奴隶制度与资本主义

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Lesson 13,Teaching Focus,1.,翻译策略：,非完全对应,具体化、抽象化、解释法,2,.,Translation Analysis of slavery and Capitalism (1),P.172,抽象化：扩大词义,，就是,扩大词语的外延,。要扩大词语的外延，就要,减少词语意义内涵,，,减少释义中包含的、上下文却并未提供的特别属性、特征,，从而使其适应对象一般化、笼统化。,具体化：,缩小词义，就是增加内涵，缩小外延，使之具体化、形象化。,解释法：,如果译语中根本没有对应词，又无法造新词，就很可能要加以解释。,使用这些方法的原则，是,译文不得背离原文所描写的实际情况。,1. This temperament often exists in a man of 60 more than a,boy,of 20.,这种气质往往见于,60,岁的老人，而不大见于,20,岁的,小伙子,。（具体化）,2. A great-grandmother of mine lived to the age of ninety-two, and to her last day remained,a terror,to all her descendants.,我的一位曾祖母活到,92,岁，她直到临终都令儿孙,望而生畏。,（具体化）,3. I have seventy-two grandchildren, and if I were sad each time I parted from one of them, I should have a,dismal,（,sad and depressing,）,existence,!,我有七十二个孙儿孙女，要是每离开一个都要难过，我的日子就,惨,了。（具体化,How to grow old,）,Your,temperament,is your basic nature, especially as it is shown in the way that you react to situations or to other people.,boy,/,b,/,(boys),1,N-COUNTA,boy,is a child who will grow up to be a man.,2,N-COUNTYou can refer to a young man as a,boy, especially when talking about relationships between boys and girls.,3,N-COUNT,usu,poss,NSomeones,boy,is their son. (INFORMAL),4,N-COUNT with supp,You can refer to a man as a,boy, especially when you are talking about him in an affectionate way.,(INFORMAL,）,terror,/,terr,/,(terrors),1,N-UNCOUNT,Terror,is very great fear.,2,N-UNCOUNT oft N n,Terror,is violence or the threat of violence, especially when it is used for political reasons.,3,N-COUNT,A,terror,is something that makes you very frightened.,4,N-COUNTIf someone describes a child as a,terror, they think that he or she is naughty and difficult to control. (INFORMAL),4. The other thing to be avoided is,clinging,to,youth in the hope of sucking vigor from its vitality.,另一件需要避免的事就是,老想,和年轻人,呆在一起,，希望从青年的活力中汲取力量。（解释）,5. About a year and a half ago, Jim developed a lump on his forehead and underwent surgery to have it,removed,.,大约一年半，以前，吉姆额头上长了个肿块，做手术把它,切除,了。,(,具体化,),If you,cling,to,someone or something, you hold onto them tightly.,Slavery and Capitalism (1),By,Herbert,Aptheker,奴隶制度与资本主义,(,一,),赫伯特阿普赛克,Pre-translation reading,黑奴贸易,开始于,15,世纪，欧洲殖民者把非洲的黑人贩卖到美洲充当奴隶，大量的非洲黑人来到了美洲。,新航路开辟后，,首先,是葡萄牙、西班牙走上了殖民扩张的道路，,接着,英国、法国、荷兰也走上了殖民掠夺的道路。,在美洲，,欧洲殖民者,强占,印第安人的土地，,建立,种植园的同时，肆意地,屠杀和奴役,印第安人，使印第安人人数锐减，无法为种植园提供足够的劳动力，于是种植园主开始买进非洲黑人，作为奴隶在种植园劳动，这就为欧洲奴隶贩子打开了道路。,由于奴隶贸易,主要是在大西洋东西两岸进行，,西方国家一般称为“大西洋奴隶贸易”。,奴隶贸易,延续,4,个世纪之久，使亿万非洲人丢掉生命，给非洲政治、经济和文化的发展造成极其严重的影响，是非洲历史上一段最黑暗的时期。,奴隶贸易,为西欧资本家带来了巨额利润，成为资本原始积累的重要来源。,In point of,time, the first area outside of Europe to attract,the benign,eye,of acquisitive merchants,the righteous,sigh,of pious missionaries and,the consecrated,sword,（,?,）,of,gracious sovereigns,was that land-mass,1,(,语气,) nearest to,it, and around which one needs to go to reach the fabled riches of Asiathat is, Africa.,从时间顺序上来说，在欧洲之外，引起贪婪的商人们的青睐，让虔诚的传教士发出正义的叹息，令仁慈,(,尊贵的,),的君主拔出神圣的宝剑的第一个地方，是那块离欧洲最近的大陆，要得到传说中亚洲的财富必须绕过的,大陆,那就是非洲。