汉字的发展及其演变-课件

汉字的发展及其演变一一.汉字的特点汉字的特点The feature of Chinese Character二二.汉字的构造方式汉字的构造方式The construction of Characters三三.汉字的发展演变汉字的发展演变The development of CharactersPictogram/HieroglyphsPictogram/Hieroglyphs 鱼 fish 人 man 山山 mountain 鳥鳥鸟鸟 bird 休休 restIn Egyptian hieroglyphics,the determinative is a glyph that carries no phonetic value but instead is added at the end of a word to clarify the meaning of the word.This is due to the fact that the writing system does not record vowels,and therefore different words with the same set of consonants(but different vowels)can be written by the same sequence of glyphs.Therefore the determinative became necessary to disambiguate the meaning of a sequence of glyphs大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流可以互相讨论下，但要小声点可以互相讨论下，但要小声点可以互相讨论下，但要小声点可以互相讨论下，但要小声点Pictograph and ideographhieroglyphs。The basic unit of Chinese is strokes,如：丨亻；一如：丨亻；一丨丿丨丿乀乀木；亻木休木；亻木休FormationFormation ofof wordswords“六书六书”the six categories of characters:象形、指事、象形、指事、会意、形声、转注、假借会意、形声、转注、假借.But there are only four ways to form a word,the other two ways are simply how to use words;象形象形 pictogram 指事指事 indicative 会意会意 combined ideogram形声形声 pictophonetic“象形象形”pictograph 日日 sun 月月 moon 水水 waterwater 門門 门门 door 鹿鹿 deer 雨雨 rain 宫宫 palace 木木 tree 子子 child 身身 body“指事指事”indicatives or ideogram 丄丄 上上 丅丅 下下 本本Original meaning:rootExtended meaning:basic;fundamental;original 刃刃Meaning:the edge of a knife,sword,etc“会意会意”Combined ideogram:putting together several pictographs to construct an abstract idea;森森：Chinese often use“three”to indicate“many”.So three“木木”means there are a lot of trees.The woods,in Chinese,we call it“森林森林”众众：three“people”人人 means crowd or mob明明:Using the sun and the moon,to indicate bright or brilliant.明亮、光明明亮、光明寇：寇：“宀宀”sinifies a house，“元元”is a person，“攴攴”means stick in somebodys hands.So from this character we know that someone breaks into ones house and robs.The meaning of“寇寇”is robber。寒：寒：hahan,then,the twotwo dotsdots at the bottom at the bottom representrepresent ice,ice,indicatingindicating itsits coldcold insideinside thethe house,house,andand strawsstraws usedused toto keepkeep peoplepeople warm.warm.TogetherTogether thethe wordword 寒冷寒冷”meansmeans cold cold 家家:jia,in an agricultural society,it was important to have domesticated pigs;they were a status symbol.Therefore,the Chinese word for family consists of a roof on top and a pig at bottom.集：集：jiji,birds perk on a tree denote the,birds perk on a tree denote the idea of idea of gathering;collecting,and by extension:集市：集市：jiji shi shi:country fair集团：集团：jiji tua tuan:n:group诗集：诗集：shishi ji ji:a collection of poems In modern Chinese,there are many words coined or formed by putting together ideographs;for example:歪歪：wai,(not upright)inclined泪泪：lei,(water in the eyes)tears众众：zhong,(many people)crowd,mob尖尖：jian,(small over big)tip 灭灭：mie,(dirt over fire)extinguish尘尘：chen,(small dirt)dust形声：形声：picto-phonetic formation combines the pictographic symbol with the phonetic one to signify both the meaning and pronunciation of a word.For example,“山旁必言山，水旁必言水山旁必言山，水旁必言水”the mountain radical connotes relations to mountains while the water radical water.e.g：它它=蛇蛇 莫莫暮暮 莫莫(mo):Its original meaning is dusk.Since its pronunciation is similar to“nobody”,and its too hard to make a character for“nobody”.So we use“莫莫”to indicate“nobody”,and make an other character“暮暮”(mu)for dusk.1.Radical“犭犭”stems from（犬（犬,quan）meaning dog，and appears in such animal related words as:狗狗(gou,dog)、猫猫(mao,cat)、狼、狼(lang,wolf)、狐狸、狐狸(hu li,fox)、猪、猪(zhu,pig)、狮、狮(shi,lion)、狡猾、狡猾(jiao hua,conniving)、狠、狠(hen,cruel)；2.Ridical“饣饣”originates from the word 食食(shi,eat)and appears in such food related words as 饭饭(fan,food)、饿、饿(e