托福综合写作课件

By：Keven Cui托福综合写作By：Keven Cui托福综合写作综合写作简介考生先阅读一篇短文，大约250300字，时间限制为3分钟。3分钟时间到了，文章隐去，接着播放一段与文章相关的教授讲课。讲课一定反驳阅读文章中的论点。随后考生在20分钟内写一篇作文，这时先前隐去的文章会再出现，考生可参考。字数要求为150225字之间。综合写作简介考生先阅读一篇短文，大约250300字，时间限综合写作必备的四种能力阅读理解能力听力，记忆力笔记能力转述能力综合写作必备的四种能力阅读理解能力Reading阅读与听力材料的关系结构完全对应关键词完全对应结论完全相反Reading阅读与听力材料的关系结构完全对应Reading笔记搭建Reading笔记搭建Reading与listening的关系Reading DJ是各个方面不错的人。见过她的人都说她首先长相就好。她的父亲母亲都是长相俊美的人，祖上的基因好，自然生的孩子长相好。第二，DJ身材好，她长期以来一直坚持打篮球和踢足球的健身习惯，久而久之养出好身材。第三，她还是一个心灵好的人。背老人过马路是她常做的好事。Reading与listening的关系ReadingReading与listening的关系Listening DJ在各个方面都是不好的。首先她的长相就有很大问题。她的脸曾经在去年的一次爬山攀岩活动中被摔伤过，留下了疤痕，基本上不能被称作为美女了。而且说她身材好也是不符合实际情况的。了解她的人都知道，她从来不喜欢球类游戏，从来没见她打过篮球、踢过足球。最后，她背老人过马路也都是没有依据的。现代社会，即使有老人行动不便，一般都有轮椅辅助，哪里还需要别人背着过马路呢？Reading与listening的关系ListeningListening“潜规则”LISAN原则Lead-引导，而非被引导Ideas-主要观点Signal WordsActive ListenerNote Taking 根据阅读材料预测结论，分论点1.主题句2.被解释的词3.问题与答案4.例子（只记举例原因和 举例对象）Listening“潜规则”LISAN原则Lead-引Signal WordsSignal WordsSignal WordsSignal WordsSignal WordsSignal WordsNote TakingReadingListeningRightLeftScratch Paper折线Note TakingReadingListeningRigConclusionEvidence 1Evidence 3Evidence 2Supporting exampleSupporting exampleSupporting example.ConclusionEvidence 1Evidence 3Evidence 2Supporting exampleSupporting exampleSupporting example.ReadingListeningConclusionEvidence 1Evidence 3转述能力paraphrase概括总结summarize选取Key Words -Main Idea,Evidences,Examples 添枝加叶paraphrase“改头换面”-单词替换，结构替换转述能力paraphrase概括总结summarize单词替换三大原则简单原则；单词替换三大原则简单原则；灵活原则；灵活原则；“有所为有所不为有所为有所不为”原则原则原文：Publishment could be brutal and severe,and sometimes religious passions were expressed violently with a view toward saving the childs soul.参考意译：Publishment could be cruel and harsh,and sometimes strong religious feelings were expressed in an extreme way with the aim to save the childs soul.单词替换三大原则简单原则；灵活原则；“有所为有所不为”结构替换原文：Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes,and as a result they overuse quotations in the final research paper(1).Probably only about 10%of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter.Therefore,you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes(2).(Lester,James D.Writing Research Papers.2nd ed.(1976):46-47)结构替换原文：Students frequently ove参考意译In research papers students often quote excessively,failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level.Since the problem usually originates during note taking,it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim(Lester 46-47).参考意译In research papers student意译与剽窃 例1：Thinking like a writer also means figuring out how to be successful in different kinds of situations.(Taken from Lynn Troykas Quick Access,5th edition,page 3)意译1：According to Troyka,thinking similar to an author means that you need to figure out how to do well in other instances.意译2：According to Troyka,you have to be able to deal effectively with many different“situations”if you want to adopt a writers mindset.意译与剽窃 例1：Thinking like a write译意与剽窃 例2：A large company has announced that it wishes to build a large factory near the community.意译1：A large factory is going to be built near the community by a large company.意译2：A large factory is supposed to be built near the community according to the announcement issued by a large company.