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从句从句（Subordinate Clause）是复合句中不能独立成句，但具有主语部分和谓语部分，由that、who、whom、when、why、where、how、which等引导词引导的非主句部分。从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，是一个特殊句子，就像一个句子一样。所不同在于，从句须由一个关联词（connective）引导。根据从句语法功能的不同可分为：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句（名词性）、定语从句（形容词性）和状语从句（状语性质）6类。主语主语从句、从句、表语从句表语从句、宾语从句宾语从句、同位语从句同位语从句名名词词性性从从句句名名词词性性从从句句Whatweneedistime.Thequestioniswhenwecanarriveatthehotel.IdontthinkyouarerightIheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon定语从句定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。Thedogthat/whichwaslosthasbeenfound.状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。状语1.副词一般在句子中做状语HespeaksEnglishverywell.他英语说得非常好.Heisplayingunderthetree.中的underthetree是地点状语.2.不定式在句子中可以作目的状语。Icomespeciallytoseeyou.我专门来看你.3.介词短语Tenyearsago,ShebegantoliveinDalian.Theboywaspraisedforhisbravery.4.从句作状语Whenshewas12yearsold,shebegantoliveinDalian.IfIamnotbusytomorrow,Iwillplayfootballwithyou.5.分词作状语Havinghadaquarrelwithhiswife,helefthomeinabadtemper。Inhibitedinonedirection,itnowseemsthattheMississippiisabouttotakeanother.状语从句状语从句（AdverbialClause），在复合句），在复合句中作状语的从句，叫做状语从句。中作状语的从句，叫做状语从句。句子用作状语时，起副词作用。状句子用作状语时，起副词作用。状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。谓语。Adverbial Clauses 时间时间-when,while,as,after,before,since,until/till,once,as soon as/the moment/immediately 一一就就 each/every time,by the time地点地点-where,anywhere,everywhere原因原因-because,since,as,now that(既然既然)条件条件-if,unless,suppose（假设（假设）,in case（以防）（以防）,so(as)long as（只要）（只要）,on condition that（条件是）（条件是）让步让步-(al)though,as,even if,even though,no matter/ever目的目的-so that,in order that,结果结果-so that,sothat,suchthat方式方式-as,as if/as though（好像）（好像）比较比较-than,asas/The,the.时间状语从句常用连词：时间状语从句常用连词：_:when,while,as,_:since_:before_:till,until,notuntil_:as soon as,immediately,the moment,the minute,directly,instantly,_:no sooner than,hardly/scarcelywhen _:each/every time,next time 直到直到 当当的时候的时候自从自从 以来以来还没还没就就一一就就 在在之前之前刚刚就就 每次每次,下次下次必须用必须用when的情况的情况We were about to go out when the teacher came in.我们正要出去，我们正要出去，突然老师进来了。突然老师进来了。We were doing our homework when the teacher came in.我们正在写作业时，突然老师进来了。我们正在写作业时，突然老师进来了。1.be about to do sth.when2.be doing sth.when1.when,while,as 1.当当时时While he was walking in the street,he met Tim.（时间状语从句）时间状语从句）=While walking in the street,he met Tim.（现在分词作状语）（现在分词作状语）=Walking in the street,he met Tom.（省略（省略while）2.然而然而（表对比）（表对比）I like tea while she likes coffee.必须用必须用while的情况的情况3.虽然虽然但是但是(表让步表让步)While volleyball is her main focus,shes also great at basketball.As the sun rose,the fog dispersed.As times goes,its getting colder.经常用经常用as的情况的情况强调主从句动作强调主从句动作同时发生同时发生有有“随着随着”或或“一边一边一边一边”的意思的意思 _ I was walking down the street,I noticed a police car in front of the store._ John arrived,I was cooking lunch._ he grew older,he lost interest in everything except gardening.I was wandering through the street_ I caught sight of a tailors shop.While/When/AsWhenwhenwhenAsExercise 1）“还未还未就就;不到不到就就;”We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land.我们航行了4天4夜才看到陆地.We hadnt run a mile before he felt tired.我们跑了还不到一英里他就累了.Before I could get in a word,he had measured me.我还没来得及插话他就给我 量好了尺寸.2.before,sinceI.before 2）从句中谓语不用否定式从句中谓语不用否定式 Before they reached the station,the train had gone.他们还没到火车站，火车已开走了。3）It will be+一段时间一段时间+before多久之后才多久之后才 It will be half a year before I come back.