三明治段落写作

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,“三明治“作文段落写作方法介绍,整理：廖述霞,1,“三明治“作文,引言段： 开门见山引出话题，阐述个人观点,正文段：详细叙述支持观点的理由,论证或阐述理由,结语段：总结,2,“虎头”,“猪肚”,“豹尾”,3,引言段的写作,文章的开头通常为引言部分，应开门见山地提出论点，明确主题，即文章的中心思想。由于受时间和字数的限制，引言段的第一句话引言句非常重要，它将引出全文的主题。以下为引言段的写作中常用的写作技巧：,4,描写法,现象法,数据法,定义法,对立法,问题法,5,描写法,描写法是指通过生动的描写把文章要讨论的主题、事物、现象反映出来，以引起读者的兴趣。此方法既可以用于记叙文，也可用于论说文。,6,Why College Students Take a Part-time Job,Nowadays college students are seen waiting on tables, cleaning in stores, advertising in streets, teaching in families and doing whatever work they can find,.(描写引言). It has become fashionable for college students to do some odd jobs in their spare time.(中心思想),7,注意：不要花太多笔墨 “为描写而描写”，毕竟描写是个铺垫，目的是引出全文主题，不能本末倒置。一般来说，只能用一两个句子对某一现象做一简约描写就可。,8,现象法,现象法是指言简意赅地陈述某一现象作为引言句，然后直接进入主题。这种方法比较适用于议论文的写作，便于抓住主题，避免离题。,9,No More Video Games,Teenagers are spending far too much time and money in video arcades these days (现象陈述). In my opinion, video games should be done away with. They are nothing but a waste of time, money and energy.(主题),10,数据法,引用权威性的统计数字，把问题或现象显现于读者面前，然后进行分析，使得作者的观点显得客观，有说服力。,11,The Advantages and Disavantages of Private Tutoring,A recent investigation shows that about 80 percent of the primary school pupils have private tutors and about half of the university undergraduates have the experience of being private tutors(数据法做引言句).,Private tutoring has both advantages and disadvantages, yet in my opinion, it does more harm than good to students(主题),12,定义法,通过对文章要讨论的主题，尤其是人们不太熟悉的主题进行释义来引出议论。,13,Should Euthanasia be Advocated?,Euthanasia, a quiet and easy death, or “mercy killing”,(下定义) has become a heated topic among people recently. Many people applaud it and argue that euthanasia should be advocated in our society.(主题),14,对立法,对立法是指文章一开头列举人们对所讨论的问题所持有的不同观点。然后笔锋一转，点出作者自己对这个问题的看法，此方法一般用于议论文。,15,My View on Easing School Childrens Study Burden,Ever since the easing of school childrens study burden is advocated by educators. Some teachers and parents frown at it, saying that it will exert bad effects on the children (引言先引出某些人的观点). But (通过转折引出自己的不同观点，也是全文的主题) I think easing school childrens study burden will do good to school children both physically and mentally.,16,问题法,通过提问来引出要讨论或有争议性的问题。由于作者的问答针对性很强，所以此开头具有较强的逻辑性。,17,Is Money All Powerful,Is money all powerful? If someone asks me such a question (引言句提出问题)，my answer is always the same: No money is by no means all powerful. (通过回答问题引出全文主题),18,注意：上述几种方法开头，都要做到言简意赅，不能花太多笔墨，适宜用一二句话自然过渡到主题上来。否则会影响到主体段和结语段的字数安排，有头重脚轻之嫌。,要避免以下不良倾向：说话兜圈子、主题不明确、辞不达意,19,主体段的写作,在引言段确立全文的主题(中心思想)之后，就可以开始主体段的写作。请充分考虑以下三点：,20,1.根据全文主题确立主体段结构,2.主体段内层次关系,逻辑性原则,重要性原则,3. 主体段的内容,21,1.根据全文主题确立主体段结构,一般来说，段落主要由三个部分组成，即用段落主题句（the topic sentence）开头，用拓展句（the supporting sentence）进行阐述、延伸或举例说明，用结尾句（the concluding sentence）收尾，具体模式为：,段落：,段落主题句+拓展句（1）+拓展句（2）+结尾句。,22,段落主题句应该充分体现全文的中心思想，,要具有概括性,。通常正文段的主题句应该通过,重复关键词，改变句型,的方式与引言段中的全文主题保持一致。位于其后的体现层次的拓展句则意义较为具体，这些句子用来说明、论证、分析中心思想。,23,主体段内层次关系,逻辑性原则,重要性原则,段落：,层次主题句1+拓展句1+拓展句2,段落主题句,层次主题句2+拓展句1+拓展句2,层次主题句3+拓展句1+拓展句2,结尾句,24,3. 主体段的内容,典型性,真实性,相关性,25,主体段几种常用的写作方法,比较法和对比法,举例法,定义法,分析法,类比法,分类法,26,比较法和对比法,比较法和对比法是说明文中常用的写作技巧。比较法主要显示人与人之间、物与物之间的相同之处；对比则展示其不同之处。,1、分开比,分开比就是先叙述a事务的全部特点a1、a2和a3，然后在叙述b事务的相应特点b1、b2和b3。所对比的几个方面应一致。