,1. in point of:,With reference to; in the matter of:,the benign eye,of,acquisitive,merchants,benign,(eye):,adj,慈祥的,和善的,. (of people or actions) kindly; gentle,acquisitive,:,keen to acquire things,贪婪,the righteous sigh,of pious missionaries,righteous,: doing what is morally right,正直的,;,公正的,. Someone who is,pious,is very religious and moral.,missionary:,a person who is sent to a foreign country to teach people about Christianity.,the consecrated sword,of,gracious sovereigns,gracious:, (to,sb,) (of persons and,behaviour,) kind, polite and generous (,esp,to,sb,who is socially inferior),和善的,（尤指）礼贤下士的,:,a,gracious lady, hostess, etc,落落大方的女士,女主人等,He,was most gracious,to,everyone, smiling and thanking them.,他对大家彬彬有礼,向他们微笑,道谢,.,attrib,作定语, (,fml,文,) (used as a polite term for royal people or their acts,用作对皇族及其行为的敬语,):,her,gracious Majesty,the Queen,女王陛下, (to,sb,) (of God) merciful,（指上帝）仁慈的,:,He,is kind and gracious to all sinners,who repent.,他对忏悔的罪人一概慈悲为怀,.,（,Oxford,）,6.,sovereign:,(,fml,) ruler with sovereign power, king or queen,7.,landmass:,a large unbroken area of land.,睐,目瞳子不正也。,说文,青睐：,青眼，指人高兴的时候正着看，黑色的眼珠在中间。比喻对人喜爱或重视。如：白眼,The military,subjugation,of Africa in,modern times,2, and the,enslavement,of sections of its population, was begun by Portugal in the middle of the 15th century;,in the ensuing years,3,Spain, England, France, and Holland joined in the lucrative undertaking.,近代以武力征服非洲，把非洲的部分居民变为奴隶,，,始于,十五世纪中期，由葡萄牙首,开先例,3,。此后的岁月中，西班牙、英国、法国和荷兰都加入了这项有利可图的事业。,If something,ensues, it happens immediately after another event, usually as a result of it.,If the Europeans did not reduce subsidies, a trade war would ensue.,If someone,s,u,bj,u,gates,a group of people, they take complete control of them, especially by defeating them in a war. (FORMAL),modern history,eg,of Europe from about 1475 onwards,近代史（如自,1475,年起之欧洲史）,.,马克思主义史观，将,1640,年英国资产阶级革命作为世界近代史开端；将,1917,年俄国十月革命作为世界现代史的开端。,A,lucrative,activity, job, or business deal is very,profitable,.,The beginning,of the modern African slave trade,preceded,Columbus voyage to the Western world,by,half a century.,It started with,Europeans invading the,West African coast,and seizing its inhabitants, in a rather,crude,4,and unorganized fashion, for sale on the European market,especially,(,修饰,?) in the first years, in Portugal and Spain,5,.,近代非洲奴隶贸易，在哥伦布航海到西半球之前半个世纪便,已开始了,。,首先是,欧洲人入侵西非海岸，以相当原始的、无组织的方式捕捉当地居民，运到欧洲市场上出售，最初几年，尤其是运到葡萄牙和西班牙出售。,If one event or period of time,precedes,another, it happens before it. (FORMAL),西非,通常是指,非洲,大陆,南北分界线和向西凸起部分的大片地区，为,地理,、,人种,和,文化,过渡地带。,非洲大陆南,大西洋,海岸线在这一地区呈东西走向的部分曾以,科特迪瓦,、,黄金海岸,而闻名。,奴隶贸易,在这里被人操纵，现在绝大多数,非洲裔美国人,就是当时从“西非”贩运到,美国,的,奴隶,的后代。