英语语法课件

句子成分v主语主语v谓语谓语v宾语宾语v定语定语v状语状语v表语表语v同位语同位语句子成分主语1主语 定义 主语是句子陈述的对象，说明是谁或什么。表示句子说的是“什么人”或“什么事”。主语是执行句子的行为或动作的主体。可以充当主语的词主语 定义2 名词名词 A moon cake is a delicious,round cake.The first truck is carrying a few baskets.The temperature will stay above zero.The doctor looked over Mrs.Brown very carefully.China does not want to copy the USAs example.名词3 代词代词 Its a young forest.I dont know if it will grow.Thats a bit expensive.Youd better buy a new pair.Im afraid we havent got any black shoes.代词4数词数词One and two is three.One is not enough for me.I want one more.One of them is English.Suddenly one of the bags fell off the truck.Two will be enough.数词5不定式不定式（常以 Its adj.to do sth.形式出现）It is difficult to learn how to swim.It is exciting to listen to Jays music.It is important to learn English.It作主语，有如下情况：作主语，有如下情况：指代刚刚提到的事物：Whats this?Its a bus.表示时间，天气，距离：Whats the time?Its eight oclock.(时间)Whats it going to be tomorrow?Its going to be rainy.(天气)How far is it?Its about one kilometer away.(距离)不定式（常以 Its adj.to do sth.形6There be 句型中，be 作谓语，主语位居其后 There are many different kinds of mooncakes.There will be a strong wind.There be 句型中，be 作谓语，主语位居其后 7谓语 定义 谓语表示主语所做的动作或所处的状态。分类（1）简单谓语 (2)复杂谓语谓语 定义8v简单谓语：凡由一个动词（或动词词组）构成的谓语都是简单谓语 Eg I like walking.(一般现在时主动语态)I made your birthday cake last night.(一般过去时主动语态)It is used by travelers and business people all over the world.(一般现在时被动语态)简单谓语：凡由一个动词（或动词词组）构成的谓语都是简单谓语 9v复合谓语（分两种情况）（1）情态动词/助动词+动词原形 I wont do it again.I can not swim.Ill go and move away the bag of rice with Lin Tao.What does this word mean?复合谓语（分两种情况）10 (2）系表结构：系动词+表语构成的复合谓语 系动词状态状态Be变化变化Become growTurn go come终止终止Prove;turn out感官感官Feel smell Sound taste表象表象Look seemAppear持续持续Keep restRemain stay (2）系表结构：系动词+表语构成的复合谓语系动词状态变11u 状态 He is ill.I am a teacher.u 持续 He always keeps silent in class.This matter rests(remains)a mystery.u 表象 状态12 He looks tired.He lost his girlfriend so he seems to be very sad.u感官 This kind of clothes feels soft.The cake tastes delicious.u 变化 China becomes strong after its entrance into WTO.u 终止 The rumor proved false.His plan turned out a success.He looks tired.13宾语 定义 宾语是谓语动作所涉及的对象,它是动作的承受者,宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的成分担任，宾语一般放在谓语动词后面。例句 I saw a cat in the tree.We think you are right.宾语 定义14Attention1：宾语的分类直接宾语：多指物间接宾语 多指人例句：Give the rubber to me Please give the letter to XiaoLi.My father bought me a book.Attention1：宾语的分类15vAttention2:宾补（宾语补足语）有些及物动词除跟一个宾语外，还需要加上宾语补足语,否则意思不完整,它们一起构成复合宾语,复合宾语中宾语和后面的宾语补足语有一种逻辑上的主谓关系，这也是判断是两个宾语还是复合宾语的依据,宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的词担任。Attention2:宾补（宾语补足语）16v例句：vWe all call him LaoWang.vPlease color it red.vWe found the little girl in the hill.例句：17定语 定义 用于描述名词,代词,短语或从句的性质,特征范围等情况的词叫做定语,定语可以由名词,形容词和起名词和形容词作用的词,短语担任。如果定语是单个词,定语放在被修饰词的前面,如果是词组,定语放在被修饰词的后面。定语 定义18vThat is a beautiful flower.vThe TV set made in that factory is very good.vThis is my book,not your book.vThere are more than twenty trees in our school.vI have a lot of things to do.vOur country is a developing country.That is a beautiful flower.19状语 定义 说明事物发生的时间,地点,原因,目的,结果方式,条件或伴随情况,程度等情况的词叫状语。作用 状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等 状语 定义20 做状语的成分 副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。例句：A、副词一般在句子中做状语 He speaks English very well.他英语说得非常好.He is playing under the tree.中的under the tree是地点状语.做状语的成分21B、不定式在句子中可以作目的状语。I come specially to see you.我专门来看你.C、介词短语 Ten years ago,She began to live in Dalian.The boy was praised for his bravery.D、从句作状语 When she was 12 years old,she began to live in Dalian.If I am not busy tomorrow,I will play football with you.E、分词作状语 Having had a quarrel with his wife,he left home in a bad temper。Inhibited in one direction,it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another.B、不定式在句子中可以作目的状语。22主谓一致主谓一致主要内容：v集合名词作主语时的主谓一致 v主语从句作主语时谓语的确定 vor,either-or,nor,neither-nor,not only-but(also),not-but等连接两个并列主语时的主谓一致情况 主谓一致主谓一致主要内容：23主语+as well as,with,together with,along with,rather than,but,except,besides等词时的主谓一致 由不同数词修饰的名词作主语时谓语的确定 定语从句中谓语的数 the+形容词作主语时谓语的确定 时间、距离等度量名词作主语时谓语的数 主语+as well as,with,together 24一个定义三个原则v一个定义：在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。