环境工程专业英语23464课件

环境工程境工程专业英英语23464Review of the Last Lesson2020/12/12Review of the Last LessonUnique Data独特独特的数据的数据Quality质量质量Unique Data 数据的独特性保证了其权威性和受欢迎度数据的独特性保证了其权威性和受欢迎度Wehavebeencapturing,unifyingandstandardising（收集、统一、规范）AuthorCitedReferencesover55years,andthisallowsuniquemethodsofdiscoverysimplynotpossibleinanyotherliteraturedatabase.Diversity广度广度Depth深度深度Characteristics of SCIUnique capabilities2020/12/13Review of the Last Lesson例如：某期刊例如：某期刊2008年影响因子的计算年影响因子的计算本刊本刊2007年的文章在年的文章在2008年的被引次数：年的被引次数：50;本刊本刊2007年的发文年的发文量：量：100.本刊本刊2006年的文章在年的文章在2008年的被引次数：年的被引次数：100;本刊本刊2006年的发年的发文量：文量：100.Impact factor本刊本刊2006-2007的文章在的文章在2008年的被引次数总计：年的被引次数总计：150 本刊本刊2003-2004年的发文量总计：年的发文量总计：200 本刊本刊2005年的影响因子：年的影响因子：0.75=150200 Journalswithhigherimpactfactorsseemedtobemoreimportantthanthosewithlowerones2020/12/14Review of the Last LessonImmediacy IndexAnimmediacyindexisameasureofhowtopicalandurgentworkpublishedinascientificjournalis.Theimmediacyindexiscalculatedbasedonthepaperspublishedinajournalinasinglecalendaryear.Forexample,the2005immediacyindexforajournalwouldbecalculatedasfollows:2005immediacyindex=A/B2020/12/152.SCI in China 上世纪上世纪80年代末，南京大学率先将年代末，南京大学率先将SCI引入中国的科研评价体系引入中国的科研评价体系。The HistoryPresent Situation 2008年，年，中国科学技术信息研究所中国科学技术信息研究所公布的统计结果显示：公布的统计结果显示：2007年，年，SCI收录的中国科技论文数达收录的中国科技论文数达94800篇，比篇，比2006年增长年增长33.5%，占世界份额的占世界份额的7.5%，排在世界第三位，仅处于美国和英国之后。，排在世界第三位，仅处于美国和英国之后。2003年至年至2013年（截至年（截至2013年年9月月1日），我国科技人员发表的日），我国科技人员发表的国际科技论文共被引用国际科技论文共被引用709.88万次，比上年度统计时提升万次，比上年度统计时提升1位，排位，排在世界第在世界第5位。位。Review of the Last Lesson2020/12/16Part The Major Citation Index3.Merits and Mistakes从一定程度上使得科研资助更加客观、公平，提高了我国高校的学从一定程度上使得科研资助更加客观、公平，提高了我国高校的学术竞争力，促进了我国科研事业的发展术竞争力，促进了我国科研事业的发展曲钦岳曲钦岳SCI成了成了Stupid Chinese Idea（愚蠢的中国式观念）（愚蠢的中国式观念）-李国杰院士李国杰院士Positive aspect Negative aspect 谁来决定中国基础研究方向谁来决定中国基础研究方向-蔡睿贤院士蔡睿贤院士 一定要看发表文章数量、一定要看排名先后的科研评价体系，已经一定要看发表文章数量、一定要看排名先后的科研评价体系，已经严重阻碍了科技工作者的成长，过于苛刻的量化考核指标让他们无严重阻碍了科技工作者的成长，过于苛刻的量化考核指标让他们无法正常进行科研法正常进行科研-陈宜瑜院士（前国家自然科学基金委员会主任）陈宜瑜院士（前国家自然科学基金委员会主任）2020/12/17Part The Major Citation Index3.How to make use of SCI？Web of Science 1997年，美国年，美国Thomson Scientific（汤姆森科技信息集团）（汤姆森科技信息集团）基于基于WEB的开放环境，将的开放环境，将SCI，SSCI，AHCI整合，创建了整合，创建了网络版的多学科文摘数据库网络版的多学科文摘数据库Web of Science2020/12/18Part The Major Citation Index3.How to make use of SCI？Web of Science2020/12/19Part The Major Citation IndexWeb of Science2020/12/110Part The Major Citation Index选择检索方式选择检索方式选择检索方式选择检索方式检索途径选择检索途径选择检索途径选择检索途径选择入库时间设置入库时间设置入库时间设置入库时间设置选择引文库选择引文库选择引文库选择引文库2020/12/111SCI 作者检索作者检索作者的写法：姓在前，名在后，姓用全称，名用缩写中国：中国：宋荣方SongRF杨庚YangG国外：国外：JamesC.SmithSmithJC高桥悟(Takahashi,Satoru)TakahashiSPart The Major Citation IndexSCI 地址检索地址检索FujianAgr&ForestryUniv 2020/12/112Eg.1 农大农大SCI情况情况Part The Major Citation Index2020/12/113Part The Major Citation Index2020/12/114Eg.2 王果教授王果教授SCI情况情况Part The Major Citation Index2020/12/115Part The Major Citation IndexEg.2 王果教授王果教授SCI情况情况2020/12/116Part The Major Citation Index-EI2020/12/117Part The Major Citation Index1.What is EI?Full name（全称）（全称）The Engineering IndexChinese name（中文名称）（中文名称）工程索引工程索引Publishing agency（出版机构）（出版机构）Engineering information Inc.（美国工程信息公司，（美国工程信息公司，1884）EngineeringInformation(Ei)istheleaderinprovidingonlineinformation,knowledgeandsupporttoengineeringresearchers.ThroughourflagshipplatformEngineeringVillage,weprovideinformationresearchtoolsspecificallyfocusedonthecontentandintelligencethatengineeringresearchersneedtostayinformedandup-to-dateonthelatestinformationintheirfield.2020/12/118Part The Major Citation Index2.About EI5600多种期刊、行业杂志、会议录(22%)和技术报告的参考资料及摘要；1100万项记录（1969年至今）；每年新增65万项记录；每周更新，增加1.25万笔新文献信息；工程索引过刊：1884-1968年(超过170万项记录)；90%的文献语种是英文,1992年开始收录中国期刊年开始收录中国期刊2009年，核心库与非核心库的合并使得收录的中文期刊大大减少。