“,The earliest ext,a,nt,record,6,of a slave-catching expedition is that kept by,Azurara,leader,of a Portuguese venture in 1446.,It,is typical (characteristic, symbolic) of,hundreds,（？）,that were to follow in the generations to come, and we may pause to examine the event as described by,its guiding spirit,7,(,物或人,?),.,现存最早的捕捉奴隶的远征记载是1446年葡萄牙远征队队长阿阻拉拉写的。,这是后世接踵而来的数百次远征的典型,5,。我们暂且考察一下远征队这位,指挥官,6,所描写的一个事件。,ext,a,nt,/,ekstnt,/,If something is,extant, it is still,in existence, in spite of being very old. (FORMAL),Two fourteenth-century manuscripts of this text are still extant.,You can refer to a person as a particular kind of,spirit,if they show a certain characteristic or if they show a lot of enthusiasm in what they are doing.,I like to think of myself as a,free,spirit.,Azuraras,ship made land on,the West-Central coast of Africa,.,Soldiers,swarmed,ashore, captured a few curious souls, and pressed at once inland seeking more victims. They found,a community of people,9, and for the rest, we turn to the record directly:,*,*,略去的引文描写阿祖拉拉的士兵如何一边高呼基督教圣徒的名字，一边捕捉、屠杀黑人。,阿阻拉拉的船在,西非,中部海岸,靠岸,，,士兵们蜂涌上岸，抓了一些好奇的人，然后立即向内地挺进，去搜寻更多的捕捉对象,。他们找到了一个村落。关于其他情况，我们可以直接参看记载：,Swarm:,large number of insects, birds, etc move around together,The,community,is all the people who live in a particular area or place.,As this quotation indicates, in this business the,brutality,was rivaled,only by the,sanctimoniousness,.,Thus,two of the ships,used by good Queen Bess favorite naval hero,Sir,John Hawkins, in his slave-trading business,were called,John the Baptist and Jesus,10,.,这段引语表明，这种生意（奴隶贸易）凶残之至，唯有伪装的神圣才可以与之匹敌,。因此，英明的贝斯女王宠爱的海军英雄约翰霍金斯,爵士,在奴隶买卖中使用的两艘船，就是被命名为施洗礼者约翰号和耶稣号。,“奴隶贸易中的凶残与虚伪都是史无前例的（无人能及的）。”,-,奴隶贸易,凶残之至、虚伪至极,。,sanctimonious,(,derog,贬,),If you say that someone is,sanctimonious, you disapprove of them because you think that they are trying to appear morally better than other people.,假装高尚,正经的,/,虚伪的神圣,Sir,（冠於爵士或准男爵的名字之前,):,Sir Edward,爱德华爵士,This process of rapine and carnage,next,to war-making the most profitable,of all business endeavors (marking the era of capitalism,),11,lasted,for over four hundred years; for ferocity it,has no peer,in,all the awful annals of human oppression. And as a central feature of the process of the primitive accumulation of capital,it,（？）,is a basic component of the history of capitalism,and(,递进,),of American capitalism in particular.,这种掠夺和屠杀延续了四百多年。在标志着资本主义时代到来的,一切买卖中，这种掠夺和屠杀获利之大，仅次于发动战争,。其残忍程度，,在人压迫人的丑恶历史中，是绝无仅有的,。作为资本原始积累过程的核心特征，,这种掠夺和屠杀是资本主义发展史、尤其是美国资本主义发展史的基本组成部分,。,r,a,pine,: (,fml,or,rhet,文或修辞,) act of seizing property by force; plundering,Carnage,is the violent killing,of large numbers of,people, especially in a war.,Slaughter (,many,),；,m,assacre (,a large number of,);,peer,(,a,) C person who is equal to another in rank, status or merit,（官阶,等级,地位或功绩）同等的人,:,名家论译,(,Celebrities on translation),刘宓庆,：,从总体上，即思维的全程来说，翻译思维既包括抽象思维，也包括形象思维。