还得呆半年我才能回来.It wont be long before we meet again.没多长时间我们就会见面了.2.before,since1）从句的谓语动词一般是非延续性动词非延续性动词,主句的谓语动词是延续性延续性的或者是反反 复发生过的动作复发生过的动作.Since 从句的时态若 是一般过去时,从句时态是现在完成时 或现在完成进行时.I have written home four times since I came here.自从我来到这儿,我给家写了四封信.She has been working in this factory since she left school.她离开学校以来就在这个工厂工作。II.since2.before,since 2）It is+一段时间一段时间+since从句从句 时间从时间从since从句的动作完成或状态结束时从句的动作完成或状态结束时 算起算起.It is three years since the war broke out.自战争爆发以来有三年了.It is three years since I stopped smoking a cigar 我不吸烟有三年了.It is three years since I began to smoke.我吸烟有三年了.2.before,since1.TheresearchwilltakeJoanandPaulaboutfivemonths;itwillbealongtime_wemeetthemagain.A.afterB.beforeC.since D.when2.Wehaveneverseenheragain_shewenttoworkinanothercity.A.whenB.asC.sinceD.while3.Hewastoldthatitwouldbeatleastthreemoremonths_hecouldrecoverandreturntowork.A.when B.beforeC.sinceD.thatExercise1.Until 比比till更正式更正式2.Until可以放句首可以放句首,till不可以不可以Iwontleaveuntil/tillhecomesback.Iwillstayheruntil/tillhecomesback.Untilhecomesback,Iwontgo.1.Itwas_thatIleft.2.Notuntil_.notuntilhecamebackhecomesbackwillIleave3.till,until,notunitl4.as soon as,immediately,the moment,the minute,directly,the instant,instantly,no soonerthan,hardly/scarcelywhen As soon as he entered the classroom,the bell rang.Hehad_whenthebellrang.Hehad_thanthebellrang.hardly entered the roomno sooner entered the roomHardly/Scarely_whenthebellrang.had he entered the room5.each/every time,next time,the first/last time,any time,all the time,by the timeEach time I was in trouble,he would come to help me out.Be sure to call me next time you come here.He was ill the last time I visited him.By the time I graduate from this school,I will have been here for three years.功能引导词时间when,while,as,since,before,till,until,not.until,as soon as,immediately,the moment,the minute,once,directly,the instant,instantlyno soonerthan,hardly/scarcelywhen,every time,each time,next time,the first time,any time,all the time,Summary 1.IwassofamiliarwithhimthatIrecognizedhisvoice_Ipickedupthephone.A.whileB.afterC.IncaseD.theminute2.Howlongdoyouthinkitwilltake_ourproductbecomespopularwiththeconsumers?A.whenB.untilC.beforeD.sinceExercise3._ the day went on,the weather got worse.A.With B.since C.As D.While4.He was halfway through his meal _ a familiar voice came to his ears.A.why B.where C.when D.while5.Hardly _ into the village _ it began to rain.A.we had got;when B.we got;thanC.had we got;when D.did we get;thanExercisePractice1.How long has this bookshop been in business?-_ 1999.A.After B.In C.From D.Since2.Mother was worried because little Alice was ill,especially _ Father was away in France.A.as B.that C.during D.if3.-I am going to the post office.-_ Youre there,can you get me some stamps?A.As B.While C.Because D.If4.Someone called me up in the middle of the night,but they hung up _ I could answer the phone.A.as B.since C.until D.beforeDABD5.Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her?Yes,I gave it to her _ I saw her.A.while B.the moment C.suddenly D.once6.A good storyteller must be able to hold his listeners curiosity _ he reaches the end of the story.A.when B.unless C.after D.until7.Generally speaking,_ according to the directions,the drug has no side effect.A.when taking B.when taken C.when to take D.when to be takenBDB8.Was his father very strict with him when he was at school?Yes.He has never praised him _ he became one of the top students in his grade.A.after B.unless C.until D.when 9.He made a mistake,but then he corrected the situation _ it got worse.A.until B.when C.before D.as10.Scientists say it may be five or six years _ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.A.since B.after C.before D.when 11.It was evening _ we reached the little town of Winchester.A.that B.until C.since D.beforeCCCD12._ modeling business is by no means easy to get into,the good model will always be in demand.A.While B.Since C.As D.If13.We were swimming in the lake _ suddenly the storm started.A.when B.while C.until D.before14.We were told that we should follow the main road _ we reached the central railway station.A.whenever B.until C.while D.wherever AAB15.Several weeks had gone by _I realized the painting,was missing.A.as B.before C.since D.when16.Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park _she was bitten on the leg by a lion.A.when B.while C.since D.once 17.It is almost five years _we saw each other last time.A.before B.since C.after D.when18.Simon thought his computer was broken_ his little brother pointed out that he had forgotten to turn it on.A.until B.unless C.after D.becauseBABA20.Did Jack come back early last night?Yes.It was not yet eight oclock_ he arrived home.A.before B.when C.that D.until21.-How long do you think it will be _ China sends a manned spaceship to the moon?-Perhaps two or three years.A.when B.until C.that D.before22.You cant have this football back _you promise not to kick it at my cat again,the old man said firmly.A.because B.since C.when D.untilBDD1.I had just stepped out of the bathroom and was busily drying myself with a towel _ I heard the steps.A.while B.when C.since D.after2.That was really a splendid evening.It s years _ I enjoyed myself so much.A.when B.that C.before D.since3.-Why didnt you tell him about the meeting?-He rushed out of the room _I could say a word.A.before B.until C.when D.after4.The field research will take Joan and Paul about five months;it will be a long time _ we meet them again.A.after B.before C.since D.when5.He was told that it would be at least three more months _he could recover and return to work.A.when B.before C.since D.that6.It is difficult for us to learn a lesson in life _ weve actually had that lesson.A.until B.after C.since D.when7、Im sorry youve been waiting so long,but itll still be some time _ Brian get back.A.before B.since C.till D.after8、Are you ready for Spain?-Yes,I want the girls to experience that _ they are young.A.while B.until C.if D.before 9、I used to love that film _ I was a child,but I dont feel it that way any more.A.once B.when C.since D.although10、10、Jerry rushed home _ he heard the new,only _ that his wife was gone.A.as soon as;finding B.immediately;to findC.the moment;find D.when;found (10 黑龙江黑龙江)2.地点地点状语从句状语从句地点状语从句用连接副词地点状语从句用连接副词 where或或wherever(在任何地方在任何地方)引导。引导。e.g.a.Just stay where you are.b.You can put the book wherever you want to.1.When he reads a book,his habit is to make a mark _ the meaning is unclear to him.A.there B.wherever C.the place D.in which2.If you are travelling _ the customs are totally different from your own,you may feel a cultural shock.A.in the place B.whichC.in which D.where3.原因原因状语从句状语从句原因状语从句表示主句中的某一动作原因状语从句表示主句中的某一动作或状态所发生的原因。