超验主义思想与美国浪漫主义文学课件

American TranscendentalismAmericanTranscendentalism1“超验”一词由来w德文transzendent在康德的哲学中，同“内在”相对，意为超出一切可能的经验之上，非人的认识能力可以达到。感觉之外的物质世界“自在之物”是客观存在的，它作用于人们的感官而产生感觉；但是人们通过感觉只能认识到它的现象而不可能是其本体。w超验主义一词“transcendentalism”来源于拉丁动词“transcendere”,意为“超越界限”。超验主义被定义为人通过知觉获取知识的能力。强调知觉的力量,相信人们可以通过感官认知外部世界。认为自然界中的一切事物都是精神的象征。精神高于物质,且无处不在。它强调个人的重要性,认为个人才是社会中最重要的因素。“相信你自己”(爱默生语)是超验主义者的座右铭。爱默生的观点为抒发个性、主张自由的浪漫主义文学奠定了思想基础。“超验”一词由来德文transzendent在康德的哲2超验主义兴起的原因（1）：wAgainstrationalityinthe18thcenturyWest:Naturebasedonexperimentsandlogic.wAdvocatingirrationalityandinnerpowerofinsight;emphasisonperceptualthinking.超验主义兴起的原因（1）：Againstrational3超验主义兴起的原因（2）：wAmericanIndependenceinpolitics,economy,cultureandliteratureamongpriestsandintellectualswEuropeanRomanticism,Neo-Platonism,Kantsidealism,Orientalmysticism,Hinduism,ConfuciusandMenciustheorywIndustrializationinthe1850sandsocial,democraticproblems超验主义兴起的原因（2）：AmericanIndepen4超验主义兴起的原因（3）：wEmersonianTranscendentalism:RejectionofCalvinismanditsGod-as-CenterlogicAcceptationofKantianApriorismandEuropeanRomanticthoughtsAdvocatingmansintuitiontofindtruthwithabeliefinmanasGodBasisonHumanism,emphasizingmansvalue,fightingauthority,worshipingintuition,liberationofindividuality,breakingbondageoftheologyanddogmas超验主义兴起的原因（3）：EmersonianTrans5加尔文教派观点wFivepointsofCalvinismTotaldepravityUnconditionalelectionLimitedatonementIrresistiblegracePerseveranceofthesaintsNatureoftheatonementwChurchbelongingnostateorgovernmentReturn to加尔文教派观点FivepointsofCalvini6康德先验论w先验论唯心主义认识论的一种表现形式。同唯物主义反映论根本对立。认为人的知识是先于感觉经验、先于社会实践的东西，是先天就有的。亦称先验主义、唯心主义先验论。古希腊哲学家柏拉图主张，在现实世界之外，有一个超越经验、超越时空、永恒存在的理念世界；人的经验是无法认识理念世界的；人们关于理念世界的知识是先天地存在于人的心灵之中的，通过后天的学习，可以把它们回忆起来。德国古典哲学家康德认为，赋予知识以普遍性必然性的范畴形式，是主体先天具有的，是先于经验而存在的。先验论割断人们的认识（指理性认识）同感觉经验与社会实践的联系，必然否认认识同客观世界的反映与被反映的联系，从而把认识变成与生俱来的、主观自生的。先验论是天才论和英雄史观的理论基础。Return to康德先验论先验论唯心主义认识论的一种表现形式。同唯物主7美国超验主义wExistenceperiod:1830s-1860s，HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,Massachusettsascenter;TranscendentalClubinBoston;The DialwTenet:liberationmovementofthinking;touchingreforminreligion,philosophy,andinliterature美国超验主义Existenceperiod:1830s-8超验主义的核心观点：w超验：超越经验，针对波士顿的唯一神教派(Unitarianism)的冷淡古板的理性主义(Rationality)而提的（即浪漫主义文学的特点）：“承认人类具有本能了解或认识真理的能力,能够超过感官获取知识”。wTenkeyTenetsIn Nature,we are able to transcend the truths we know in the Natural world.Materialism is bad.Society is the source of corruption.Our intuition and natural instincts guide us to do the right things.In nature,we are uncorrupted.Conformity is wrong.The nature of human beings is good.Knowledge comes from experience.We have a direct relationship with God.Technology is wrong.Human beings and nature are beautiful in and of themselves.