Infinitive动词不定式

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,动词,不动,式,Infinitive,非谓语动词,动词不定式的概念和形式,动词,不定式的时态,动词不定式的语态,动词不定式的用法,一、动词不定式的概念和形式,动词不定式是动词的一种,非谓语动词形式,(the non-finite form of the verb),。,两种形式，即,:,to+v,；,省略,to,的不定式,(bare infinitives,光头不定式,),。有时态和语态之分。,动词不定式在句中不能单独作谓语，故又称非谓语动词。,不定式的形式,:(,以动词,do,为,例,),主动,被动,一般式,to do,to be done,进行式,to be doing,完成式,to have done,to have been done,完成进行式,to have been doing,否定式：,not +to do,二、动词不定式的时态,一般式：所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，或表示泛指一个动作，不表明动作完成进行等状况。,I like to swim in the sea.,(,泛指,),I heard her sing this song,.(,同时发生,),I want to go to Shanghai tomorrow.(,将来发生,),注：有时动作还可以发生在谓语动词动作之前，如用来表示原因。,Im sorry to hear that bad news.,进行式,强调动作的进行状态，一般与谓语动词动作同时进行。,The boy pretended,to be working hard,.,用于口语中，具有,某种感情色彩,，使句子更富表现力。,I dont want,to be lying in hospital,when all the comrades are working in the field.,(,用,to be lying,比,to be lie,更能反映要求去工作的迫切心情,),I dont wish you to be doing stupid things all the time.,在口语中，与,continually,、,forever,、,constantly,、,always,等副词连用，表示反复发生的动作，一般都有贬义、厌烦、不满或藐视情感。,I dont want you to be forever finding fault with me.,完成式,表示不定式动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。,I regretted,to have told,a lie.,在动词,expect,、,hope,、,intend,、,mean,、,suppose,、,think,、,want,等表示希望、期望、意愿等动词的过去时态连用时，表示曾经打算、设想做而没有做成的事。,They expected you to have been here.,注：与,be,动词连用时，表示没有实现过去的计划。,The plane was to have taken off at six, but something went wrong with it.,完成进行式,不定式完成进行时在实际运用中较少，不仅表示不定式动词动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，而且强调其动作还在一直进行着。,I am sorry to have been troubling you all the time.,注：,wish,后不定式、完成式表示与过去事实相反的愿望,。,He said he wished to have been serving in the army during the last three years.,三、动词不定式的语态,一般而言，当不定式说明的人和物是不定式的动作执行者，即是一种主语和谓语的关系时，不定式用,主动语态,。,当不定式所说明的人和物是不定式动作的对象，即是一种动词与宾语关系时，不定式用,被动语态,。,但在某些句子结构中，不定式虽然和所说明的人或物是动词与宾语关系，仍然用主动语态。,主动语态的用法,当动词不定式与被修饰的名词构成主谓关系时，用,主动语态表示主动意义,。,We need someone to help with the typing,.,当动词不定式与修饰名词构成动宾关系，又和句中某一名词或代词构成主谓关系时，用,主动语态表示被动意义,。,I will buy you some magazines to read.,当,不定式作表语形容词的状语，又和句子主语构成动宾关系时，用,主动语态表示被动意义,。,He is hard to convince,.,这种结构中常见的形容词：,easy,、,hard,、,difficult,、,exciting,、,impossible,、,good,、,heavy,、,lovely,、,fit,等。,在,“,This/That is,”,句型,中不定式用,主动语态表示被动意义,。,This is an easy lesson to understand,.,在“,There be,”结构中，不定式作定语修饰主语时，可用不定式主动语态或被动语态，但多数情况下用主动语态。,There is only one thing to do,.,不定式,to blame,、,to seek,、,to let,的主动形式表示被动含义。,The house is to let,.,动词不定式被动语态的用法,当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。,It is an honor for me,to be asked,to speak here.,不定式作动词,want,、,need,、,require,、,deserve,、,bear,等的宾语时，不定式用,被动语态表达被动意义,。,The house needs to be repaired,.,如果不定式不与句中某一名词或代词构成主谓关系，则用不定式的,被动语态表达被动意义,。,The next thing to be considered is when to finish the task.,不定式带有,by,引导的短语时，用,被动语态表达被动意义,。,It was the first job to be done by him.,被不定式修饰的名词除作,to have,外的动词的宾语，不定式说明名词的状态，用不定式,的,被动语态表达被动意义,。,He looked at the boots and shoes to be mended.,四、动词不定式的用法,1,、作主语,2,、作宾语,3,、作宾语补足语,4,、作定语,5,、作状语,6,、作表语,7,、作独立成分,8,、与疑问词等连用,作主语,To finish the work,in ten minutes is very hard.,动词不定式短语作主语时，常用,it,作形式主语，例如上面例句可用如下形式：,It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.,作表语,His job is,to clean,the hall.,注：作表语的不定式通常带,to,，当主语部分含有实义动词,do,，不定式作表语可省略,to,。,The only thing I can do is (to) wait.,What I want to do is play basketball.,【be+,不定式,】,的句型：,用于表示预定计划、安排、协议、命令、义务或可能性等，主语常为第一、三人称。,He is to return next month.(,预定计划,),We are to start for America tomorrow.(,安排,),A good result is not to be expected.(,可能性,),作宾语：,常与不定式作宾语连用的动词有,:agree,ask,beg,choose,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,pretend,promise,prefer,refuse,want, wish,等。,如果不定式,(,宾语,),后面有宾语补足语，则用,it,作形式宾语，真正的宾语,(,不定式,),后置，放在宾语补足语后面。