,27,The two universities differ from each in many aspects,(段落主题句两所大学在许多方面不同).,University A,(先说A大学的三个方面) has a strong faculty which claims a high percentage of famous professors and experts. There are altogether 10 colleges in university a, in each of which more than a thousand students are registered. However, its library doesnt have a large storage.,In university B (,再说B大学相同的这三个方面，比较项对应), there are more assistants and lecturers than professors in the faculty. The registered students are only about three thousand. Nevertheless, it has the biggest library in the city and its storage of books is much more than that of university a.,28,2.交叉比,交叉比就是抽出要比较的两个事务所具有的共同点，一项一项地比，以此说明两个基本的事务在这几个共同项上的优劣。在进行交叉比较时应注意转折词的使用。,29,The two universities differ from each other in many aspects,(段落主题句两所大学在许多方面不同).,First,university A has a much stronger faculty than university B (比较一). University A claims a high percentage of famous professors and experts in its faculty; while(转折) in university B, most of the teachers are assistants and lecturers (先说A，通过转折引出B).,Second (,比较二), the number of students registered in university A is much larger than that of university B. There are about 10000 registered students in university A, which is almost third times as much as that of university B.,However,(比较三), university B has the largest library of the city and its storage of books is much more than the library of university A.,30,举例法,举例法就是以具体的事例展开段落，支持论点。例子是笼统泛指的，不一定是真实发生的事。但是，由于它是建立在实际生活基础之上的，是符合逻辑的常理假定的，因而具有很强的说服力。,例：,31,Nowadays in the society, there are enormous fake commodities(段落主题句). For example, when you go to the supermarket, you may buy some fake food commodities(举例一). When you go to the pharmacists, you may buy some fake medicine(举例二). The deep root of this phenomenon lies in peoples greed for material wealth.(层次主题句1) In order to accumulate a large amount of money in a short time, they try every means to produce fake commodities without any regard for other peoples benefit and health. Fake commodities can do great harm to both consumers and the society. (层次主题句2),32,For example, fake medicine is not only a waste of money but also a great harm to the customers health. Sometimes fake medicine can even be fatal(举例二的延续). Fake commodities are usually sold at a low price. It causes unfair competition in the market economy and puts the whole society in disorder.,33,定义法,定义就是确切地说明某一事物的本职属性或某一概念的内涵和外延。一般来说，定义要包含两个方面：一是限定事物的属类，包括能根据其相似之处的共同点而归为一组的条目，因此，类属词的选择很重要；二是说明该事物的种差，使它区别与同一类属种其它事物的特点。,例：,34,Friends are persons who share the same feelings of natural liking and understanding, the same interests, etc.(先给朋友下定义，以区别于其他人). Usually friends can be divided into two kinds: superficial friends and true friends(随后将朋友分为两大类：假朋友与真朋友). Superficial friends only want to be your friend if you are to their advantage. But true friends are always there if you are rich or poor. They support you, take your side, and build up your confidence whenever necessary. By this time youd better separate your friends into the “Phony” or the real(建议).,35,分析法,分析法又叫因果法，是一种常见的论证方式，通过对事理的阐发来进行议论。分析时要紧扣主题，论据充分，以理服人。因果分析法主要解决“为什么”的问题。,例：,36,I prefer to live in the city for the following reasons (段落主题句). First, I can enjoy colorful life in city.(段落层次一，紧紧围绕主题进行分析) There are always many performances and exhibitions through which I can learn a lot. Second, I can enjoy good services in the city.