引导这种从句或状态所发生的原因。引导这种从句 常用的连接词是：常用的连接词是：because,since,as,for,now that 及及 considering等。等。e.g.He didnt come to school because he was ill.c.f.He might be ill,for he didnt come to school.表示表示“直接直接”原因。原因。表示表示“间接的推断间接的推断”原因原因.不可出现在句首。不可出现在句首。1.Jenny was very sad over the loss of the photos she had shot at Canada,_ this was a memory she especially treasured.A.as B.if C.when D.where2.Some people believe that _ oil is running out,the fate of the motor industry is uncertain.A./B.though C.for D.since4.条件条件状语从句状语从句 条件状语从句表示主句中的某一条件状语从句表示主句中的某一动作或状态是在什么情况或条件下发动作或状态是在什么情况或条件下发生的。条件状语从句中通常用一般现生的。条件状语从句中通常用一般现在时表示将来。在时表示将来。条件状语从句由从属连词引导：条件状语从句由从属连词引导：if,unless (除非除非),as/so long as(只要只要),on condition(只要只要),in case(假使假使),providing/provided(that)等。等。e.g.a.Well come over to see you on Saturday if we have time.b.We should serve the people as/so long as we live.1.Wewillbeabletogetthereontime,_ourcardoesntbreakdownontheroad.A.assoonasB.asfarasC.aslongasD.aswellas2.Intimeofseriousaccidents,_weknowsomebasicthingsaboutfirstaid,wecansavelives.A.whetherB.untilC.ifD.unless3._ you have tried it,you cant imagine how pleasant it is.A.Unless B.BecauseC.Although D.When4.The official soon realized that,_,things would get worse.unless dealt with properlyif not properly dealing with itunless properly dealt withif dealt not properly with5.让步让步状语从句状语从句在复合句中表示让步概念的状语从句在复合句中表示让步概念的状语从句被称为让步状语从句。通常由下列词被称为让步状语从句。通常由下列词语引导：语引导：though,although,even if,even though,while,no matter who/,however 等。等。由由wh-词词+ever构成的连接代词或连接构成的连接代词或连接副词也可以引导让步状语从句。副词也可以引导让步状语从句。让步状语从句可以位于主句前、后，让步状语从句可以位于主句前、后，有时插在主句中间。有时插在主句中间。e.g.a.I will go,whatever he may say.b.Their tent,though(it was)light as a feather,remained firm.c.Though/Although he was old,he worked hard.=He was old but he worked hard.注意一个典型的中国错误：注意一个典型的中国错误：though/although 切不可与切不可与but连用。连用。1._ I accept that he is not perfect,I do actually like the person.A.While B.since C.Before D.Unless2.The workers are determined to go through with their railway project,_ the expenses have risen.A.as long as B.even thoughC.now that D.as though3._,he knows more than other children of his age.A.However young child he isB.Child as he isC.No matter how young child isD.What a young child he is4.I really want the match,however much _.A.does it cost B.costs itC.will it cost D.it costs5._ we have finished the course,we shall start doing more revision work.A.For now B.Now thatC.By now D.until6._,the idea of having to work under a woman defeated him.A.Wanting the job very muchB.Although wanting the job badlyC.Though he wanted the job very muchD.He wanted the job badly6.目的目的状语从句状语从句引导目的状语从句的连词引导目的状语从句的连词:in order that 用于正式文体中，所引用于正式文体中，所引从句可于主句前或后。从句可于主句前或后。so thata.较常用，一般用于主句后较常用，一般用于主句后,有时可分开，有时可分开，so 有时可省有时可省;从句中从句中要有情态动词要有情态动词，否则，否则,就成为下一种句型：就成为下一种句型：b.无无情态动词则引导情态动词则引导结果状结果状语语从句。从句。for fear that;in case;lest(以免以免)等。等。e.g.a.Well sit nearer the front so we can hear better.b.I shall write it down lest I should forget.注意：注意：当从句与主句的主语一致时，可当从句与主句的主语一致时，可用用so as to do 或或 in order to do e.g.He ran fast so that he might arrive there before ten oclock.He ran fast so as to arrive there before ten oclock.7.结果结果状语从句状语从句结果结果状语从句常位于主句之后，由状语从句常位于主句之后，由so,so that,such that;so that 等引导。等引导。e.g.a.So quickly did he run that I couldnt catch up with him.b.The bus broke down so that we had to walk home.c.He got to the station finally,only to find the train had left.8.