.,Hypoproteinemia,（低蛋白血症）,，,hyperglycemia,（高血糖症）,.,8,Evaluation and preparation before anesthesia,Preanesthetic evaluation,This assessment includes a patient history,a physical examination and any indicated lab tests , classifying the patient according to the ASA physical status scale completes the assessment.,9,General condition,Patients are often combined with hypoproteinemia , anemia,coagulation disorder and fluid , electrolyte and acid-base disturbance and so on.,Concurrent diseases Cardiovascular,pulmonary, cerebral, hepatic and other diseases are commonly coexisted.,Status of immunosuppression,（免疫抑制）,and infection,（感染）,.,10,Preanesthetic preparation,Care of donor kidney,Kidney should have good circulation perfusion before being separated from donor,warm ischemia time and cold ischemia time should be minimized,separated kidney should be frozen for preservation in reason, transplanted kidney should have good perfusion after rebuilding circulation and renal function should be recovered in time.,11,Dialysis,（透析）,is the most important preparation before operation.,Dialysis often precedes transplan,tation to correct volume or electrolyte derangements.,Hemodialysis,（血液透析）,is more effective than,peritoneal dialysis,（腹膜透析）,.,12,Blood transfusion,（输血）,Blood transfusion should generally be given only to severely anemic patients(hemoglobin/,血色素,6-7g/dl) or when significant intraoperative blood loss is expected.,Controlling infection.,13,Treatment of complication,（,Hypertension , cardiac function ,fluid , electrolyte and acid-base disturbance and so on,）,Fasting,（禁食）,Premedication,（术前用药）,Protection of arteries and veins fistula,14,Principles of anesthesia management,Principles of anesthetics chosen,Anesthetics not primarily dependent on renal excretion for elimination,，,no nephrotoxicity,（肾毒性）,and having short duration of action should be used.,15,Venous anesthetics,Propofol,（异丙酚）,Fentanyl,（芬太尼）,Midazolum,（咪达唑仑）,Etomidate,（依托咪酯）,and small doses of Sodium pentothal,（硫喷妥钠）,are often used.,Inhalational anesthetics,Isoflurane,（异氟烷）,Enflurane,（安氟烷）,Nitrous oxide,（笑气）, Desflurane(,地氟烷,)and sevoflurane,（七氟烷）,are often used,，,methoxyflurane,（甲氧氟烷）,is forbidden because of its nephrotoxicity .,16,Muscle relaxants Atracurium,（阿曲库铵）,Rocuronium,（罗库溴铵）,and Vecuronium,（维库溴铵）,are often used,，,dont use,succinylcholine,（琥珀胆碱）,.,Local asnesthetics,Lidocaine,Bupivacaine, Rupivacaine and Dicaine are often used,，,notice toxicity reactions induced by excessive of local anesthetics, dont use epinephrine,（肾上腺素）,.,17,Postoperative analgesics,Dolantin , tramal , fortanoryn ,PCEA.,Choice of anesthesia,Principles No pain ,muscle relaxed,sedation perfectly ,vital signs stable , no complications.,18,19,Continuous epidural anesthesia for kidney transplantation is often used in China now. Choice of puncture sites, T,11-12,or T,12,L,1,，,L,2-3,or L,3-4,.,20,Advantage Having good muscle relaxation,，,avoiding side effects of muscle relaxants. Avoiding pulmonary infection induced by endotracheal intubation. Avoiding depression to respiration and circulation if the block level is well controlled.,21,Disadvantage Mental stress,Epidural hemorrhage,（出血）,and hematoma,（血肿）,(direct pressure and ischemia to spinal cord ) ,Circulation and respiration depression(if the block level is inadequate controlled).,22,General anesthesia combined intravenous and inhalational anesthesia is often used.,Combined spinal and epidural anesthesia,23,Intraoperative monitoring and anesthetic management,Monitoring Includes ECG, Blood pressure , SPO,2, Temperature , Electrolyte ,Blood gas analysis and urinary output,，,monitoring direct intra-arterial blood pressure and CVP if it is necessary.,24,Anesthetic management,Prevention and cure of hypotension,Prevention and cure of hypertension,Monitoring serum kalium,Urinary output,Drugs,25,Venous road 1,5%Glucose 250ml/iv by drip,DXM 75,mg / iv by drip( 30,60),5%Glucose 250ml / iv by drip,Lasilix,（速尿）,80mg iv when starting to anastomose renal artery,20% Mannitol,（甘露醇）,250 ml iv by dvip (fast) as soon as blood vessel is anastomosed,26,5%Glucose 250ml / iv by dvip,DXM,75mg / iv by drip( 30,60),5%Glucose 250ml / iv by dvip,0.9%NS 250ml / iv by dvip,10%kcl iv,when patient has diuresis,（多尿）,27,Venous road 2,Blood transfusion should be given and Dopamine 2,3g/kg.min iv by drip when it is necessary to enhance 10,20mmHg of pressure before rebuilding circulation.,Maintenance of intravenous fluids is decided by anesthetist.,28,Postoperative management,Sterilize,Avoid anoxia,，,prevent and cure respiratory airway complications,Recover the function of transplanted kidney as soon as possible,Postoperative pain management,29,Transfuse albumin10,20g each day,，,correct acid-base and electrolyte disorder.,Resist infection.,Diagnose , prevent and cure rejection response immunosuppressant drug(,Cyclosprine , Azathioprine and Prednisone).,30,Thank you!,31,