2013年再次更新了期刊源列表，又进行了一定程度的增删。2020/12/119Part The Major Citation IndexSubject involved（涉及学科）（涉及学科）IEEE/IEEElectronicLibrary(IEL)美国电气电子工程师学会(IEEE)和英国电气工程师学会(IEE)全文数据库22个学科242种期刊每周增加5,800篇最新文献Knovel17个主题23个学科BiotechnologyandBioengineeringAbstracts(1982-)-生物技术和生物工程文摘数据库(CSA)7个领域SPIEDigitalLibrary-国际光学工程学会期刊及会议录9个领域ASABEJournal美国农业生物工程师学会7个领域ASMEDigitalLibrary美国机械工程师学会8个领域与工程领域相关的主要数据库与工程领域相关的主要数据库EI数据库：数据库：190个应用科学和工程类别最个应用科学和工程类别最详尽的工程文献数据库详尽的工程文献数据库2020/12/120Part The Major Citation Index2020/12/121Part The Major Citation Index2020/12/122Part The Major Citation Index -Chinese Citation Index2020/12/123CSCD中文核中文核心心普通期普通期刊刊Part The Major Citation IndexChinese Citation Index2020/12/124Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering2020/12/1251.Background to Environment SciencePart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringScienceandtechnologyconstituteaprimaryproductiveforce.ScienceSocialScienceNatureScienceThesocialsciencedealswiththestudyofpeopleandhowtheylivetogetherasfamilies,tribes(群落，部落),communities(社区),races(种族),andnations.Thenaturesiencedealswiththestudyofnatureandthephysicalworld.Itincludessuchdiversedisciplinesasbiology,chemistry,geology,physics,andenvironmentalscience.2020/12/1262.What is the book about?Part Introduction to Environmental EngineeringTheobjectiveDescriptionofenvironmentalTheobjectiveofthisbookistointroduceengineeringandsciencestudentstotheinterdisciplinarystudyofenvironmentalproblems:theircauses,whytheyareofconcern,andhowwecancontrolthem.TheprimarycoverageInformationonthebasiscausesofenvironmentaldisturbances(困扰)Basisscientificknowledgenecessarytounderstandthenatureofenvironmentalproblemsandtobeabletoquantifythem2020/12/127Part Introduction to Environmental EngineeringTheprimarycoverageCurrentstateofthetechnologyenvironmentalcontrolinitsapplicationtowater,airandpollutionproblemsConsiderablegapsinourcurrentscientificknowledgeofunderstandingandcontrollingmanyofthecomplexinteractionsbetweenhumanactivitiesandnatureManyenvironmentalproblemswhichcouldbeeliminatedorreducedbytheapplicationofcurrenttechnology,butwhicharenotdealtwithbecauseofsocietyslackofwilltodoso,orinmanyinstancesbecauseofalackofresourcestodoso.2020/12/1283.Some DefinitionsPart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringEnvironmentalEnvironmentalisthephysicalandbiotichabitat(栖息地)whichsurroundsus;thatwhichwecansee,hear,touch,smell,andtaste.Whenthegoalofimprovingenvironmentalqualityistakentobeimprovinghumanwellbeing,thewordenvironmentbroadenstoincludeallkindsofsocial,ecnomic,andculturalaspects.Systemisasetorarrangementofthingssorelatedorconnectedastoformaunitororganicwhole;as,asolarsystem,irrigationsystem,watersupplysystem,theworldoruniverse.System2020/12/1293.Some DefinitionsPart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringEngineeringEngineeringisaprofession(职业、专业)thatappliesscienceandmathematicstomaketheproperties(特性)ofmatterandsourcesofenergyusefulinstructures,machines,products,systems,andprocesses.Pollutioncanbedefinedasanundesirablechangeinthephysical,chemical,orbiologicalcharacteristicsoftheair,water,orlandthatcanharmfullyaffectthehealth,survival,oractivitiesofhumansorotherlivingorganisms.Pollution2020/12/1303.Some