PartITheLiteratureofColonialAmerica殖民时代的美国文学

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Part III The Literature of Romanticism(1810-1860） 浪漫主义文学,Unit 7,Literature of,American,Romanticism,美国,浪漫主义,时期,文学,“美国人没有什么文学 我们是说没有什么本土文学，文学都是进口货但是，既然美国人只要六周的时间便可以收到用我们自己的语言写出的表达我们的见识、学问和精神的大包大箱的书籍，他们为什么还要写书？”, 西德尼, 史密斯,The,Literature,of,Romanticism,I,Historical,Introduction,II The,Beginning,of American,Romanticism,III Emerson,Thoreau,and,Transcendentalism,IV The,American,Renaissance,Washington,Irving,James,Fenimore,Cooper,William,Cooper,Bryant,Edgar,Allan,Poe,Ralph,Waldo,Emerson,Henry,David,Thoreau,Nathaniel,Hawthorne,Herman,Melville,Henry,Wadsworth Longfellow,How to,Analyze,Fiction,How to,Analyze,a Short Story,1. History of the Age (p52),The census,The Westward Movement (frontier egalitarianism),Industrialization (contrasting riches and poverty),The life style,Education (literacy),I. Historical Introduction,2. Literary Characteristics,American Romanticism,American Transcendentalism,American Renaissance,I. Historical Introduction,1. Historical Background,The first half of the 19th century,Radical changes,in all aspects of American life:,burgeoning industrialism,great immigration,westward expansion,a variety of foreign influences,(derivative),playground for romantics: magazines,American Romanticism,1. Sir Walter Scott（沃尔特.司各特）,Border tales and Waverly(威佛利） romances American historical romance,2. Byron （拜伦）,Oriental romances American,Indian,romance,Imagination for lyrics of love and passion and despair.,3. Robert Burns（罗伯特.彭斯）,Imagination for lyrics of love and passion and despair.,4. William Wordsworth（威廉.华兹华斯）,Samuel Taylor Coleridge（塞缪尔.泰勒.柯尔律治）,Lyrical Ballads,（抒情歌谣集）,Foreign Influences,2. General characteristics:,A rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism. (,subjective,),The,feelings, intuitions and emotions,were more important than reason and common sense.,Not think of the world as a ticking watch made by God; thought of the world as a,living, breathing being,.,Emphasized,individualism, placing the individual against the group, against authority.,Affirmed,the inner life of the self,(subconscious),American Romanticism,American Romanticism,Cherished strong,interest in the past, especially the medieval.,Attracted by,the wild, the irregular, the indefinite, the remote, the mysterious, and the strange.,Interested in,variety.,mystery, romance and adventure;,literary forms: ballad, lyric, sentimental comedy, problem novel, historical novel, gothic romance, metrical romance, sonnet and critical essay,3. Distinct Features:,Tended to be,moralize, to edify(开导、启发）rather than to entertain.,Presented an entirely,new experience,alien to European culture:,the westward expansion,wilderness,axe,exotic landscape,quaint civilization of a primitive race (Indians),the myth of a New Garden of Eden in America,American Puritanism,Convention: an escape from society and a return to nature,American Romanticism,1. Historical Background,Flourished in,New England,from 1830s to the Civil War.,Romantic idealism on Puritan soil.,A system of thought originating from:,Unitarianism,New-Platoism,German idealistic philosophy,The revelations of,Oriental-mysticism,American Transcendentalism,American Transcendentalism,The Transcendental Club (The movements center),Delighted in abstract discussion,Published their journal,The Dial,(1840-1844),American Transcendentalism,2. “Transcendentalism”,Derived from the Latin verb,transcendere,Defined as the recognition in man of the capacity of,acquiring knowledge transcending the reach of the five senses, or of,knowing truth intuitively,or of,reaching the divine without the need of an intercessor,3. General characteristics,intuition:,by means of the five senses and beyond,spirit (oversoul):,first (matter second),nature:,symbolic of spirit or God,a healthy and restorative influence on human,mind,individual,:,self-reliant and unselfish,American