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Thehistoryoftheautomobilebeginsasearlyas1769,withthecreationofsteam-poweredautomobilescapableofhumantransport.Steam-poweredself-propelledvehiclesarethoughttohavebeendevisedinthelate18thcentury.Nicolas-JosephCugnotdemonstratedhisfardiervapeur,anexperimentalsteam-drivenartillerytractor,in1770and1771.By1784,WilliamMurdochhadbuiltaworkingmodelofasteamcarriageinRedruth,andin1801RichardTrevithickwasrunningafull-sizedvehicleontheroadinCamborne.Suchvehicleswereinvogueforatime,andoverthenextdecadessuchinnovationsashandbrakes,multi-speedtransmissions,andbettersteeringdeveloped.Atthe1900ssomesteam-poweredself-propelledvehicleswerecommerciallysuccessfulinprovidingmasstransit,untilabacklashagainsttheselargespeedyvehiclesresultedinpassingalaw,theLocomotiveAct,in1865requiringself-propelledvehiclesonpublicroadsintheUnitedKingdombeprecededbyamanonfootwavingaredflagandblowingahorn.Thelawwasnotrepealeduntil1896,althoughtheneedfortheredflagwasremovedin1878.GermanengineerKarlBenz,inventorofnumerouscar-relatedtechnologies,isgenerallyregardedastheinventorofthemodernautomobile.Thefour-strokepetrol(gasoline)internalcombustionenginethatconstitutesthemostprevalentformofmodernautomotivepropulsionisacreationofGermaninventorNikolausOtto.Earlyattemptsatmakingandusinginternalcombustionengineswerehamperedbythelackofsuitablefuels,particularlyliquids,andtheearliestenginesusedgasmixtures2.Alaterversionwaspropelledbycoalgas.KarlBenzbuilthisfirstautomobilein1885inMannheim.Benzwasgrantedapatentforhisautomobileon29January1886,andbeganthefirstproductionofautomobilesin1888.Soonafter,GottliebDaimlerandWilhelmMaybachinStuttgartin1889designedavehiclefromscratchtobeanautomobile,ratherthanahorse-drawncarriagefittedwithanengine.1885-built Benz Patent Motorwagen1.VeterancareraBy1900,massproductionofautomobileshadbeguninFranceandtheUnitedStates.Bythestartofthe20thcentury,theautomobileindustrywasbeginningtotakeoffinwesternEurope,especiallyinFrance,theyproduced30,204in1903,representing48.8%ofworldautomobileproductionthatyear.Innovationwasrapidandrampant,withnoclearstandardsforbasicvehiclearchitectures,bodystyles,constructionmaterials,orcontrols.Automobileswereseenasmoreofanoveltythanagenuinelyusefuldevice.Breakdownswerefrequent,fuelwasdifficulttoobtain,roadssuitablefortravellingwerescarce,andrapidinnovationmeantthatayear-oldcarwasnearlyworthless.Majorbreakthroughsinprovingtheusefulnessoftheautomobilecamewiththehistoriclong-distancedriveofBerthaBenzin1888,whenshetraveledmorethan80kilometres(50mile)fromMannheimtoPforzheim,tomakepeopleawareofthepotentialofthevehiclesherhusband,KarlBenz,manufactured.2.EdwardianeraEdwardianeralastedfromroughly1905throughtothebeginningofWorldWarIin1914.Throughoutthisera,developmentofautomotivetechnologywasrapid,dueinparttoahugenumber(hundreds)ofsmallmanufacturersallcompetingtogaintheworldsattention.Keydevelopmentsincludedelectricignitionsystem(byRobertBosch,1903),independentsuspension,andfour-wheelbrakes(bytheArrol-JohnstonCompanyofScotlandin1909).Transmissionsandthrottlecontrolswerewidelyadopted,allowingavarietyofcruisingspeeds,thoughvehiclesgenerallystillhaddiscretespeedsettings,ratherthantheinfinitelyvariablesystemfamiliarincarsoflatereras.Someexamplesofcarsoftheperiodincludedthefollowing:19081927FordModelTthemostwidelyproducedandavailablecaroftheera.Itusedaplanetarytransmission,andhadapedal-basedcontrolsystem.19101920BugattiType13anotableracingandtouringmodelwithadvancedengineeringanddesign.SimilarmodelsweretheTypes15,17,22,and23.1910 Model T,photographed in Salt Lake City 