v三个原则：语法一致；逻辑意义一致；就近原则 一个定义三个原则一个定义：在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动25语法一致原则v定义：语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。v用法：(一）以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。语法一致原则定义：语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式26例句：1.His father is working on the farm.2.To study English well is not easy.3.Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.4.What he said is very important for us all.5.The children were in the classroom two hours ago.例句：27v（二）主语有and 或者bothand连接的主语谓语动词用复数。v例句：Lucy and Lily are twins.She and I are classmates.The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news.Both she and he are Young Pioneers.（二）主语有and 或者bothand连接的主语谓语动词28v特殊情况：1.The great writer and artist is _loved by this woman.如果and 连接的两个词指的是同一事物，谓语动词用单数。2.Every student and every teacher _in the room。3.No boy and no girl _it.4.主语前如果分别有no,each,every其谓语动词要用单数形式 特殊情况：29v(三）主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with,together with,except,but,like,as well as,rather than,more than,no less than,besides,including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。v例句：1.Mr Green,together with his wife and children,has come to China.2.Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.3.She,like you and Tom,is very tall.(三）主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with,toge30v（四）在定语从句时，关系代词that,who,which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。v例句：He is one of my friends who are working hard.v注意：如果主句中出现Only,那么先行词要注意。v例如：He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.（四）在定语从句时，关系代词that,who,which31v（五）集体名词 如果集体名词指的是整体谓语动词用单数；如果集体命题指的是集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family,class,crowd,committee,population,audience等。例句：1.Class Four is on the third floor.2.Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.（五）集体名词32v（六）表述很多，许多，一些，大多数的数量词，“a lot of,lots of,plenty of,the rest of,the majority of+名词”其后谓语动词的单复数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。v例如：1.There are a lot of people in the classroom.2.The rest of the lecture is wonderful.3.50%of the students in our class are girls.（六）表述很多，许多，一些，大多数的数量词，“a lot o33逻辑意义一致v定义：逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）。逻辑意义一致定义：逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意34几种情况(一）what,who,which,any,more,all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定 v例如：1.Which is your bag?/Which are your bags?2.All is going well./All have gone to Beijing.几种情况(一）what,who,which,any,35（二）表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。例句：1.Thirty minutes is enough for the work.2.One hundred miles is a long way.3.100 kilogram is heavy for a old people to carry.（二）表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，36(三）若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。v例如：The Arabian Nightsis an interesting story-book.(四）算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。例如：1.Twelve plus eight is twenty.2.Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.(三）若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式37（五）一些学科名词是以-ics 结尾，如：mathematics,politics,physics 以及news,works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：1.The paper works was built in 1990.2.I think physics isnt easy to study.（五）一些学科名词是以-ics 结尾，如：mathemat38（六）trousers,glasses,clothes,shoes,等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a(the)pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。例如：My glasses are broken.The pair of shoes under the bed is his.（六）trousers,glasses,clothes,39就近原则v定义：在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。哪些词是就近原则？就近原则定义：在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主40有这些词！vNeithernorvEitherorvNot onlybut alsovWhetheror vThere be 有这些词！Neithernor41来看一下例句吧！vEither the teacher or the students are our friends.vNeither they nor he is wholly right.vIs neither he nor they wholly right?vNot only all the teachers but Jim sees the school master.vThere are two chairs and a desk in the room 来看一下例句吧！Either the teacher or 42p经常不断地学习,你就什么都知道。你知道得越多,你就越有力量pStudyConstantly,AndYouWillKnowEverything.TheMoreYouKnow,TheMorePowerfulYouWillBe写在最后经常不断地学习,你就什么都知道。你知道得越多,你就越有力量写43Thank You在别人的演说中思考，在自己的故事里成长Thinking In Other PeopleS Speeches，Growing Up In Your Own Story讲师：XXXXXX XX年XX月XX日Thank You44