DefinitionsPart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringEnvironmentalengineeringismanifest(显示，表明)bysoundEngineeringthoughtandpracticeinthesolutionofproblemsofEnvironmentalsanitation,notably(尤其)intheprovisionofsafe,palatable(可口的),andample(足够)publicwatersupples;theproperdisposaloforrecycleofwasterwaterandsolidwastes;theadequatedrainageofurbanandruralareasforpropersanitation;andthecontrolofwater,soil,andatmosphericpollution,andthesocialandenvironmentalimpactofthesesolutions.EnvironmentalengineeringFurthermoreitisconcernedwithengineeringproblemsonthefieldofpublichealth.2020/12/1313.Interaction of systemsPart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringManyofenvironmentalproblemswillapplyonlywithinoneofwater,air,orlandsystems,justifying(证明，为作出解释)thebreakdown(分解)intothesecategories.Suchaclassificationisalsousefulforeasiercomprehension(理解)ofrelatedproblemswithinonesystem.Moreover,itissensiblebecause,formanagerandadministrativereasons,suchsubfields(子域)asairpollution,watersupply,wastewaterdisposal,andsolidwastedisposalareoftendealtwithseparatelybygovernmentalagencies.2020/12/1323.Interaction of systemsPart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringUnfortunately,manyimportantenvironmentalproblemsarenotconfined(局限于)toanair,water,orlandsystem,butinvolveinteractionsbetweensystems.Acurrentexampleistheacidrainproblemstemmingfrom(根源)theemission(排放)ofsulfurdioxide(二氧化硫)andnitrogenoxidegasesintotheatmospherefromthestacks(烟囱)ofgeneratingstations(发电厂),smelters(熔炉),andautomobileexhausts(汽车尾气)。Thesegasesarethentransportedbyaircurrents(气流)overwideregions.Rainfall“washesthemout”,creatingacidrainwhichisharmfultoaquaticlife(水生生物),forests,andagriculturalcrops.2020/12/1334.Environmental ProblemsPart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringManymajorimprovementstoourstandardoflivingcanbeattributedtotheapplicationofscienceandtechnology.Withtheseimprovements,however,havecomedisturbingsideeffects,suchaslostarableland(耕地),disappearingforests,environmentalpollution,andneworganismsresistanttocontrols(微生物滋长).Environmentalproblemsarealwaysinterrelated.Sometimesasolutiontooneproblemactuallycreatesanotherproblem.2020/12/1344.Environmental ProblemsPart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringForexample,whenpeoplearesickanddyingfromdisease,itisnaturaltowanttoimprovehumanhealth.Whenhealthisimprovedandinfantmortality(婴儿死亡率)isreduced,apopulationexplosionmayresult.Tofeedthisgrowingpollution,naturalhabitats(自然栖息地)areoftendestroyedbyturningthemintofarmland.Asnaturalhabitatsaredestroyed,thewildplants,predatoryanimals(食肉动物),andparasites(寄生生物)thatoncelivedtherearekilledaswell.2020/12/1354.Environmental ProblemsPart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringBecauseofthelackofpredatorsandparasites,outbreaksofinsectpests(害虫)becomemorecommon.Farmersusepesticides(农药)tocontrolthepestsandprotectthecrops,butintheprocesstheenvironmentbecomespolluted.Thedevelopmentofthisentire(整个的)cycleinitselfconsumesfossilfuel(化石燃料)suppliesthatarebecomingscarce.Inaddition,whenfuelsareburned,airpollutantsaregenerated.2020/12/1364.Environmental ProblemsPart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringHowdoesapersonbegintostudysuchanetworkofinterlocking(相关联的)problems?Tomakethetask(工作、任务)abitmoremanageable,weshouldrecognizewhatenvironmentalproblemspeopleareupagainst.What environmental problems are people up against？