方式方式状语从句状语从句描述主句动作进行方式的状语被称描述主句动作进行方式的状语被称为方式状语。通常用下列词语引导：为方式状语。通常用下列词语引导：as,just as,as if,as though,according to 等。等。e.g.a.We must do as the Party tells us.b.Leave the things as they are.c.Most plants need sunlight just as they need water.d.It sounds as if it is raining.9.比较比较状语从句状语从句比较状语从句常由下列词语引导：比较状语从句常由下列词语引导：as as,not so/as as,morethan,less than,the more+adj./adv.,the more+adj./adv.e.g.a.He is not so/as healthy as his brother.b.They jumped up and down as hard as they could.c.John is less clever than Peter.1.Roses need special care _ they can live through winter.A.because B.so thatC.even if D.as2.If things are left _ they are,the problems will never be settled,Im afraid.A.how B.as C.what D.where3.Careful surveys have pointed out that as many as 50 percent of the patients do not take drugs _ directed.A.like B.so C.which D.as4.I dare not go there _ my parents will see me.A.in case of B.for fear ofC.in order that D.for fear that误区警示误区警示Translation:1.1.一旦你掌握了这种方法，你就会觉得很有用场。一旦你掌握了这种方法，你就会觉得很有用场。2.2.他做完了家庭作业后，出去玩了。他做完了家庭作业后，出去玩了。3.3.在有问题的地方作个记号。在有问题的地方作个记号。4.4.武汉位于长江和汉江交汇处。武汉位于长江和汉江交汇处。5.5.因为我喜欢，所以我把这事给做了。因为我喜欢，所以我把这事给做了。6.6.既然大家都在这儿，那我们一起讨论一下，然后作个决定。既然大家都在这儿，那我们一起讨论一下，然后作个决定。Once you master this method,youll find its quite useful.After he finished his homework,he went out to play.Make a mark where you have a question.Wuhan lies where the Yangtze River and the Han River meet.I do it because I like it.Now that everyone is here,lets have a discussion and then make a decision.7.7.只要我们不灰心，我们会找出解决困难的办法来的。只要我们不灰心，我们会找出解决困难的办法来的。8.8.如果天气允许的话，我就会去那儿。如果天气允许的话，我就会去那儿。9.9.虽然我们缺少人手，但我们会想法按时完成工作的。虽然我们缺少人手，但我们会想法按时完成工作的。10.10.他虽然是个孩子，但懂得很多。他虽然是个孩子，但懂得很多。11.11.无论有多远，今晚我都会开车去那儿的。无论有多远，今晚我都会开车去那儿的。As long as we dont lose heart,well find a way to overcome the difficulty.If weather permits,I will go there.Well try to finish the work in time though/although were short of manpower.Child as he is,he knows a lot.However far it is,I intend to drive there tonight.12.12.让我们坐到前面的座位上，以便能看得更清楚些。让我们坐到前面的座位上，以便能看得更清楚些。13.13.最好多带些衣服，以防天气转冷。最好多带些衣服，以防天气转冷。14.14.为了赶上早班车，他起了个大早。为了赶上早班车，他起了个大早。15.15.他起了个大早，结果赶上了早班车。他起了个大早，结果赶上了早班车。16.16.我们匆匆忙忙地离开，忘了锁门。我们匆匆忙忙地离开，忘了锁门。17.17.他反应那么快，没人能和他相比。他反应那么快，没人能和他相比。Lets take the front seats so that we can see more clearly.Better take more clothes in case the weather turns cold.He got up very early so that/in order that he might/could catch the early bus.He got up very early so that he caught the early bus.We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.He reacts so quickly(that)no one can match him.18.18.你必须按照我说的去做。你必须按照我说的去做。19.19.他的表现好像什么都没发生。他的表现好像什么都没发生。20.20.他回答得和他姐姐一样快。他回答得和他姐姐一样快。21.21.他比他姐姐快。他比他姐姐快。22.22.你练得越多，你就会更好。你练得越多，你就会更好。You must do as I tell you to.He acted as if(though)nothing had happened.He answers as quickly as his sister(does).He is quicker than his sister(is).The more you practise,the better you will get/be.Multiple choice.Multiple choice.1._,I went to the railway station to see my friend off.(1991)A.After eating quickly my dinner B.After my quickly eating dinner C.After eating my dinner quickly D.After eating my quickly dinner2.Although he is considered a great writer,_.A.his works are not widely read B.but his works are not widely read C.however his works are not widely read D.still his works are not widely read (1991)CA3.You will be late you leave immediately.