超验主义的核心观点：超验：超越经验，针对波士顿的唯一神教派(9美国超验主义思想第一个内核：圣灵wDivinityorHolySpirit:OmnipresentandOmnipotent超验主义者认为灵魂或圣灵是宇宙中最重要的元素。圣灵是全能的，无所不在的。万物来自于圣灵，归属于圣灵。于是，超验主义者们代表了一种新的看待世界的方法。这显然是对18世纪牛顿学说的反抗。18世纪一种被普遍接受的观点认为世界是由物质组成的。这也是对美国的资本化，机械化的反抗，对美国在世界事务中领跑而忽略精神富足的反抗。美国超验主义思想第一个内核：圣灵DivinityorH10美国超验主义思想第二个内核：个人wIndividuality:individualasimportantsocialelement社会的更新进步只有通过个人的更新进步才能得以实现。人类自我完善的可能性（反加尔文教思想；反资本主义的de-humanization）。爱默生认为，人是按上帝的形象造的，只是比上帝差一点点。无处不在的上帝通过在人的灵魂中“起作用”而使人变的神圣、圣洁。人要依靠自己得到精神世界的完美。个人因与圣灵的相交而变的神圣。至此，超验主义又代表了一种新的看待人的方式。世界属于每个人，世界为他而存在，人应决定自己的存在方式。每个人通过塑造世界而塑造了自己，也通过塑造自己而塑造世界。美国超验主义思想第二个内核：个人Individuality:11美国超验主义思想第三个内核：象征wSymbolism:natureasembodimentandsymbolofHolySpirit对于超验主义者们来说，自然不再单纯是物质的，宇宙是由自然和圣灵组成的。他们认为自然是最纯洁的，对人的道德有最神圣的影响，他们提倡直接用内心的洞察力去感知这位有灵的无所不在的上帝。在自然中，他们感到完全与外在世界融合了，完全沉浸在自然中并成为其中的一部分。灵魂超越了身体的物质界限而分享了上帝的无所不知。也就是说，灵魂完全超越了个体的有限成为上帝的一部分。爱默生认为上帝的圣灵无处不在，不仅在人的灵魂中，也贯穿在自然中。美国超验主义思想第三个内核：象征Symbolism:na12Representatives of Transcendentalist LiteratureRepresentativesofTranscenden13爱默生爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882)wAmericanessayistandpoetwLeaderofthephilosophicalmovementoftranscendentalismwInfluencedbysuchschoolsofthoughtasEnglishromanticism,Neo-Platonism,andHinduphilosophy，Emersonisnotedforhisskillinpresentinghisideaseloquentlyandinpoeticlanguage.爱默生RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-14RalphWaldoEmersonTheRalphWaldoEmersonHouseRalphWaldoEmersonTheRalph15爱默生超验主义的思想根源（1）：wFamilyFatherasafamouspriestinBostonFamilymembersencouragementofhimtobebold,radical,curious,rebelliousandenergeticDoubtofTruthandAuthorityChallengeagainsttraditionalbeliefRejectionthepositionofapriest爱默生超验主义的思想根源（1）：Family16爱默生超验主义的思想根源（2）：wHistoricalbackgroundFrontiersandWestasbasechallengingEastandSouthpoliticsCommonManserain1840swithPresident;JeffersonsNaturalAristocrattoallwhitemanbeingequalImprovementincultureandeducationwithestablishmentofindustrialandurbansocietyIntroductionofEuropeanromanticismDoubtofPuritanism爱默生超验主义的思想根源（2）：Historicalbac17爱默生超验主义的思想根源（3）wNeo-Platonism:twoextremesofGodasHolylightandcompletedarkness;Godslightunabletolightenalltheworld;allthingsintheworldwithHolyLight;humansoulclosesttoHolyLightwOrientalmysticism爱默生超验主义的思想根源（3）Neo-Platonism:18MajorworkswNatureabookwhichdeclaredthebirthofTranscendentalismwSomeotheressays:The PoetSelf-relianceThe American Scholar(AmericansDeclarationofIntellectualIndependence)MajorworksNature19论自然核心思想（1）：w“我们为什么不可以也跟宇宙建立一种直接的关系呢?