Transcendentalism,American Transcendentalism,feeling/heart thinking:,over reason and head thinking,religion:,an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal,“Oversoul”,(Emerson),American Transcendentalism,Oversoul,is an all-pervading unitary spiritual power of,goodness, omnipresent and omnipotent, existing in nature,and in humanity alike and constituting the chief element of,the universe,American Romanticism,culminated around the,1840s in what has come to be known as “New,England Transcendentalism” or “American,Renaissance”,American Renaissance,(1836-1855),从文学史的角度看,美国的”文艺复兴”文学,并不是一个独立于其浪漫主义文学的全新的,发展,而是它的延续和更辉煌的阶段.超验主义,产生之前的那一段称为前期浪漫主义,以欧文,等人将美国文学提高到欧洲水平为特征,而19,世纪30年代之后的文学称为后期浪漫主义,则,是以,超验主义,激励而起的,“文艺复兴”文学,兴起,并最终产生了独立的美国文学为标志的.,American Renaissance,Unitarianism,Represents a thoughtful revolt against orthodox Puritanism,Believes God as one being, rejecting the doctrine of trinity, stressing the tolerance of difference in religious opinion, and giving each congregation the free control of its own affairs and its independent authority,Lays the foundation for the central doctrines of transcendentalism,Washington Irving,(followed Oliver Goldsmith (1730-1774),James,Fenimore,Cooper,(emulated Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832),William Cullen Bryant,(learned from William Wordsworth (1770-1850,),Edger Allan Poe,(high romantics),II.,The Beginning of American Romanticism (1810-1840),1. Reputation,“The first” (p60-61),“Father of American,Short Stories”,“Father of American,Literature”,Washington Irving,(1783-1859)华盛顿.欧文,2. Life Story,born on Wall Street, New York City, (a rather wealthy,merchant family),1799,studied law,1804-1805,in Europe for his health,1809,first book:,A history of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty,纽约外史,1809,his,fiancee,Matilda died at 17, and he remained a bachelor,1812,editor of,The Analectic Magazine,（,文集杂志,）,in Philadelphia,1815,went to,England,(taking up authorship as a profession),2. Life Story,1819-1820,The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent,见闻札记,1826 to 1829,attache(使馆随员） to the American envoy to,Spain,1829 to 1832,served as secretary to the American legation(公使馆,全体人员） in,London,1832,returned to America,traveled extensively,settled down in his home “Sunnyside,” at,Tarrytown,by the,Hudson River,1842-1846,appointed Minister to,Spain,1850,went to,England,1859,died,3.1 essays,3.2 history and biography,3.3 tales or short stories,Sketch,Book,(1819-1820) 见闻札记,published in England,33 stories,artistic material (of his native New York):,fascinating wilderness,legends and folktales,won him,international,popularity,3. Washington Irvings Works,Sketch,Book,见闻札记,Rip Van Winkle,瑞普.凡温克尔,The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,睡谷传说,Setting:,a fictional ground of,New England,in which reality and imagination converge.,Theme:,distinctly American,Characters:,archetypes like,Rip Van Winkle,and,Ichabod Crane,Rip Van Winkle,瑞普.凡温克尔,讲述了一个,避世与变革,的故事：心地善良，乐于助人，,却有点,惧内的瑞普,，为躲避妻子的责骂，进山砍柴，偶遇老,者邀之同饮，山中一觉返家，发现村里无人认识他，刻薄的,妻子也不知去向，而且,世道,似乎也已经,变,了原来山中方一,夜，世上二十年，世道的确已经变了。,Rip Van Winkle,:1.落后于时代的人,2.嗜睡的人,“睡谷”是哈得孙河畔一个,幽僻,的山间小村，那里,与世隔,绝,，老百姓,思想闭塞,，对各种,鬼怪,深信不疑。,伊卡包德克莱恩,是个乡村穷教师，他爱上了当地的美人,卡特琳娜,，自以为得到,美人的青睐。他穿着一身寒酸的“礼服”参加凡塔塞尔家的舞,会，自鸣得意达到极点。舞会散后，他的情敌,布罗骨,假装当地,流传的鬼怪故事中的,“无头骑士”，,乘着黑夜拦截和追赶伊卡包,德，把他吓得魂不附体。最后，那个“鬼”把抱在胸前的“头”高,高举起，向他狠狠地扔过去，以此结束了这场“夜袭”。