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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Henry James (18431916),Life,a wealthy cultured family,father- an eminent philosopher and reformer,brother-a famous philosopher and psychologist,developed a life-long friendship with Howells, who became his “moral police.“(,道德榜样,),He settled down in London in 1876.,In the Harvard Law School, he read French novelists and critics.,He toured England, France and Italy, and met Flaubert and Turgenev.,the cultural influence of Europe,In 1915 he became a British citizen.,Henry James Education,Greatest flexibility, a “sensuous education”:,1843-1844 the family stayed in Europe,1854-1860 again,1869 -1870 his first trip to Europe alone,1872-1874 travelling with his sister,1875 moved to Paris,1876 moved to London,1877 back to Paris,1879 back to London,1883 returned to England for good,Henry James Expatriation,Reasons:,the death of his parents in 1881,dissatisfaction with the material world of the US: “thin, raw, monotonous, undefined” (,Hawthorne,),the attraction of the rich European culture: form, style, social variety, beauty, art and a present suffused with the past,the artistic and literary life in Europe,Literary career: three stages,a. 18651882: international theme,The American,美国人,Daisy Miller,黛西米勒,The Portrait of a Lady,贵妇画像,b. 18821895: inter-personal,relationships and some plays,The novels and plays were poorly received but he got a better knowledge of literary techniques.,c. 18951900: novels and tales dealing with childhood and adolescence, then back to international theme,The Turn of the Screw,螺丝在拧紧,What,Maisie,Knew,梅西所知道的,The Ambassadors,奉使记,The Wings of the Dove,鸽翼,The Golden Bowl,金碗,Jamess international theme,are set against a large international background, usually between Europe and America,focus on the confrontation of the two different cultures with two different groups of people representing two different value systems,his,fame rests upon his novels with,novels,American personalities of,European personalities of,innocence, enthusiasm, vulgarity, ignorance,unsophistication, freshness, freedom, individuality,American heroes and heroines, who confronted European sophistication, either triumphed over it or were overwhelmed.,over-refinement, degeneration, complexity, high cultivation,contrast with,Jamess literary criticism,an indispensable part of his contribution,the artist should write about anything that concerns him, even the ugly and the commonplace,“,The Art of Fiction” ,小说的艺术,Art must be related to life,The only reason for the existence of a novel is that it does attempt to represent life,the aim of the novel is to present life,Jamess literary techniques,1.,“,point of view”,视角,Explain the situation and characters through,one or several minds,readers,observe,events and people through the,consciousness of characters,and,participate,in their experience,method,2.,psychological analysis,the forerunner of ,stream-of-consciousness, novels,the founder of,psychological realism,emphasizes the,inner awareness and inward movement,of characters,Style “stylist”,a. over-elaborate style,b. Language: highly-refined, polished, (,文雅,) insightful, accurate,c. Construction: complicated, intricate,are not the liking of the common readers,The differences between Howells, James, and Mark Twain,Although Howells, James and Twain all worked for realism, there were obvious,differences,between them.,A. In thematic terms, James wrote mostly of the,upper reaches,of American society; Howells concerned himself chiefly with,middle class life,; Mark Twain dealt largely with,the lower strata,of society.,B. Technically, Howells wrote in the vein of,genteel realism, James pursued an “imaginative” treatment of reality or,psychological realism, but Mark Twains contribution to the development of realism and to American literature as a whole was partly through his theories of,localism,in American fiction, and partly through his,colloquial,style.,伊莎贝尔,阿切尔,，一位,美国少女，父母双亡后，被她富有的姨母带,到英国,。在,那,，先后拒绝了,英国,贵族,沃伯顿,和,美国富商,戈德伍德,的求婚。她的表兄,拉尔夫,也爱上她，但他知道自己患不治之症无法结婚，,便,说服父亲把,一笔巨额遗产,留给表妹。,伊莎贝尔又结识,了,梅尔夫人,，对这位已,彻底欧洲化,了的美国女人十分倾倒。姨父,死,后，伊莎贝尔得到遗产去意大利游,历,。进入梅尔夫人布下的圈套。梅尔夫人介绍她认识了长期侨居意大利的美国,人,奥斯蒙德,，,外表,儒雅斯文。伊莎贝尔为之动心；他的女儿,帕茜,，也引起她的爱怜。她不顾亲戚朋友的警告和反对，自作主张下嫁于他。,婚后她发现自己受骗，奥斯蒙德是,平庸卑鄙的小人,。她还发现梅尔夫人是奥斯蒙德的情妇，帕茜是他们的私生女。痛苦,中,，她强作欢颜，对外人隐瞒了婚姻,的,不幸。表兄拉尔夫在英国病危，伊莎贝尔不顾丈夫的反对赶去看他。拉尔夫死后，伊莎贝尔出乎众人的预料，又回到罗马。,The Portrait of a Lady,Isabel Archer,Touchett.couple,Ralph,Lord Warburton,Gaspar Goodwood,Madame Merle,Gilbert Osmond,Pancy,aunt and uncle,love,love,love,Meet in England,married,lovers,daughter,son,friend,themes,independence,identity,contrasting regions,women and femininity,possession,pride,wealth,love,lies and deceit,theme of independence,In this novel,Isabel Archer is totally independent after getting the fortune but it is the,independence that make,s,her have so many self-judgment and ignore othe,r,s advice.,Unrestricted independence,dangerous,The theme of wealth,Independence,happiness,attraction,Danger,desire,tragedy,Having money is nice ,but it comes with a lot of baggage,lovable,tough,glorious,intelligent,brave,responsible,fragile,pitiful,naive,Over-independent,Over-individual,kind,tragic marriage,reasons,personality reason:,over-clever , over-confident, over-independent, full of illusion and naivety,times reason;,new American culture vs,.,ancient European culture,individual subjective limi,t,ations:,self-judgment ignore others advice,
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