为什么不能有一种凭直觉而不是依靠传统的诗歌与哲学?为什么不能有一种不是依据他们的历史传统而是直接启示我们的宗教呢?”(Whyshouldnotwealsoenjoyanoriginalrelationtotheuniverse?Whyshouldnotwehaveapoetryandphilosophyofinsightandnotoftradition,andareligionbyrevelationtous,andnotthehistoryoftheirs?)。这实际上是在宣布一种独立精神。论自然核心思想（1）：“我们为什么不可以也跟宇宙建立一种20论自然核心思想（2）：w“每个人自身的状貌便是对他提出的疑难所做的形象的答复。”(Everymansconditionisasolutioninhieroglyphictothoseinquireshewouldput.),这句话给他的观点“人是自己的神”做了恰当的注解。以独立的、全新的眼光看待自然界。论自然核心思想（2）：“每个人自身的状貌便是对他提出的疑21论自然核心思想（3）：w爱默生从哲学角度考虑,认为宇宙由自然界和精神组成(Philosophicallyconsidered,theuniverseiscomposedofNatureandtheSoul.),并且肯定了人的地位和作用。论自然核心思想（3）：爱默生从哲学角度考虑,认为宇宙由自22论自然核心思想（4）：w大自然具有丰富意蕴。爱默生眼中的自然都是人的精神化身,欢乐的自然呈现着欢乐,哀愁的自然则又显得哀愁。“为了寻得孤身独处,人有必要走出书斋,退出社会,回归自然。”(Togointosolitude,amanneedstoretireasmuchfromhischamberasfromsociety.)。论自然核心思想（4）：大自然具有丰富意蕴。爱默生眼中的自23论自然核心思想（5）：w他主张修心养性,只有在孤身独处时人的各种内在天赋才可得到充分发展。同时爱默生又写到“自然界即外界多种事物给予的完整的印象”(theintegrityofimpressionmadebymanifoldnatureobjects.)。表明爱默生视大千世界为一有机整体的浪漫主义自然观。他主张人应回到原始物质状态去,单纯地观察世界。论自然核心思想（5）：他主张修心养性,只有在孤身独处时人24论自然核心思想（6）：w“我站在空地上,头沐浴在和煦的空气里,仰望着无垠的太空,小我的一切都消失了,我变成了一只透明的眼球;本身不复存在;我洞察一切;上帝的精气在我周身循环;我成为上帝的一部分。”(Standingonthebareground,myheadbathedbytheblitheairandupliftedintoinfinitespace,allmeanegotismvanishes.Ibecomeatransparenteyeball;Iamnothing;Iseeall;thecurrentsoftheUniversalBeingcirculatethroughme;IampartorparticleofGod.)。这是表明爱默生超验主义观的名言,强调人与自然界的和谐一致。这是爱默生浪漫主义思想的主体,也是论自然一文的钥匙。论自然核心思想（6）：“我站在空地上,头沐浴在和煦的空气25论自然核心思想（7）：w“大自然永远带着精神的色彩”(Naturealwayswearsthecolorsofthespirit.),自然界是精神的象征物(Natureisthesymbolofspirit.)。他主张发挥人的超验作用。在他看来,精神渗透人的心灵和自然界,物质为精神之象征。世界万物有其表状,也有其内涵(particularnaturalfactsaresymbolsofparticularspiritualfacts)。论自然核心思想（7）：“大自然永远带着精神的色彩”(Na26论自然核心思想（8）：w宇宙间存在着一种无所不容、无所不在、扬善抑恶的力量,他称之为上帝或超灵(theOverSoul)。超灵为人所共用,每个人的思想都存在于超灵中,人以直觉观能同他交流。论自然核心思想（8）：宇宙间存在着一种无所不容、无所不在27论自然核心思想（9）：w爱默生赞美人的发展潜力无限,推崇人的至高无上,提出“人就是一切,世界为人而存在,人决定自己的命运,人要自信、自尊、自助”。人有神性,只要潜心修养,洁身自好,便可成为完人;而个人的完善则是世界进步的基础。论自然核心思想（9）：爱默生赞美人的发展潜力无限,推崇人28Henry David Thoreau(1817-1862)wanAmericanauthor,naturalist,transcendentalist,taxresister,developmentcritic,surveyor,sagewriterandphilosopher.HeisbestknownforhisbookWalden,areflectionuponsimplelivinginnaturalsurroundings,andhisessay,Civil Disobedience,anargumentforindividualresistancetocivilgovernmentinmoraloppositiontoanunjuststate.HenryDavidThoreau(1817-1829Henry David Thoreau(1817-1862)wLifewWorkswWaldenHenryDavidThoreau(1817-1830LifewBorninacommonfamilyinNewEnglandwGraduatedfromHarvard,butonlystayedathomeandhelpedfamilybusinesswAfriendofEmersonwActiveinsociallifeandhadastrongsenseofjustice(Example:Heoncerefusedtopayapoll-taxof2dollarsbecausehefeltthetaxwasunfair,andthushewasjailed.AndlaterhewroteanessaynamedCivilDisobediencewhichadvocatedpassiveresistancetounjustlawsandinfluencedGandhiinIndia.