,The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,睡谷传说,The Authors Account of Himself,作者自述,Para 1-2: fondness of,new scenes,and,strange characters,and manners.,(,新奇美景，奇风异俗,）,passion in books,Para 3-5: this inclination is more reasonable,beautiful natural scenes in America,Europes charms,historical relics,gigantic race,Para 6:,exotic materials in his works,4. Style of His Works,4.1 graceful, refined, fluent and dignified,models of perfect English,allusions to Shakespeares works, Bibles and,mythology,4.2 sentimental,romantic, retrospective,4.3 humorous, ironic,4.4,theme:,change, mutability (upset the natural order,of things),1.,Summary of the short story,2. Analysis of the short story,2.1 Setting,2.1.1 Tarry Town,the eastern shore of the Hudson river,“one of the quietest places in the whole world”,2.1.2 After American Revolutionary War,2.2 Atmosphere,isolated, tranquil, retired, unchanged, dreamy, cozy,gothic (hollow, old tree, creek, bridge, dark night,graveyard, ghost and goblin), mysterious,The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,2.3 Plot,Conflict:,Crane versus another suitor Brom Bones,Crane versus the inhabitants in Sleepy Hollow,change versus old tradition,city versus countryside,Climax:,Para 61-65,Denouement:,an air of,mystery,The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,2.4 Character,Archetype,原型,An archetype is an original model of a person, ideal example, or a prototype after which others are copied, patterned, or emulated; a symbol universally recognized by all.,Ichabod Crane: pretentious intellectualism,Ichabod:,meaning inglorious in Hebrew,the glory is departed from Israel,The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,New Englander,appearance: bizarre, effete（,虚弱的,）,a city-slicker（,世故的城市人,):,hypocritical, shrewd, commercial (money worship), avaricious(,贪婪的,）superstitious, narrow-minded,The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,Brom Bones: anti-intellectualism,Herculean: the greatest of the Greek heroes, a paragon (,模范,）of masculinity （para 26),a country bumpkin(,乡巴佬,):,rough, vigorous, boisterous(,狂暴的,), arrogant,inwardly very good-hearted, clever,The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,Katrina: (androcentric,男人中心的,narrative type),a country coquette,blooming, plump,whimsical(,古怪的,） and capricious （,反复无常的,）,The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,2.5 Theme,On the surface, it is a romantic love story,To be sorrowful over the changes that were taking place in the countryside, in the life of the cities.,The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,2.6 Technical devices,2.6.1 point of view,The first-person-at-the-second-hand point of view,omniscience-spectator,Narrator,1: Geoffrey Crayon,2. Diedrich Knickerbocker,3. a pleasant, shabby, gentlemanly old fellow,The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,2.6.2 symbolism,bosom, hollow,2.6.3 imagery,vivid description,2.6.4 style,2.6.5 tone,humorous, ironic,Film Clip,睡,谷,传,说,Questions for,The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,and its Movie Version,The Sleepy Hollow,Master storyteller Tim Burton(蒂姆.伯顿, Batman,Edward Scissorhands) directs the eerie, enchanting,version of the classic tale.,What is the profession of the protagonist Crane? Is he welcome to the village?,What is the personality of Crane? And Katrina?,Does the headless horseman exist?,Does Crane leave the sleepy hollow and how?,What is the style of the short story and the movie? Is there anything in common. If there is, what is it?,Do you prefer the original story or the movie? Why?,Quiz,1. Washington Irving is hailed as “Father of,”.,And his book titled,won him international,popularity , in which,and,are,the two stories well known to the readers.,2. As archetypes, what do Rip Van Winkle and Ichabod,mean respectively?,3. What do you think of Washington Irvings writing style?,The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,takes place in Tarrytown, NY. It is about a,Schoolteacher,(Ichabod Crane), who falls in love with the beautiful,Katrina Van Tassel, the daughter of a farmer. Katrina Van Tassel, has but another suitor-the muscular, strong, handsome,Brom Bones, who brags about the number of fights he has fought, and runs around on strong horses with his gang, causing trouble and mischief.,Summary of,The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,When Crane was invited to a party at the Van Tassels house, he rode there, on a spirited horse called,Gunpowder,that he borrowed from his