(1992)A.unlessB.until C.if D.Or4.-What was the party like?(1993)-Wonderful.Its years_I enjoyed myself so much.A.after B.before C.when D.since5.Mother was worried because little Alice was ill,especially_Father was away in France.(1994)A.as B.that C.during D.if6.She thought I was talking about her daughter,_,in fact,I was talking about my daughter.(1995)A.when B.where C.which D.whileADAD7.When a pencil is partly in a glass of water,it looks as if it _.(1995)A.breaks B.has broken C.were broken D.had been broken8.If we work with a strong will,we can overcome any difficulty,_great it is.(1995)A.what B.how C.however D.whatever9.After living in Paris for fifty years,he returned to the small town_he grew up as a child.(1996)A.which B.where C.that D.whenCCB10.After the war,a new school building was set up_ there had once been a theatre.(1997)A.that B.where C.which D.when11.Why do you want a new job_youve got such a good one already?(1998)A.that B.where C.which D.when12.-Im going to the post office.-_youre there,can you get me some stamps?A.As B.While C.Because D.If (1999)BDB13._youve got a chance,you might as well make full use of it.(1999)A.Now that B.After C.Although D.As soon as14.You should make it a rule to leave things_you can find them again.(1999)A.when B.where C.then D.there15.Well have to finish the job,_.(1999)A.long it takes however B.it takes however long C.long however it takes D.however long it takesABD16.The WTO cannot live up to its name_it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.(2000)A.as long as B.while C.if D.even though17.It is generally believed that teaching is_it is a science.(2001)A.an art much as B.much an art as C.as an art much D.as much an art as18.A computer can only do_you have instructed it to do.A.how B.after C.what D.when (2001)CDC 状语从句是一个句子充当另一个句子的状语，表示主句动作发生的时间、条件、原因、方式、结果、目的等等。状语从句是历年高考题的重点、难点。命题一般是考查学生连词的掌握情况，根据两个句子的意思，判断两个句子之间的逻辑关系，选择合适的连词。常见的状语从句有九大类。要牢记不同的连词的具体意思，是解题的关键。一、时间状语从句一、时间状语从句 常见连词：when/while/as;before/after;since;until;as soon as/immediately/instantly/themoment/the minute/the second;no soonerthan/hardlywhen;the first time/every time/each time/next time【完成例句完成例句】(1)我正在做饭，这时，门铃响了。I was doing some cooking when the doorbell rang.The doorbell rang when I was doing some cooking.(2)我正要下班，这时，天开始下大雨了。I was about to leave work when it began to rain heavily.【结结论论1】when 通常意思为：当时候；正在那时【完成例句完成例句】(3)你在北京期间能否给我收集一些红树叶？While you are in Beijing,can you collect some red leaves for me?(4)那个男孩在过马路时被迎面驶来的小轿车撞了。While walking across the street,the boy was knocked over by a running car.【结结论论2】while从句只能用延续性动词，意思为：在期间。【翻译句子翻译句子】(5)As time goes by,we are growing wiser and wiser.随着时间的推移，我们变得越来越聪明了。(6)She does her homework as she sings.她一边写作业，一边唱歌。【结结论论3】as 表示主句和从句的动作几乎同步进行。意思为：一边，一边；随着【完成例句完成例句】(7)我还没到家就觉得饿了。(在到家之前就觉得饿)I had felt hungry before I arrived home.(8)我还没来得及向她道歉，她就离开了办公室。(在我能够说抱歉之前，她就离开了办公室)She left the office before I could say sorry to her.(9)还要过很久我们才能毕业。It will be long before we graduate.【结论结论4】before 在之前；还没来得及才【完成例句完成例句】(10)我来上海已经4年了。Its/has been four years since I came to Shanghai.【结结论论5】since“自从以来”；是现在完成时的标志。【注意注意】从句中延续性动词意义为否定。例例：我当医生已经3年了。(自从我成为医生以来，时间已经过去3年了。)It is three years since I became a doctor 他不当医生已经3年了。It is three years since he was a doctor.我父亲不吸烟已有两年了。It is two years since my father smo
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