(甘地的非暴力不合作运动)wnotsuccessfulasawriterandlivedinobscurityallhislifeLifeBorninacommonfamilyin31Works(Selected)wAWeekontheConcordandMerrimackRivers,1849wResistancetoCivilGovernment/CivilDisobedience/OntheDutyofCivilDisobedience,1849wWalden;or,LifeintheWoods,1854wExcursions,1863wTheMaineWoods,1864wSlaveryinMassachusetts,1854Works(Selected)AWeekonthe32Works(Selected)wAPleaforCaptainJohnBrown,1859wCapeCod,1865wAYankeeinCanada,1866wCompleteWorks,1929(5vols.)wCollectedPoems,1943Works(Selected)APleaforCap33WaldenwBackgroundinformationwSynopsis(contents)wThemesWaldenBackgroundinformation34BackgroundinformationaboutWaldenAreproductionofThoreauscabinwithastatueofThoreauBackgroundinformationaboutW35BackgroundinformationaboutWaldenwThebookdetailsThoreaussojourninacabinnearWaldenPond,amidstwoodlandownedbyhisfriendandmentorRalphWaldoEmerson,nearConcord,Massachusetts.wThoreaudidnotintendtoliveasahermit,forhereceivedvisitorsandreturnedtheirvisits.Instead,hehopedtoisolatehimselffromsocietyinordertogainamoreobjectiveunderstandingofit.wSimplelivingandself-sufficiencywereThoreausothergoals,andthewholeprojectwasinspiredbytranscendentalistphilosophy,whichwasoneofthekeyideasoftheAmericanRomanticPeriod.AsThoreaumadeclearinhisbook,hiscabinwasnotinwildernessbutattheedgeoftown,notfarfromhisfamilyhome.BackgroundinformationaboutW36Synopsis(contents)wEconomyThisisthefirstchapterandalsothelongestbyfar.Thoreaubeginsbyoutlininghisproject:atwo-yearandtwo-monthstayatacrudecabininthewoodsnearWaldenPond.Hedoesthis,hesays,inordertoillustratethespiritualbenefitsofasimplifiedlifestyle.Heeasilysuppliesthefournecessitiesoflife(food,shelter,clothing,andfuel).Hemeticulouslyrecordshisexpendituresandearnings,demonstratinghisunderstandingofeconomy,ashebuildshishouseandbuysandgrowsfood.Forahomeandfreedom,hespendsamere$28.13.wComplementary VersesThischapterconsistsentirelyofapoem,ThePretensionsofPoverty,byseventeenth-centuryEnglishpoetThomasCarew.Thepoemcriticizesthosewhothinkthattheirpovertygivesthemunearnedmoralandintellectualsuperiority.Synopsis(contents)Economy37Synopsis(contents)wWhere I Lived,and What I Lived