译意与剽窃 例2：A large company has a综合写作用词套路转述指代：阅读：the author/the passage/the reading讲座：the speaker/the lecturer/the professor/the lecture/the speech综合写作用词套路转述指代：综合写作用词套路指代阅读文章抽象名词原因：reason/causes/basis/ground/motive/motivation例证：example/instance解释：explanation/account证据：evidence/data/fact/proof/basis/foundation描述：definition/description/clarification假设：assumption/postulation/hypothesis/conjecture结论：conclusion/belief/idea/opinion/judgment/view/notion/argument/theory议题：issue/matter/topic/problem/subject/concern陈述细节：statement/point/subject/concern利益改善：benefit/advantage/improvement综合写作用词套路指代阅读文章抽象名词综合写作用词套路研究调查：(further/closer/other)studies/researches发明发现：(new)finding/discovery其他解释：alternative explanation/theory反方证据：counter-example/evidence质疑驳斥：challenge/objection/refutation断言声称：allegation/claim/assertion控诉反驳：charge/objection/refutation评论解释：remark/comment错误缺陷：fault/weakness/mistake/error综合写作用词套路研究调查：(further/closer/对比关系词动词类：refute challenge doubt deny rebut counter cast doubt on contradict oppose object to disagree with disapprove of形容词短语类：be contradictory conflicting opposing contrary opposite to different from副词短语类：in contrast conversely however actually in fact in deed连词类：while whereas对比关系词动词类：refute challenge do支持关系词支持：assert/sustain/strengthen/bolster/fortify 讨论：讨论：discuss/examine/investigate/reexamine/find that/raise the issue that/strongly think that/claim/maintain/argue/state/talk about/present/show/point out/illustrate/demonstrate支持关系词支持：assert/sustain/stren综合写作魔板开头段落 The lecture completely refutes the points made in the reading.（表明两者关系）The professor discusses+句子(一级观点)，which differs from the main idea in the reading.综合写作魔板开头段落主体段落的句型1.Contrary to the belief in the passage that the professor says that2.The professor refutes the viewpoint showed in the passage that by saying that3.The lecture contradictsrefutes is contrary to is the opposite of the idea in the reading(by saying that)The lecture believed that The material said that去掉去掉by saying that 则只表明则只表明两者关系两者关系4.The professor made the point that The reading,in contrast,held a different view by stating that主体段落的句型5.The listening material contradicts the reading material regarding the issue problem of6.As regards In terms of the listening material contradicts the reading material.7.Another important point showed in the listening material is that but the reading presents a conflicting idea that8.Finally,the professor stated thatwhich challenges the standpoint made by the writer who said that5.The listening material con1.In general,the professor discussed the problem issue of that the reading viewed in a contrary opposing different angle.2.According to the lecture on the other hand while the reading stated that These two ideas are contradictory to each other.用于结尾段落的句型 用于结尾段落的句型一般现在时态and一般过去时态，通常与听力文章的时态一致注意：框架部分时态的一致性and学术内容的时态要根据上下文来确定The writing said the earth is flat.The writing says the earth is flat.文章的时态一般现在时态and一般过去时态，通常与听力文章的时态一致文章质疑论据1）质疑论据的有效性和正确性）质疑论据的有效性和正确性2）指出论据的局限性，缺点以及不足）指出论据的局限性，缺点以及不足3）解决阅读文的问题）解决阅读文的问题4）换位思考）换位思考质疑论据1）质疑论据的有效性和正确性质疑论证方法1）有偏采样错误）有偏采样错误2）错误类比）错误类比3）因果关系问题）因果关系问题质疑论证方法1）有偏采样错误Thank you!Thank you!