OverpopulationPollutionDepletion of ResourcesChanges in the Global ConditionThe War2020/12/137专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论2020/12/138专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论范文：Aerobic TreatmentAerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen.Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.Aerobic bacteria are like humans in that they require oxygen to survive and thrive.This is the primary difference between aerobic systems and septic systems,you see.Septic systems depend on much less efficient anaerobic bacteria.2020/12/139专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论During this oxidation process,pollutants are broken down into carbon dioxide(CO2),water(H2O),nitrates,sulphates and biomass(micro-organisms).By optimizing the oxygen supply with so-called aerators,the process can be significantly accelerated.Of all biological waste treatment method,aerobic digestion is the most widespead process used throughout the world(more than 95%).Aerobic bacteria demand oxygen to decompose dissolved pollutants.Large amounts of pollutants require large quantities of bacteria;hence the demand for oxygen will be high.The Biological Oxygen Demand(BOD)is a measure of the quantity of dissolved organic pollutants that can be removed in biological oxidation by the bacteria.It is expressed in mg/L.2020/12/140专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论The Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD)measures the quantity of dissolved organic pollutants that can be removed in chemical oxidation,by adding strong acids.It is expressed in mg/L.The ratio BOD/COD gives an indication of the fraction of pollutants in the wastewater that is biodegradable.Aerobic bacteria are very efficient in breaking down waste products.As a result,aerobic treatment usually yields better effluent quality than that obtained in anaerobic processes.2020/12/141专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论1.专业英语翻译概论专业英语翻译概论1.1 专业英语的特点专业英语的特点1.1.1 专业英语的词汇特点专业英语的词汇特点专业词汇出现的频率低。专业词汇出现的频率低。词义专一。词义专一。广泛是使用缩写词。如：广泛是使用缩写词。如：COD chemical oxygen demand 化学需氧量化学需氧量BOD biochemical oxygen demand 生化需氧量生化需氧量TOC total organic carbon 总有机碳总有机碳DO dissolved oxygen 溶解氧溶解氧2020/12/142专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论POPs persistent organic pollutants 持久性有机污染物持久性有机污染物TSP total suspended particle 总悬浮颗粒总悬浮颗粒TKN total Kjeldahl nitrogen 总凯氏氮总凯氏氮UASB up flow anaerobic sludge blanket 上流式厌氧污泥床上流式厌氧污泥床MBR membrane bioreactor 膜生物反应器膜生物反应器SBR sequencing batch reactor 间歇式活性污泥法间歇式活性污泥法1.1.2 专业英语的句法特点专业英语的句法特点广泛使用陈述句。广泛使用陈述句。Aerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen.Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.2020/12/143专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论广泛使用被动语态。广泛使用被动语态。During this oxidation process,pollutants are broken down into carbon dioxide(CO2),water(H2O),nitrates,sulphates and biomass(micro-organisms).By optimizing the oxygen supply with so-called aerators,the process can be significantly accelerated.被动语态在专业英语中的使用比在其他场合更为广泛，主被动语态在专业英语中的使用比在其他场合更为广泛，主要因为被动句比主动句更能说明需要论证的对象，更能使要因为被动句比主动句更能说明需要论证的对象，更能使其位置鲜明、突出。其位置鲜明、突出。2020/12/144专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论简略表达多。简略表达多。The ratio BOD/COD gives an indication of the fraction of pollutants in the wastewater that is biodegradable.长句使用多。长句使用多。Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.主句带若干从句，从句带短语，短语带从句，相互依附，相互制约。