ForAfterplayingwiththeideaofbuyingafarm,Thoreaudescribeshiscabinslocation.ThenheexplainsthathetookuphisabodeatWaldenWoodssoastolivedeliberately,tofrontonlytheessentialfactsoflife,andseeifIcouldnotlearnwhatithadtoteach,andnot,whenIcametodie,discoverthatIhadnotlived.wReadingThoreauprovidesdiscourseonthebenefitsofreadingclassicalliterature(preferablyintheoriginalGreekorLatin)andbemoansthelackofsophisticationinConcord,manifestedinthepopularityofpopularliterature.HeyearnsforautopiantimewheneachNewEnglandvillagewillsupportwisementoeducateandtherebyennoblethepopulation.Synopsis(contents)WhereILiv38Synopsis(contents)wSoundsThoreauopensthischapterbywarningagainstrelyingtoomuchonliteratureasameansoftranscendence.Instead,oneshouldexperiencelifeforoneself.Thus,afterdescribinghiscabinsbeautifulnaturalsurroundingsandhiscasualhousekeepinghabits,Thoreaugoesontocriticizethetrainwhistlethatinterruptshisreverie.Tohim,therailroadsymbolizesthedestructionofthegoodoldpastoralwayoflife.Followingisadescriptionofthesoundsaudiblefromhiscabin:thechurchbellsringing,carriagesrattlingandrumbling,cowslowing,whip-poor-willssinging,owlshooting,frogscroaking,andcockerelscrowing.wSolitudeThoreaurhapsodizesaboutthebeneficialeffectsoflivingsolitaryandclosetonature.Helovestobealone,forIneverfoundthecompanionthatwassocompanionableassolitude,andheisneverlonelyaslongasheisclosetonature.Hebelievesthereisnogreatvaluetobehadbyrubbingshoulderswiththemassofhumanity.Synopsis(contents)Sounds39Synopsis(contents)wVisitorsThoreauwritesaboutthevisitorstohiscabin.Amongthe25or30visitorsisayoungFrench-Canadianwoodchopper,AlecTherien,whomThoreauidealizesasapproachingtheidealman,andarunawayslave,whomThoreauhelpsonhisjourneytofreedominCanada.wThe Bean-FieldThoreaurelateshiseffortstocultivatetwoandahalfacresofbeans.HeplantsinJuneandspendshissummermorningsweedingthefieldwithahoe.Hesellsmostofthecrop,andhissmallprofitof$8.71covershisneeds.wThe VillageThoreauvisitsthesmalltownofConcordeverydayortwotoheartheInlatesummer,heisarrestedforrefusingtopayfederaltaxes,butisreleasedthenextday.Heexplainsthatherefusestopaytaxestoagovernmentthatsupportsslavery.Synopsis(contents)Visitors40Synopsis(contents)wBaker FarmWhileonanafternoonrambleinthewoods,Thoreaugetscaughtinarainstormandtakesshelterinthedirty,dismalhutofJohnField,apennilessbuthard-workingIrishfarmhand,andhiswifeandchildren.ThoreauurgesFieldtoliveasimplebutindependentandfulfillinglifeinthewoods,therebyfreeinghimselfofemployersandcreditors.ButtheIrishmanwontgiveuphisdreamsofluxury,whichistheAmericandream.wHigher LawsThoreaudiscusseswhetherhuntingwildanimalsandeatingmeatisgood.Heconcludesthattheprimitive,animalsideofhumansdrivesthemtokillandeatanimals,andthatapersonwhotranscendsthispropensityissuperiortothosewhodont.