但从主体上分析，翻译属于抽象思维，不属于以具体形象,(,以下：简称具象，心理学中称为表象,),为核心的形象思维,(,或“直观形象思维”,),；也不属于以实际动作为支柱的动作思维,(,或“直观动作思维”,),。,翻译基本上属于抽象思维，即以概念、判断、推理的手段反映客观事物,(,原语和翻译活动,),的运作规律，以获得对事物本质特征及其内在联系的认识。在这里，所谓“客观事物的运作规律”，是指原作语言,(,SL),的宏观的行文体式和组织程式，大体相当于英语常用语,larger context,”；,所渭“事物本质特征及其内在联系”指原文的语言结构和语义系统，大体相当于,meaning,。,换言之，翻译者为探究,SL,的宏观行文体式、语言结构和语义系统，凭借的主要不是具象也不是形体动作，而是概念、判断和推理；这就是说，翻译者的思维活动形式是运用他所掌握的语法知识判断句中词项与词项、句子各部分以及句子与句子之间的关系，以推断语义，构建总体的语义结构。,除语法知识以外，翻译者还必须运用他所掌握的专业概念以及各有关领域的知识，否则，他就不能进行正确的判断和推理，不能符合规律地进行语际间转换的思维活动，当然也就不可能正确地认识原语。,但是，我们不应忽视思维分类的相对性。我们肯定翻译从主体上说属于抽象思维，但不能排斥形象思维对翻译思维的验证或校正作用。明显的例子是图像或图形对词典释义的形象表意作用：一个一目了然的插图可以替代繁琐的概念阐述。,具象可以验证抽象思维是否明确无误，也可以调整抽象思维对客体反映的偏差。视觉语感的功用即在于此。翻译电影剧本时要让翻译者反复观看他所翻译的影片，翻译机械结构及操作规程时也必须既见文又见物，这都是为了确保意义转换的准确无误。,形象思维对文学作品的翻译意义就更大了。其作用主要表现为：,(1),跟踪原著的形象描述过程,(,在某种程度上也是跟踪原作者的形象思维过程,),；,(2),再现原著的形象表现手法；,(3),用形象思维校正译者对原语的理解。,但是，我们同时又不能忽视形象思维中的具象与某些形体动作对翻译思维的干扰作用。这种干扰往往是一些望文生义的翻译的根源。,Cats cradle,之所以被错误地译成“猫的摇篮”，很可能是由于,cat,与,cradle,具有非常具体的形象意义,。,1.,刘宓庆,.,当代翻译理论,M.,北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，,1999,，,82.,练习,(,Exercise),Slavery and Capitalism (2),By,Herbert,Aptheker,奴隶制度与资本主义,This means that in four centuries, from the 15th through the 19th, Africa lost in,enslaved and killed,about 65 to 75 million people, and these were a,select part,of the population, since normally one does not,enslave,the aged, the lame, the sickly.,这就是说,在从,15,世纪至,19,世纪的 四（几）百年中,非洲因被抓去当奴隶或被屠杀而丧失了,7500,万甚至,7500,万人,;,而且,这些人都是非洲人中的精华部分,因为在通常情况下,人们不会把年老、跛足和有病的人（老弱病残 ）抓去当奴隶。,这意味着非洲在四百年里,（,15,世纪,-19,世纪）,被奴役和屠杀的人口达到,6500,万到,7500,万。这些人都是,精挑细选,出来的，因为通常老弱病残不会被,选中,。（抽象化）,It is one of the marvels of human history,that the,peoples,of Africa survived this,unparalleled ordeal,and that they are today more,numerous,and more,highly organized,than ever before and are, indeed,on the threshold,of full national liberation.,非洲各国人民能在这空前的浩劫中生存下来，而且今天比以前任何时候人数都更多、组织得更好（更加团结），并即将获得彻底的民族解放，,确实是人类历史的一大奇迹,。,If you describe something as,unparalleled, you are emphasizing that it is, for example,bigger, better, or worse than,anything else of its kind, or anything that has happened,before,.,Ordeal,: If you describe an experience or situation as an,ordeal, you think it is difficult and unpleasant.,Ordeal,of divorce,离婚的苦难,hardship,(unpleasant),-,trials,(,unpleasant,)-,ordeal,(,difficult & unpleasant,)-,tribulation,(suffering; difficulty),If someone,organizes,workers or if workers,organize, they form a group or society such as a trade union in order to have more power.,If you are,on the threshold of,something exciting or new, you are about to experience it.,But, of course,the heart,of,Africas,contribution,to,the development of European capitalism and of the,American colonies,and of American capitalism,does not lie in,the slave trade,profitable as that was,.,It lies rather in slavery, in the,unpaid and forced,labor of millions of Negroes for over two centuries.,参考译文：但是，非洲对欧洲资本主义、美洲殖民地以及,美国,殖民地的发展作出的最主要的贡献，当然不在于奴隶贸易本身,尽管那是有利可图的,而在于奴隶制，在于上千万的黑人在长达两个多世纪的时间里被迫从事的无偿劳动（无偿的强迫劳动） 。