2020/12/145专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论Floating on the oceans are 7,659 trillion metric tons of ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps,more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.句子倒置。Floating on the oceans are 7,659 trillion metric tons of ice多重修饰。ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps,more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.2020/12/146专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论Floating on the oceans are 7,659 trillion metric tons of ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps,more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.庖丁解牛。ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps,more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.就近修饰原则。Layer 1:Ice encased in 10,000 icebergsLayer 2:icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps,icebergsmore than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.粗译：世界大洋里漂浮着7659万亿吨的冰。这些冰包含在10000多个冰山里。这些冰山从极地冰盖脱落而产生；多于90%的这些冰山来源于南极。2020/12/147专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论1.1.3 专业英语的修辞特点专业英语的修辞特点时态运用有限。时态运用有限。过去研究过去研究过去时（与现在不发生联系）；讨论理论用现在过去时（与现在不发生联系）；讨论理论用现在时。时。Biofiltration technique for disposing ammonium-contaminated gas streams was investigated.修辞手法较为单调。修辞手法较为单调。2020/12/148专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论逻辑性语法词使用普遍。如：逻辑性语法词使用普遍。如：表示原因的词：表示原因的词：because,because of,due to,owing to,as,as a result,caused by,for表示语气转折的词：表示语气转折的词：but,however,nevertheless,yet,otherwise表示逻辑、顺利连接的词：表示逻辑、顺利连接的词：so,thus,therefore,furthermore,moreover,in addition to 表示限制的词：表示限制的词：only,if only,except,besides,unless表示假设的词：表示假设的词：suppose,supposing,assuming,provided,providingAerobic bacteria are very efficient in breaking down waste products.As a result,aerobic treatment usually yields better effluent quality than that obtained in anaerobic processes.2020/12/149专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论1.2 翻译的基本知识翻译的基本知识1.2.1 翻译标准翻译标准严复严复天演论天演论：信、达、雅：信、达、雅忠实：译文必须忠实、正确地传达原文的内容。忠实：译文必须忠实、正确地传达原文的内容。通顺：译文的语言必须规范、流畅、通俗易懂。通顺：译文的语言必须规范、流畅、通俗易懂。2020/12/150专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论1.2.2 翻译的过程翻译的过程理解理解-表达表达翻译的理解过程翻译的理解过程a.通读全文，领会大意。通读全文，领会大意。b.明辨语法，弄清关系。明辨语法，弄清关系。c.结合上下文，推敲词义。结合上下文，推敲词义。Aerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen.Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.2020/12/151专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论 翻译的表达过程翻译的表达过程a.一稿初译，忠实为主。一稿初译，忠实为主。b.二稿核对，注意逻辑。二稿核对，注意逻辑。c.三稿定局，润色词句。三稿定局，润色词句。翻译的方法翻译的方法a.直译直译b.意译意译Aerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen.Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.2020/12/152专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论2.词义的选择和引申词义的选择和引申2.1 词义的选择词义的选择2.1.1 根据词类选择词义根据词类选择词义E.g.:like：像、同样的、喜欢、希望、如同：像、同样的、喜欢、希望、如同 He would like to join our discussion.Things like air,water or metal are matter.Like charges repel,unlike charges attract.I hope that I can drive the tractor like you do.2020/12/153专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论2.1.2 根据词的搭配关系选择词义根据词的搭配关系选择词义E.g.:operate:操作、运转、完成、实施操作、运转、完成、实施a.Thermal convection will not operated in zero gravity.b.Rockets operate in the vacuum of outer space as well as in the earth atmosphere.c.Transistors(晶体管晶体管)operate as control devices and amplifier.d.The electric computers can operate only according to instructions,which must be prepared by man in advance.2020/12/154专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论 represent:代表，表示、相当于，是、提供、代表，表示、相当于，是、提供、阐述阐述a.Inorganic flocculants represent nearly 20%of the total flocculants.b.The material referred to as“acid rain”represents the raindrops dissolved CO2 which have a pH of 5.6.2020/12/155专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论2.1.3 根据单、复数及习惯表达选择词义根据单、复数及习惯表达选择词义E.g.:a.The ability to do work is called energy.