(段落层次二，紧紧围绕主题进行分析) It is convenient for me to go everywhere , by bike or by bus. Department stores and shops, small or large, can offer me whatever I want. Third, I can have more job chances in the city. .(段落层次三，紧紧围绕主题进行分析) If I am not satisfied with the present job, it is easier for me to transfer to another.,37,类比法,类比法时对不同的事物的共同点进行比较，通常是用人们熟悉的事物来阐明某种不易理解的事物，以示该事物的蕴涵和特点。,例：,38,Besides, there are other similarities between eating and reading(段落主题句). We should not eat too much without digesting and assimilating, nor should we read too much without understanding and remembering(类比一：吃要“消化”；读要“理解”). While we are eating, we should leave out the rotten part of the food which will do harm to our health; and while we are reading, we should be able to reject the poisonous content in a book, if any, for it will poison our minds(类比二：吃的要“有利于健康”；读的要“有利于身心”).,39,分类法,分类法又叫例举法，是指通过把某一事物或人分成若干类来对其加以说明。,例：,40,As far as political views are concerned, people fall into three categories(段落主题句就政治观点而言，人分为三种). First are the conservative people(第一种是保守派).Conservatives are opposed to sudden or great changes(拓展句简要说明). Second are the liberal people(第二种是自由派). These people are in favor of progress and reform. But their opinions often seem too idealistic(拓展句简要评述). The third type is the moderate people(第三种是中间派). The moderates keep everything within reasonable litmus. They are more practical in this hard world (拓展句简要评述). In my opinion, most people seem to belong to this group (结论).,41,结语段的写作,通常用三到四句话来概括主题，解说全文。英语写作中的说明文、论说文特别强调首尾呼应，故称为“三明治”式作文。,42,总结式,复述式,展望式,建议式,警示式,43,总结式,在文章结尾处对全文阐述的内容进行概括和总结，以揭示主题。,44,Why College Students Take a Part-time Job,The significance for college students of doing a part-time job means more than money and experience. It will broaden their out-look and exert a profound influence on their personality and life.(总结式),45,复述式,通过重复引言部分提出的观点，达到强化主题、首尾呼应的效果。,46,The Necessity of Voluntary Blood Donation,Since voluntary blood donation is beneficial to the blood receivers, to the donators themselves and to the society, why dont we all join in the line?(复述前面提到的三方面),All in all, voluntary blood is necessary to the whole society.,47,展望式,针对文章讨论的问题，展望未来，鼓舞人心。,48,Why do I Choose to Live in the Suburbs,Living in the suburbs is becoming a predominant pattern, and with the improvement of traffic and perfection of services, it will prove to hold great superiority over city life.,49,建议式,针对文章讨论的问题或现象，提出解决的方法和建议，指明发展规律的方向。,50,The Advantages and Disadvantages of Private Tutoring,Generally speaking, the disadvantages of private tutoring overweigh the advantages. Therefore, greater emphasis should be laid on classroom teaching and practice, on the improvement of teaching quality and on the tapping of the pupils potentialities.(提出建议)Only in this way can a new generation be healthily brought up(做出展望).,51,警示式,指出所讨论的问题的严重性或可能出现的严重性，引起读者的高度重视。,52,My View on Easing School Childrens Study Burden,If we dont ease our school childrens study burden now, just imagine what would become of our children in a few years: their eyes short-sighted, their backs hunched, they are nothing but book worms(指出后果).Therefore, easing our childrens study burden is not a necessity, but a must(得出结论).,53,注意：,注意保持结语段与主题（中心思想）的一致，避免模棱两可的表达。,简洁明了，切忌画蛇添足,避免空喊口号或老生常谈。,54,