friend Hans Van Ripper. When he got to the Van Tassels house, everyone there sat down to dinner. After the lovely feast of Dutch food such as cakes, pies, preserved fruits, and all sorts of broiled, smoked and roasted meats, the music began. Everyone danced about. Ichabod Crane danced with Katrina Van Tassel.,Summary of,The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,Brom Bones sat in a corner glaring at the dancing couple. Then everyone sat down to listen to stories. The tales were fascinating! They were haunting and exciting! They were stories about ghosts and goblins.,The favorite tale was about the headless horseman, who haunted the graveyard at night.,Summary of,The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,After the party, Ichabod Crane heads home through the graveyard. On his way, the headless horseman chases him. He chases him to the bridge, where Ichabod believes that the horsemans head is thrown at him.,Summary of,The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,The next morning, Gunpowder appeared at his masters (Hans Van Ripper) house without Ichabod Crane. The town issued a search for Ichabod, but instead of finding him, they found Gunpowders saddle. When they looked near the bridge where Andre was captured, they found Ichabod Cranes hat, and a few yards away they found a smashed pumpkin.,Summary of,The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,Edgar Allan Poe,(1809-1849)艾德加.爱伦.坡,1. Reputation,Established a new symbolic,poetry,Formulated the new,short story,in the detective and science fiction line,Developed an important,artistic theory,Laid foundation for,analytical criticism,2. Life Story,a short life of poverty, anxiety, and tragedy,Born,in,Boston,of actor parents,18 months after his birth, his father left the family,Poes mother died of tuberculosis,Lived with his foster parents, Mr. and Mrs. Allan in England and Scotland till 1820,They returned to Richmond, Virginia where Poe was privately tutored till 1826,Entered the University of Virginia in Feb;,In Dec, withdrew from the university because of a,debt of $2,000 in drinking and gambling,2. Life Story,Enlisted in the U.S. Army in May,Appointed to the U.S. Military Academy in,West Point,in July; 8 months later provoked a dismissal by deliberate neglect of duties,Lived as a hack writer (,雇佣文人）,in Baltimore till 1835,Turned to write,short stories,1835,worked as an assistant,editor,for,the Southern,Literary Messenger,till 1837,1837,fired,moved to Philadelphia and edited several,newspapers and magazines,2. Life Story,His wife died,Moved back to Richmond,Died on October 7 “of congestion of the brain”,3.1. Poems,To Helen,致海伦,(1831),The Raven,黑鸦,(1845),(his most famous narrative poem),Annabel Lee,安娜贝尔丽,3.2. Short stories,Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque,天方怪谭(,Ligeia,丽吉娅),The Fall of the House of Usher,厄舍屋的倒塌,3. Edgar Allan Poe s Major Works:,4. Subjects and themes,of Poes Poetry and Fiction,(exotic),4.1.,Subjects:,dying ladies,sickness,abnormal love,4.2.,Themes:,estrangement （疏远）,disappearance,silence,oblivion （遗忘）,all ideas which suggest non-being,5. Poes Literary Theories,5.1 A theory of poetry,short poems:,sustain the level of emotion in the reader,purpose of poetry:,the,creation of beauty,美可以使灵魂激动而变得高尚,potential,topic,:,the death of a beautiful woman,The,immediate object,of poetry:,indefinite pleasure, not truth,5. Poes Literary Theories,Music,is essential:,alliteration, assonance, and repetition,Tone,awesome, sad and melancholy,Melancholy was the most appropriate tone for poetry and that the “death, then, of a beautiful woman is, unquestionably the most poetical topic in the world”, because it provokes the deepest melancholy. (“The Philosophy of Composition”),最高形式的美必然使敏感的心灵悲泣，故而诗歌的基调应是“忧郁”。