,试译：非洲,的确,对欧洲资本主义、美洲殖民地，特别是美国资本主义的发展做出了,重大,贡献。但是，非洲的贡献并不在于利润丰厚的奴隶贸易本身，而在于奴隶制,两个多世纪里上千万的黑奴被迫从事的无偿劳动。,You use,of course,in order to emphasize a statement that you are making, especially when you are agreeing or disagreeing with someone.,The,heart of,something is the most central and important part of it.,In explaining,the speed and magnitude of the growth,of American capitalism,historians have pointed, correctly, to several factors:,the tremendous size,and,fabulous resources,of the United States;,its,separation,from the continual and devastating,wars,of Europe, which set back its competitors and from which the U.S.,bourgeoisie,reaped huge profits;,参考译文：在说明美国资本主义发展迅速、规模巨大的原因时，史学家们指出的几个因素是正确的：一是美国幅员辽阔，资源及其丰富；二是没有遭受欧洲那种连续不断的毁灭性战乱。战乱使美国的竞争对手日益倒退，而美国资产阶级却从中获取暴利；,试译：在说明美国资本主义发展迅速、规模巨大的原因时，史学家们指出的几个因素是正确的：第一，,美国,幅员辽阔、资源丰富；第二，,美国,不像欧洲那样战乱频仍。毁灭性的战乱使美国的竞争对手日益倒退，而美国资产阶级却从中获取暴利；,In explaining,the speed and magnitude of the growth,of American capitalism,If you talk about the,magnitude,of something, you are talking about its great size, scale, or importance.,You dont appreciate,the magnitude,of her achievement.,a discovery of,the first magnitude,ie,a most important discovery,set back,If something,sets,you,back,or,sets back,a project or scheme, it causes a delay.,There will be a risk of public protest that could set back reforms.,If you,reap,the benefits or the rewards of something, you enjoy the good things that happen as a result of it.,频仍,书连续不断；屡次（多用于坏的方面）：晚清时期，内政腐朽，外患。,the immigration, for generations, of millions of Europeans, Asians, and Latin-Americans with their skills and,strength,and their differences,making,their,domination and exploitation,easier,; the,prolonged existence,of a bourgeois-democratic (,b,u,rw,) republic, an ideal state form,for,the early development and maturing of capitalism. All these are,consequential,.,三是在好几代,人的时间里，,欧洲人、亚洲人、拉丁美洲人移居美国，带来了技术和体力（还带来了种族差异，对他们的统治和剥削也,因而,更加容易）；四是长期存在着资产阶级民主共和国这种适合资本主义早期发展和成熟的理想的政权形式。所有这些因素具有重大的意义。,第三，在几代人的时间里，上千万欧洲、亚洲、拉丁美洲人移居美国，带来了技术和劳动力，同时种族差异使得,美国统治者,对移民的统治和剥削更加容易。第四，,美国,长期存在着资产阶级民主共和国这一理想政体，利于资本主义的早期发展和逐渐成熟。所有这些因素都具有重大意义。,their domination and exploitation,相当于动词不定式,to dominate and exploit them,History study,The study of history-Its study,If one country or person,dominates,another, they have power over them.,consequential,(,fml,文,),Consequential,means the same as,consequent, happening as a direct result of an event or situation,(FORMAL),Something that is,consequential,is important or significant. (FORMAL),