(Thoreaueatsfish.)Inadditiontovegetarianism,helaudschastity,work,andteetotalism.Synopsis(contents)BakerFarm41Synopsis(contents)wBruteNeighborsThoreaubrieflydiscussesthemanywildanimalsthatarehisneighborsatWalden.Adescriptionofthenestinghabitsofpartridgesisfollowedbyafascinatingaccountofamassivebattlebetweenredandblackants.Threeofthecombatantshetakesintohiscabinandexaminesthemunderamicroscopeastheblackantkillsthetwosmallerredones.Later,Thoreautakeshisboatandtriestofollowateasingloonaboutthepond.wHouse-WarmingAfterpickingNovemberberriesinthewoods,Thoreaubestirshimselftoaddachimneyandplasterthewallsofhishutinordertostaveoffthecoldoftheoncomingwinter.Healsolaysinagoodsupplyoffirewood,andexpressesaffectionforwoodandfire.Synopsis(contents)BruteNeigh42Synopsis(contents)wFormerInhabitants;andWinterVisitorsThoreaurelatesthestoriesofpeoplewhoformerlylivedinthevicinityofWaldenPond.Thenhetalksaboutthefewvisitorshereceivesduringthewinter:afarmer,awoodchopper,andapoet(ElleryChanning).wWinterAnimalsThoreauamuseshimselfbywatchingwildlifeduringthewinter.Herelateshisobservationsofowls,hares,redsquirrels,mice,andvariousbirdsastheyhunt,sing,andeatthescrapsandcornheputoutforthem.Healsodescribesafoxhuntthatpassesby.Synopsis(contents)FormerInha43Synopsis(contents)wSpringAsspringarrives,Waldenandtheotherpondsmeltwithstentorianthunderingandrumbling.Thoreauenjoyswatchingthethaw,andgrowsecstaticashewitnessesthegreenrebirthofnature.Hewatchesthegeesewingingtheirwaynorth,andahawkplayingbyitselfinthesky.Asnatureisreborn,thenarratorimplies,soishe.HedepartsWaldenonSeptember8,1847.wConclusionThisfinalchapterismorepassionateandurgentthanitspredecessors.Init,hecriticizesconformity:Ifamandoesnotkeeppacewithhiscompanions,perhapsitisbecausehehearsadifferentdrummer.Lethimsteptothemusicwhichhehears,howevermeasuredorfaraway.Bydoingthesethings,menmayfindhappinessandself-fulfillment.Synopsis(contents)Spring44Themes Waldenemphasizestheimportanceofself-reliance,solitude,contemplation,andclosenesstonatureintranscendingthedesperateexistencethat,heargues,isthelotofmosthumans.ThemesWaldenemphasizesth45TheEndTheEnd46American Romantic LiteratureAmericanRomanticLiterature47美国浪漫主义文学传承wRalphWaldoEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau,TranscendentalistandtheirRomanticthoughtswEmphasisonmansintuitionandspirit;naturefilledwithdivinity;manbacktonaturewThoreausWalden