（功）b.This iron and steel works was set up last year.（工厂）c.The time for the water supply is cut by half.d.A is three times as large as B.2.1.4 语言习惯的转换语言习惯的转换 E.g.:a.Magnetism is used to measure the coldest temperature.(很低的）很低的）b.Light-colored things reflect more light than dark-colored things.（深、浅）（深、浅）2020/12/156专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论2.2 词义的引申词义的引申2.2.1 单词的引申单词的引申E.g.:a.Today is the link between yesterday and tomorrow.（桥梁）（桥梁）b.This kind of wood works easily.（加工）（加工）c.Within these broad categories,process differ according to the type of the drier(干燥机干燥机).d.The thicker the wire the more freely it will carry current.（容易）（容易）2020/12/157专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论2.2.2 词组的引申词组的引申E.g.:a.Alloys belong to a half-way house between mixture and compounds.（中间结构）（中间结构）b.At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant.（能源）（能源）c.High concentrations of critical elements,such as lead,arsenic,mercury,may affect the human health.（微量）（微量）2020/12/158专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论3.词类转换词类转换3.1 非动词译成动词非动词译成动词E.g.:a.The control unit of a computer causes the machine to operate according to mans wish.计算机的控制单元使机器人计算机的控制单元使机器人按照按照人的意志人的意志运作运作。2020/12/159专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论3.1.1 名词转译为动词名词转译为动词1.单独的名词用作动词单独的名词用作动词（1）动名词、动词派生的名词，具有动作意义的名词）动名词、动词派生的名词，具有动作意义的名词可直接译为动词可直接译为动词E.g.:a.In the absence of friction,vehicles could not even start.b.Control of dissolved oxygen,solids retention time and hydrolytic retention time is necessary for efficient treatment of wastewater.c.The main object of sedimentation is the separation of clear water from mixture.2020/12/160专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论(2)一些加一些加er或或or的名词，有时在句中并不表示一个人的身份或的名词，有时在句中并不表示一个人的身份或职业，而具有较强的动作意义，这种词汉译时可译为动词。职业，而具有较强的动作意义，这种词汉译时可译为动词。E.g.:a.Talking with his son,the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong doings.b.Professor Wang was the instructor of our experiment.2.适用于动词短语或介词短语中的名词可译为动词。适用于动词短语或介词短语中的名词可译为动词。E.g.:A body is negatively charged when it has electrons in excess of its normal number.2020/12/161专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论3.1.2.形容词译为动词形容词译为动词1.英语中表示感觉、知觉、信念的词，如英语中表示感觉、知觉、信念的词，如familiar、confident、sensible of等在句中作表语时，译成动词等在句中作表语时，译成动词。E.g.:a.Scientists are confident that all matter is indestructible.b.They are quite content with the data obtained from the experiment.c.We are not sure about the effect of this parameter on the quality of the effluent.2020/12/162专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论2.有些要求有固定介词的形容词在句中作有些要求有固定介词的形容词在句中作表语或定语时，译成动词。表语或定语时，译成动词。E.g.:a.The final product moisture is dependent on feed size and residence time at temperature.b.For larger size feed,dried product moisture levels are higher.2020/12/163专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论3.起形容词作用的现在分词、过去分词和一起形容词作用的现在分词、过去分词和一些作定语或补语的形容词，译为动词。些作定语或补语的形容词，译为动词。E.g.:a.The design calculation will serve as an illustrative application of the theory semiconductor devices.3.1.3.介词译成动词介词译成动词 E.g.:a.Numerous treatment technol