油研演讲与写作构思课件

路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远少壮不努力，老大徒悲伤少壮不努力，老大徒悲伤少壮不努力，老大徒悲伤少壮不努力，老大徒悲伤2024/7/6油研演讲与写作构思课油研演讲与写作构思课件件路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂vSelecting topicsvAnalyzing audiencevSupporting ideasvOrganizing the body of the speechvBeginning and ending the speechvOutlining speechvUsing language路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂Purpose of speechvInform:informationvPersuade:change audience路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂Principles of specific purposesvMake sure the central idea is not too general vExpress the central idea as a full sentencevState the central idea as a declarative sentence,not as a questionvAvoid figurative language in the central idea路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂exercisesvDonate bloodvTo inform my audience about the history of Western civilizationvTo inform my audience about GuilinvTo inform my audience that something has to be done about traffic jams.vTo inform my audience how to use the subway system in Berlin,Germany.路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂vGeneral purpose:vSpecific purpose:vCentral idea:vMain points:1.You should study abroad because it will enhance your personal development.2.You should study abroad because it will enhance your academic development.3.You should study abroad because it will enhance your career development.路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂vGeneral purpose:vSpecific purpose:vCentral idea:vMain points:1.The first event in triathlon is swimming,2.The second event in triathlon is cycling.3.The first event in triathlon is running.路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂vGeneral purpose:vSpecific purpose:vCentral idea:vMain points:路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂Analyzing audiencevAudience-centered:ObamavTo whom am I speaking?vWhat do I want them to know,believe,or do as a result of my speech?vWhat is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that aim?路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂Adapting to the AudiencevBefore the speech:assessing how your audiece is likely to respong to what you say in your speech;adjusting what your say to make it as clear,appropriate,and convincing.vDuring the speech:keep an eye out for audience feedback.Frown or respond with quizzical looks,you may need to back up and go over your point again.vAfter the speech:survey,modify,next speech.路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂Supporting ideasvExamplesvStatisticsvQuotations(paraphrase)路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂ExamplesvBrief ExamplesvExtended ExamplesvHypothetical Examples路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂vBrief Examples(specific statements):vChanges in technology have made it possible for doctors to work wonders that once seemed impossible.Roger Charter,for example,lost both his feet when they were crushed in a truck accident,Now he has new feet-made of a springy plastic alloy that duplicates a normal arch.Not only can he walk normally,but he can run and play sports again.vThe miraculous nature of recent advances in creating artificial limbs for accident victims.路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂vJapanese businessmen have already applied Confucian ethics in their business management,and the American military academy,West Point,has taken Sunzis The Art of War as one of their textbooks,In these years,the cream of our culture,such as traditional medical science and medicine,acupuncture,Tai Chi,and paper cutting,has won popularity in the world.vChinas traditional culture has vigor and vitality in todays globalization.路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂vExtended examples(narratives,illustrations,anecdotes):telling storiesvHypothetical examples:Imagine this:your father has been stricken with serious heart disease.At the hospital,your learn he has a chance to survive-if he can receive a heart transplant.But there are no heart donors available.Your father is of the 1.5 million Chinese each year who need an organ transplant but cannot get one because of a shortage of donors.路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂vStatistics1.Use representative statistics2.Identify the sources of statistics3.Use statistics from reliable sources4.Round off complicated statistics5.Explain statistics路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂vQuotations(paraphrase)1.Use quotations from unbiased sources2.Identify the people quote and paraphrase路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂Organizing the body of the speechvBody is determined by main points.vStrategic order of main points1.Chronological order2.Spatial order3.Problem-solution order4.Topical order路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂Chronological ordervSpecific purpose:to inform audience how the Great Wall of China was built.vCentral idea:the Great Wall of China was built in three major stages.vMain points:Qin dynastyv Han dynastyv Ming dynasty路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂vSpecific purpose:to inform audience your educational backgroundsvCentral idea:in three major stages.vMain points:路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂Spatial ordervSpecific purpose:to inform audience about the three major regions in ItalyvCentral idea:northern,southern and central Italy have their own identities and attractions.vMain points:路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂Problem-solution ordervSpecific purpose:to persuade audience tougher measure are needed to control illegal selling of antiques.vCentral idea:illegal selling of antiques is a serious problem that requires a combination of government action and individual awareness.vMain points:路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂vSpecific purpose:to persuade audience that China should implement stricter law enforcement to prevent accidents in coal mines.vCentral idea:vMain points:路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂Topical ordervSpecific purpose:to inform audience about the achievements of da VincivCentral idea:painter,an inventor,an astronomervMain points:路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂vSpecific purpose:to persuade audience that China should continue its program of space explorationvCentral idea:vMain points:路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂vSpecific purpose:to persuade audience CCTV should launch an English version of the Lecture Room.vCentral idea:vMain points:路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂Tips for preparing main pointsvLimit the number of the main pointsvKeep main points separatevTry to use the same pattern o wording for main points路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂Beginning and endingvIntroductionvConclusion路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂IntroductionvGet attention and interest1.Relate the topic to the audience2.State the importance of your topic3.Startle the audience4.Arouse the curiosity of the audience5.Question the audience6.Begin with a quotation7.Tell a storyvCreate a positive relationship with the audiencevEatablish credibility路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂ConclusionvReinforce the central idea1.Summarize your speech2.End with quotation3.Make a dramatic statementvRefer to the introduction路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂Outlining the SpeechvState the specific purpose and central ideavLabel the introduction,body,and conclusionvUse a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentationvState main points and subpoints in full sentencesvLabel transitions,Internal Summaries,and Internal PreviewsvAttach a bibliographyvGive your speech a title路漫漫其悠远路漫漫其悠远锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂锲而不舍，金石可镂Tips for Outlining the Speech vMake Sure the Outline is LegiblevKeep the Outline as Brief as PossiblevGive Yourself Cues for Delivering the 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