,Mary found it important to study the situation in Russia.,有两类动词后能用,非谓语动词作宾语,：,一类是只能用动名词作宾语的动词,，其中有,:avoid,admit,consider,delay,advise,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,give up,cant help,imagine,keep (on),dont mind,miss,practise,put off,stop,go on,resist,suggest,等，如：,I enjoy working with you.,Would you mind ringing me up tomorrow?,另一类是既可以用动名词，又可以用不定式作宾语的动词,，其中有：,begin,cannot bear,hate,Like,love,continue,forget,intend,plan,prefer,propose,Regret,remember,start,try,want,need,cant afford,等。,注意：有的动词尽管可以用两种结构，但意义明显不同，需认真加以区别：,He tried to write better.(,尽量努力地写,),He tried writing with a brush.(,用毛笔试着写,),I couldnt help finishing it.(,不能不结束某事,),I couldnt help to finish it.(,不能帮助结束某事,),They let off fishing.(,停止钓鱼,),They let off to fish.(,离开某处出发去钓鱼,),I regret to say that there is no wine in the bottle.(,对现在要发生的事表示遗憾、抱歉,),I regret not taking your advice.(,后悔,),stop,As soon as the baby saw his mother, he,stopped,crying,.,When the students arrived at a farm house, they,stopped to have a rest,.,doing,停止做,to do,停下,(,手中的活,),，开始做,remember,I,remember reading the poem,somewhere before.,Remember to post the letter,to me,ok?,doing,记得做过某事,to do,记得去做某事,mean,Missing the last bus,means walking,home.,I dont,mean to hurt,you by saying that.,doing,意味着,to do,打算,动词不定式也可快充当介词宾语,I have no choice but to stay here.,There is nothing to do but wait.,注：不定式虽然起名词作用，但不能做介词宾语，只有在极少数介词如：,about,、,but,、,except,、,besides,、,than,等后面才可以作介词宾语。这时，有的不定式带,to,，有的不定式,不,带,to,。,about,、,but,、,except,、,besides,后一般要带,to,，,但句中如果有实意动词,do,的任意形式，不定式不带,to,。,在,can(could) not but,can(could) not choose but,Can(could) not help but, do nothing else than, do more(less) than, would(had) soonerthan, would,(had) rather than,等固定习惯用法中，其后不定式不带,to,。,作宾语补足语,常以动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：,advise, allow, ask, warn, wish, beg, cause, choose, dare, encourage, expect, force, get, help,invite, lead, leave, like, love, order, mean, oblige,permit, persuade, prefer, prepare, remind, request, teach, trouble, want,等。,Im trying to persuade my dad,to give up smoking,.,As a punishment, she was not permitted,to attend any school activities,.,注意：不带,to,的不定式作宾语补足语,(,一感二听三让五看,),即,:feel,，,hear,、,listen to,，,have,、,let,、,make,，,look,、,see,、,notice,、,observe,、,watch,We felt the house,shake,.,Did anyone hear John,sing that song,?,The sad movie made me,cry,.,Watch that boy,jump,!,注意：不带,to,的不定式作宾语补足语的句子为被动语态时，句中的宾语补足语要加上,to,。,We saw him,get,on the bus.,He was seen,to get,on the bus.,We often hear her,talk,to herself.,She is often heard,to talk,to herself.,动词不定式,常见的感官动词有：,see, watch, observe, look at, notice, feel, listen to, hear, etc.,不定式，,-ing,动词，,-ed,动词的区别,感官动词后用,-ing,表示主动和进行，,-ed,表示被动和完成，不带,to,的不定式,(,动词原形,),表示主动和完成或全过程。,I heard him,singing,in his office.,I,h,eard the song,sung,in English many times.,作定语,动词不定式作定语，与所修饰名词有如下关系：,动宾关系：,I have a meeting,to attend,.,不定式为不及物动词时，应用介词,He found a good house to live,in,.,The child has nothing to worry,about,.,说明所修饰名词的内容（同位语关系）,We have made,a plan to finish the work,.,被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语（主谓关系）,He is,the first,to get here.,作状语,表目的,He worked day and night,to get the money,.,表结果,I visited him,only to find him out,.,表程度（动状关系）,Its,too dark,for us,to see anything,.,独立结构,To tell the truth, I dont agree with you.,类似的结构：,to be frank, to be honest,不定式与疑问词,who, which, when, how,What,等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。,How to solve the problem,is very important.(,主语,),He didnt know,what to say,.(,宾语,),My question is,when to start,.(,表语,),注意：在与,why,连用时，只用于,why,或,why not,开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带,to,。,Why not have a rest?,注,:,主语的不定式常用,it,代替，不定式放在后,面，例：,It is not easy to learn a foreign language.,不定式的否定,not+,不定式，例如：,Tell him not to be late.,不定式与疑问词,what,，,which,，,how,，,where,，,when,连用，例：,He showed me how to use a computer.,Thank you,