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Chapter 6 Changes in word meaningMain contents1、Can meaning change2、Types of changes Extension Narrowing Elevation Degradation3、Causes of changes Q：Are the changes in word meaning gradual process?2、Types of changes Extension Narrowing Elevation Degradation汉语的词义扩大 “美女”“帅哥”“凤姐”“李刚”n n你知道你知道“菜菜”、“睡睡”的古今对比意义吗的古今对比意义吗？n n1、菜：古义专指蔬菜。到了宋代，菜仍不、菜：古义专指蔬菜。到了宋代，菜仍不含肉、蛋等副食。到了吴敬梓含肉、蛋等副食。到了吴敬梓儒林外史儒林外史时，菜已经由专指蔬菜而兼指肉、蛋等时，菜已经由专指蔬菜而兼指肉、蛋等副食了。副食了。n n2、睡：古义专指坐著打瞌睡，打盹。古之、睡：古义专指坐著打瞌睡，打盹。古之“睡觉睡觉”作作“寐寐”作作“寝寝”。论语论语：“宰予昼寝。宰予昼寝。”后来后来“睡睡”由由“坐寐坐寐”发发展到各种方式的睡觉。展到各种方式的睡觉。MohammedThe founder of Islam 汉语词义缩小n n你能指出你能指出“汤汤”“丈人丈人”“坟坟”“臭臭”的的古今意义古今意义？1、如、如“汤汤”，原指一切热水，现在仅指食物，原指一切热水，现在仅指食物煮后所得的汁水或烹调后汁特别多的副食。煮后所得的汁水或烹调后汁特别多的副食。2、如、如“丈人丈人”，原是对一般年长的男人的尊，原是对一般年长的男人的尊称，现在仅称妻子的父亲。称，现在仅称妻子的父亲。3、如、如“坟坟”古义是用土堆积而成的高地，今古义是用土堆积而成的高地，今义是埋尸体的土堆。义是埋尸体的土堆。4、如、如“臭臭”古义是气味，今义是难闻的气味古义是气味，今义是难闻的气味等。等。Is there the rank of Marshal in America？n nMarshal Marshalln n一星.准将 n n两星.少将 n n三星.中将 n n四星、五星.上将 汉语中的委婉语n n“油水油水”n n“贪杯贪杯”n n“手头有点紧手头有点紧”n n“从事那行当从事那行当”n n“有了有了”n n“衣服瘦了衣服瘦了”n n“解手解手”n n“三尺土三尺土”6.3 Causes of changesn nLinguistic factors（语言环境）（语言环境）n nExtra-linguistic factors（非语言环境）（非语言环境）n nExtra-linguistic factors（非语言环境）（非语言环境）Review exercise1)Point out what brought about this change.n nTo clap=to clap the handsn nTo propose=to propose marriagen nTo shake=to shake handsn nBy shortening,as a linguistic factor,bring about this change.In English,some verbs by shortening obtain new meanings.2)The following words are used to be considered as taboo.Employ euphemistic terms to express them.n n1)grave yard1)grave yardn n2)pregnant2)pregnantn n3)old people3)old peoplen n4)restroom4)restroomn n5)strike5)striken n6)firing6)firingn n7)slum7)slumn n8)steal8)stealn nCemeteryCemeteryn nBig with child,expectant,heavy with child,Big with child,expectant,heavy with child,anticipating.anticipating.n nSenior citizens,mature people,pensionerSenior citizens,mature people,pensionern nLounge,convenience,comfort room,Lounge,convenience,comfort room,bathroom,wash room.bathroom,wash room.n nIndustrial actionIndustrial actionn nDeclaring staff redundantDeclaring staff redundantn nCulturally deprived environmentCulturally deprived environmentn nNeed help in learning to respect the property Need help in learning to respect the property rights of othersrights of others
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