andEmersonsNature美国浪漫主义文学传承RalphWaldoEmerson48浪漫主义文学兴起的原因wOriginatinginEuropeattheturnofthe18thandthe19thcenturywCapitalistrevolutionandcapitalistdemandofindividualliberationandfreedom,andpoliticalrebellionagainstfeudalistruling,andartisticallyanti-classicalism浪漫主义文学兴起的原因49美国浪漫主义文学兴起的原因：wPuritanismwEuropeanRomanticismwFreedomanddemocracyaspoliticalguranteewAmericanterritorialexpansionandwestwardmovementassubjectswAmericancultureandwayofliving美国浪漫主义文学兴起的原因：Puritanism50美国浪漫主义主题：wExpressionofidealandhopeinvigorousandexaggeratedwaywIndividualityandpursuitoffreedomasopposedtoreligiouspredestinationismwCloserelationsbetweenmanandnaturewTypicallyAmericanlandscape美国浪漫主义主题：Expressionofideala51实质：对古典主义的反动wAnti-classicalism:classicalemphasisonrationalityasemphasisonorderandlawwhichagainstmansnaturewAlltheprimitive,simplisticandinnocentas“natural”wPerceptionandemotionandfeelingasopposedtoclassicalemphasisonrationalitywDepictionofnatureasopposedtoclassicalemphasisonhumancreationwUnityofmanandnatureasopposedtoclassicalseparationofthetwowEmphasisonfreedom,individualityandindividualasopposedtoclassicalemphasisonobedience,commonnessandcollectivity实质：对古典主义的反动Anti-classicalism:52美国浪漫主义文学代表作家（前期）wWashingtonIrving:initiationofAmericanLiteraturewJamesCopper(1789-1851):TheLeatherStockingTalesandhisFrontiersmanshipwEdgarAllanPoe美国浪漫主义文学代表作家（前期）WashingtonIr53WashingtonIrving(1783-1859)wThe first AmericanauthortoachieveinternationalrenownwShortstorywriterwRip Van WinklewInitiatingAmericanliteraryform.WashingtonIrving(1783-1859)54欧文的创作w纽约外史纽约外史 A History of New York(1809)w见闻札记见闻札记 The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon,Gent.(1819-1820)瑞普瑞普凡凡温克尔温克尔Rip Van Winkle 睡谷传说睡谷传说The Legend of Sleepy Hollow欧文的创作纽约外史AHistoryofNewY55James FenimoreCooper(1789-1851)wAmericannovelist,travelwriter,andsocialcriticwThefirstgreatAmericanwriteroffictionwFamedforhisaction-packedplotsandvivid,ideali,portrayalofAmericanlifeintheforestandatsea(frontierslandscape).JamesFenimoreCooper(1789-156库柏的创作wThe Spy(1821)a novel about the American Revolution(1775-1783)in New York State.wThe Pioneers,the first of the five novels that make up the Leather-Stocking Tales.(Natty Bumppo)wThe Last of the Mohicans(1826),wThe Prairie(1827),wThe Pathfinder(1840)wThe Deerslayer(1841)库柏的创作TheSpy(1821)57Edgar AllanPoe(1809-1849)wPoet,shortstorywriterandcriticwForerunner of the short-story form(gothicanddetective)EdgarAllanPoe(1809-1849)P58爱伦坡的理论与创作w诗歌富于音乐性，形式精美。影响及象征主义及现代派。w诗歌原理、创作原理、评霍桑提倡“纯艺术”“纯诗歌”。强调“诗的统一性在于感情与情绪”，写诗在于表达“忧郁之情”。爱伦坡的理论与创作诗歌59爱伦坡的侦探小说wTheFalloftheHouseofUsher(1839)wTheMurdersintheRueMorgue(1841)w小说“把滑稽提高到怪诞，把害怕发展到恐惧，把机智夸大成嘲弄，把奇特变成怪异和神秘”。