3.VintageeraThevintageeralastedfromtheendofWorldWarI(1919),throughtheWallStreetCrashattheendof1929.Duringthisperiod,thefront-enginedcarcametodominate,withclosedbodiesandstandardisedcontrolsbecomingthenorm.In1919,90%ofcarssoldwereopen;by1929,90%wereclosed.Developmentoftheinternalcombustionenginecontinuedatarapidpace,withmulti-valveandoverheadcamshaftenginesproducedatthehighend,andV8,V12,andevenV16enginesconceivedfortheultra-rich.Exemplaryvintagevehicles:19241929BugattiType35theType35wasoneofthemostsuccessfulracingcarsofalltime,withover1,000victoriesinfiveyears.19271931FordModelAafterModelTinproductionfortoolong,Fordrestarteditsmodelserieswiththe1927ModelA.Morethan4millionwereproduced,makingitthebest-sellingmodeloftheera.Bugatti Type 35A Grand Prix Racer 1925 4.Pre-WWIIeraThepre-warerabeganwiththeGreatDepressionin1930,andendedwiththerecoveryafterWorldWarII,commonlyplacedat1948.Bythe1930s,mostofthemechanicaltechnologyusedintodaysautomobileshadbeeninvented.After1930,thenumberofautomanufacturersdeclinedsharplyastheindustryconsolidatedandmatured.Exemplarypre-warautomobiles:19321948FordV-8introductionofthepowerfulFlatheadV8inmainstreamvehicles,settingnewperformanceandefficiencystandards.19341940BugattiType57asingularhigh-tech,refinedautomobileforthewealthy.19382019VolkswagenBeetleadesignforefficiencyandlowprice,whichprogressedover60yearswithminimalbasicchange.19361939Rolls-RoycePhantomIIIV12enginedpinnacleofpre-warengineering,withtechnologicaladvancesnotseeninmostothermanufacturersuntilthe1960s.5.Post-wareraAutomobiledesignfinallyemergedfromtheshadowofWorldWarIIin1949.Theunibody/strut-suspended1951FordConsuljoinedthe1948MorrisMinorand1949RoverP4inwakinguptheautomobilemarketintheUnitedKingdom.InItaly,EnzoFerrariwasbeginninghis250series.Throughoutthe1950s,enginepowerandvehiclespeedsrose,andcarsspreadacrosstheworld.Themarketchangedsomewhatinthe1960s,asDetroitbegantoworryaboutforeigncompetition,theEuropeanmakersadoptedever-highertechnology,andJapanappearedasaseriouscar-producingnation.BMCsrevolutionaryspace-savingMini,whichfirstappearedin1959,capturedlargesalesworld-wide.InAmerica,performancebecameaprimefocusofmarketing,exemplifiedbyponycarsandmusclecars.In1964thepopularFordMustangappeared.Buteverythingchangedinthe1970sasthe1973oilcrisis,automobileemissionscontrolrules,JapaneseandEuropeanimports.SmallperformancecarsfromBMW,Toyota,andNissantooktheplaceofbig-enginedcarsfromAmericaandItaly.Thebiggestdevelopmentsoftheerawerethewidespreaduseofindependentsuspensions,widerapplicationoffuelinjection,andanincreasingfocusonsafetyinthedesignofautomobiles.Exemplarypost-warcars:19592000Minithisquintessentialsmallcarlastedforfourdecades,andisoneofthemostfamouscarsofalltime.1964presentFordMustangtheponycarthatbecameoneofthebest-sellingandmost-collectedcarsoftheera.7.ModerneraThemoderneraisnormallydefinedasthe25yearsprecedingthecurrentyear.Withoutconsideringthefutureofthecar,themodernerahasbeenoneofincreasingstandardisation,platformsharing,andcomputer-aideddesign.Someparticularlynotableadvancesinmoderntimesarethewidespreadoffront-wheeldriveandall-wheeldrive,theadoptionoftheV6engineconfiguration,andtheubiquityoffuelinjection.Bodystyleshavechangedaswellinthemodernera.Threetypes,thehatchback,minivan,andsportutilityvehicle,dominatetodaysmarket,yetarerelativelyrecentconcepts.TheriseofpickuptrucksintheUnitedStates,andSUVsworldwidehaschangedthefaceofmotoring,withthesetruckscomingtocommandmorethanhalfoftheworldautomobilemarket.Themodernerahasalsoseenrapidlyrisingfuelefficiencyandengineoutput.Exemplarymoderncars:1966presentToyotaCorollaasimplesmallJapanesesaloon/sedanthathascometobethebest-sellingcarofalltime.1973presentMercedes-BenzS-ClasselectronicAnti-lockBrakingSystem,supplementalrestraintairbags,seatbeltpretensioners,andelectronictractioncontrolsystemallmadetheirdebutontheS-Class.1977presentHondaAccordsaloon/sedanthisJapanesesedanbecamethemostpopularcarintheUnitedStatesinthe1990s,pushingtheFordTaurusaside,andsettingthestagefortodaysupscaleAsiansedans.Thanks 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