人最“忧郁”的事莫过于“死”，最富于诗意的“死”莫甚于心爱的人离世 (创作哲学）,5. Poes Literary Theories,5.2,A theory of Tale (short stories),brevity,unity of impression,and,thematic totality,decide the effect first,and then determine the,incidents,aim of the tale:,truth,rather than beauty,The merit of a work of art: judged by its,psychological,effect upon the reader,“,To Helen”,(classical beauty),1. About Helen,Helens unconventional birth,Leda and the Swan,the daughter of Zeus and Leda,“,To Helen”,(classical beauty),Marriage to Menelaus,Helen and Menelaus （斯巴,达王）: When he finally found,Helen in Troy, Menelaus,raised his sword to kill her. He,had demanded that only he,should slay his unfaithful wife;,but, when he was ready to do,so, she dropped her robe from,her shoulders, and the sight of,her beauty caused him to let,the sword drop from his hand.,A flying Eros（爱神） and,Aphrodite （阿芙罗狄蒂）,(on the left) watch the scene.,“,To Helen”,(classical beauty),Seduction by Paris (a,Trojan prince),The Love of Helen and,Paris :a love that soon,fainted, when Helen,realized that Paris is not a,man of courage and strong,character.,“,To Helen”,(classical beauty),Helen was described by,Christopher Marlowe as,having the face that,launched a thousand ships.“,“,To Helen”,(classical beauty),Odysseus is most famous,for the ten eventful years,he took to return home,after the ten-year Trojan,War and his famous,Trojan horse trick.,The Shrine,This shrine to the deified,Menelaus and Helen was,build on the hill of Profitis,Ilias (,壮观的伊利亚修斯山脉,),about 5 kilometers,southeast of Sparta.,The Odyssey,Odyssey mainly centers on,the Greek hero Odysseus (or,Ulysses, as he was known in,Roman myths) and his long,journey home following the,fall of Troy. It takes,Odysseus ten years to reach,Ithaca after the ten-year,Trojan War. In his absence, it,is assumed he has died, and,his wife Penelope and son,Telemachus must deal with a,group of unruly suitors,2. Outline,Stanza 1,2:,Helen: beauty, an impression of a real beautiful woman,Hyacinthus,Naiad,Helens beauty is soothing. (provides security and safety),To Helen,(classical beauty),Stanza 3:,god”-Psyche:,the goddess of the soul in Greek,mythology.,inaccessible image of the hearts desire,The poet associates Helen with Psyche.,Psyche becomes a far-off idealized, unreal woman,(window-niche, statue-like),To Helen,To Helen,3. Poe uses,allusions,to classical names and places, as well as certain kinds of images in Greek myths and epics (hyacinth, Naiad, Psyche; barks of yore, wanderer),Hyacinthus,In the myth, Hyacinthus,was a beautiful youth loved,equally by the god Apollo,and the West Wind, Zephyr.,Jealous that Hyacinth,preferred the radiant archery,god Apollo, Zephyrus blew,Apollos discus off course, so,as to injure and kill Hyacinth.,When he died, Apollo didnt,allow Hades to claim the,young man; rather, he made,a flower, the hyacinth, from,his spilled blood.,Naiad,Naiad:那伊阿得，,住在河流、泉水和,湖泊中的水泉女神,a type of nymph,who presided over,fountains, wells,springs, streams,and brooks.,Cupid and Psyche,Psyche: 普塞克，与Cupid相,恋,In Greek and Roman,mythology, Psyche was the,personification of the,passion of love,“,The Raven”,(the beauty of the form),1. Raven,A talking bird whose only utterance is “Nevermore”,Take the idea from Charles Dickenss novel,Barnaby Rudge,(1841) 巴纳比拉奇,Grip the ravens seemingly nonsensical(荒谬的) comments often reveal greater truths to the reader than to the characters (serve a more symbolic prophetic purpose).,Draw on the traditional association of the bird with ill-omen and death,“,The Raven”,(the beauty of the form),2. Outline,Lines 16:,One night when I was half reading and half napping, I heard a tapping on the door.,Lines 712:,The tapping woke me up and I realized that I had been trying to find something that could ease my sorrow for the lost Lenore.,Lines 1318:,I tried to calm down and to convince myself that it was something late visitor coming.,Lines 1924:,I apologize for not hearing the gentle rapping because I was nearly napping.,Lines 2530:,On opening the door, I found only darkness. I could not help murmuring the name of my lost lover and I hear