w小说的基调：忧郁、悲观、神秘。爱伦坡的侦探小说TheFalloftheHouse60美国浪漫主义文学代表作家（后期）wNathanielHawthornewHermanMelvillewWaltWhitmanwEmilyDickinsonwMarkTwain(early)美国浪漫主义文学代表作家（后期）NathanielHaw61“新英格兰文艺复兴”w爱默生、梭罗、阿尔考特、霍桑、洛威尔、朗费罗、霍尔默斯、麦尔维尔、惠蒂埃等等。w走在波士顿附近，随便丢一块石头，准能碰到一位作家。“新英格兰文艺复兴”爱默生、梭罗、阿尔考特、霍桑、洛威尔、62“新英格兰文艺复兴”w霍桑的红字、爱默生的历史性代表人物、麦尔维尔的白鲸、梭罗的瓦尔登，惠特曼的草叶集麦瑟森教授在他的美国文艺复兴一书中指出：“您尽可翻遍其余一切美国文学作品，也找不到任何一组书能在想象力方面与这些书媲美。”“新英格兰文艺复兴”霍桑的红字、爱默生的历史性代表人物63NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864)American novelistTopics of ethical problems of sin,punishment,and atonementRomantic novelistPsychological activitiesNathanielHawthorne(1804-18664霍桑的创作w小说集小说集Twice-Told Tales(1837)Mosses from an Old Manse (1846)The Snow-Image(1852)w红字（ADULTERY）w白兰丁梅斯代尔齐灵窝斯w(Adultery)(Able)(Admirable)w(Angel)霍桑的创作小说集65HermanMelville(1819-1891)wAmericannovelistwPsychologicalandmetaphysicalthemesforeshadowed20th-centuryliteraryconcernswRecognitionsincethe1920swMoby-Dick HermanMelville(1819-1891)A66白鲸Moby-Dick;or The Whale(1851)ThecentralthemeofthisnovelistheconflictbetweenCaptainAhab,masterofthewhalerPequod,andMoby-Dick,agreatwhitewhalethatoncetoreoffoneofAhabslegsattheknee.Ahabisdedicatedtorevenge;hedriveshimselfandhiscrew,whichincludesIshmael,thenarratorofthestory,overtheseasinadesperatesearchforhisenemy.白鲸Moby-Dick;orTheWhale(167废奴文学w美国十九世纪上半叶废奴运动的产物，从人道主义出发，以废奴为主题，反对南方蓄奴制，通过现实主义的描写，揭露南方奴隶主的残酷，为黑奴解放运动大声疾呼，亦批判资本主义资产阶级的妥协、虚伪和叛卖行为。重要作品如朗费罗的废奴篇、希尔德烈斯的白奴、斯托夫人的汤姆大伯的小屋。其中后者影响最大，极大地推动了反对蓄奴制的政治斗争。废奴文学是十九世纪美国现实主义文学的先声。废奴文学美国十九世纪上半叶废奴运动的产物，从人道主义出发，以68惠特曼与惠特曼与草叶集草叶集Walt Whitman(1819-1892)惠特曼与草叶集WaltWhitman(1819-1869草叶的寓意“我相信一片草叶不亚于星球的运转。”“哪里有土，哪里有水，哪里就长着草。”草的意思乃是“在宽广的地方和狭窄的地方都一样发芽，在黑人和白人中间都一样地生长”总之，草叶作为一种最普通最有生命力的东西，是诗人自己的形象，是当时正在发展中的美国的象征，也是诗人关于民主和自由的理想的体现。草叶的寓意“我相信一片草叶不亚于星球的运转70草叶的寓意w惠特曼说：“我的目的是写高尚不朽的作品美国的健壮巨大、勇敢的性格完美的妇女我要歌颂肉体的光辉我要作我这类诗人中的大师。我的诗人写感情，不管是暂时还是永久的，要写自由，要完全表白人格。要在美国各州中高唱民主与民主的新世界。”草叶的寓意惠特曼说：“我的目的是写高尚不朽的作品美国的健壮巨711、讴歌上升时期的美国社会，歌颂民主和自由的理想在在拟拟议议的的伦伦敦敦版版草草叶叶集集序序中中，诗诗人人说说：“诚诚然然，我我们们若若是是用用一一个个字字眼眼来来概概括括草草叶叶集集的的各各个个部部分分的的话话，那那个个字字眼眼似似乎乎就就是是民民主主一一词词。可可是是，这这并并不不意意味味着着仅仅局局限限于于政政治治方方面面的的民民主主政政治治方方面面的的民民主主只只不不过过是是（全全人人类类以以及及）诗诗歌歌中中的的民民主主的的一一个个部部分分而而已已。需需要要把把民民主主这这一一词词伸伸延延到到全全人人类类以以及及文文化化的的各各个个部部门门，尤其应该包括属于道德、美术、哲学的各个部门尤其应该包括属于道德、美术、哲学的各个部门”1、讴歌上升时期的美国社会，歌颂民主和自由的理想在拟议72w民主自由的主题具体化为对人（自我之歌我歌颂带电的肉体）对自然界（从门巴诺克出发）对劳动（职业之歌斧头之歌）的歌颂。1、讴歌上升时期的美国社会，歌颂民主和自由的理想民主自由的主题具体化为对人（自我之歌我歌颂带电的肉体73、为南北战争摇旗呐喊，为民主战士洒泪而歌w桴鼓集林肯总统纪念集一八六一年敲呀，敲呀，鼓呀父亲，赶快从田地里上来啊，船长，我的船长哟当紫丁香最近在庭院中开放的时候、为南北战争摇旗呐喊，为民主战士洒泪而歌桴鼓集林肯总74当紫丁香最近在庭院中