hungry)、饱、饱(bao,full)、饼、饼(bing,pancake)、饲、饲(si,feed)、饺饺(jiao,dumpling)、馒、馒(man,steamed buns)、餐馆、餐馆(can guan,restaurant)；3.Radical“宀宀”(bao gai)appears in such words related to houses and dwelling spaces as:家家(jia,family)、宅、宅(zhai,house)、安、安(an,peace)、客、客(ke,guest)、室、室(shi,room)、宾、宾(bing,guest)、宫、宫(gong,palace)、宿、宿(shu,dorm)、富、富(fu,prosper)、公寓、公寓(gong yu,hotel/apartment)、宽、宽(kuan,wide)；4.Radical“扌扌”(ti shou)is always present in action-related words such as:打打(da,hit)、扔、扔(reng,toss)、扶、扶(fu,support)、扫、扫(sao,sweep)、摸、摸(mo,touch)、抖、抖(dou,handle)、折、折(chai,dismantle)、抢、抢(qiang,seize)、护、护(hu,protect)、拥抱、拥抱(yongbao,embrace)；5.Radical“心、忄心、忄”appears in all words having to do with moods,feelings and human psyche,such as 思想思想(sixiang,think)、怀念、怀念(huai nian,memorize fondly)、忍、忍(ren,endure)、愤怒、愤怒(fennu,anger)、恨、恨(hen,hate)、怕、怕(pa,afraid)、急、急(ji,in a hurry)；6.Radical“疒疒”signifies sickness and appears in such words as 疾病疾病(ji bing,ailments)、癌症、癌症(ai zheng,cancer)、疼痛、疼痛(teng tong,pain)、痒、痒(yang,itch)、瘦、瘦(shou,under-nourished)、痕、痕(hen,bruise)、痘、痘(dou,mole)；7.Radical7.Radical“月月”signifies flesh and appears in such words signifies flesh and appears in such words related to physical parts of the human body as:related to physical parts of the human body as:胳膊胳膊(ge(ge bo,bo,arms)arms)、腿、腿(tui(tui,leg),leg)、脚、脚(jia(jiao,foot)o,foot)、肌肉、肌肉(ji(ji rou rou,muscle),muscle)、肚肚(tu(tu,stomach),stomach)、肠、肠(cha(chang,intestines)ng,intestines)、肤、肤(fu(fu,skin),skin)、脸、脸 (lia(lian,face)n,face)、肩膀、肩膀(jia(jianbanbang,shoulders)ng,shoulders)、肥、肥(fei(fei,fat),fat)、肺、肺 (fei(fei,lungs),lungs)、背、背(bei(bei,back),back)、胖、胖(pa(pang,obese)ng,obese)、胸、胸(xio(xiong,ng,chest)chest)；8.Radicals8.Radicals“讠讠”（言字旁）（言字旁）and“and“口口”signify speech and mouthsignify speech and mouth，often appear in such words as often appear in such words as 说说(shuo(shuo,speak),speak)、话、话(hua(hua,langauge)langauge)、读、读(du(du,read),read)、记、记(ji(ji,record),record)、讨论、讨论(tao(taolulun,n,discuss)discuss)、议、议(yi(yi,talk),talk)、讲、讲(jia(jiang,conversation)ng,conversation)、许、许(xu(xu,permit)permit)、谜语、谜语(mi(miyuyu,riddle),riddle)、吹、吹(chui(chui,blow),blow)、吵、吵(cha(chao,o,quarrow)quarrow)、喊、喊(ha(ha,yell),yell)、叫、叫(jia(jiao,shout)o,shout)、吓、吓(xia(xia,threaten),threaten)、吸吸(xi(xi,inhale),inhale)、吞、吞(tu(tun,swallow)n,swallow)、听、听(ti(ting,listen)ng,listen)、吻、吻(we(wen,n,kiss)kiss)；9.Radicals“钅钅”and“金金”indicate metals and appear to such words as 针针(zhen,needle)、钉、钉(ding,nail)、钓、钓(gou,hook)、钢、钢(gang,steel)、铁、铁(tie,iron)、钱、钱(qian,money);10.Radical“衤、衣衤、衣”is clothe radical and often present in such related words as:衬衣衬衣(chen yi,under harments)、裤、裤(ku,pants)、袋、袋(dai,pockets)、袖、袖(xiu,sleeves)、被、被(bei,blankets)、裙裙(qun,skirt)；11.“氵氵”is a water radical and appears in such water-related words as 河河(he,river)、流、流(liu,flow)、江、江(jiang,river)、湖、湖(hu,lake)、海、海(hai,ocean)、汽、汽(qi,steam)、泪、泪(lei,tears)、沉、沉(chen,sink)、游泳、游泳(you yong,swim)、汤、汤(tang,soup)；12.“贝贝”is seashell,which was often used in ancient times as currency,and present in such words as:贵贵(gui,expensive)、赔赔(pei,compensate)、费、费(fei,fees)、财、财(cai,wealth)、贡、贡(gong,tribute)、赏、赏(shang,gifts/awards)、赌、赌(du,gamble)、购、购(gou,purchase)、债、债(zhai,debt)、货、货(huo,goods)、贼、贼(zei,thief)、赚、赚(zhuan,profit)、三三.Three periods of.Three periods of DevelopmentDevelopment1.Seal Script（篆体（篆体 zhuan）Greater and lesser seal2.Official or clerkly script（隶体（隶体 li）3.Regular Script（楷体（楷体 kai）4.Running Script （行书（行书 xing)5.Cursive or grass script (草书草书 cai)篆篆 体体 zhuan styleThe period lasted about 1200 years,The period lasted about 1200 years,from 1400 B.C.to 206 B.C.when Qin from 1400 B.C.to 206 B.C.when Qin Dynasty came to an end;Dynasty came to an end;The period included the Yin The period included the Yin dynasty,Zhou dynasty and Warring dynasty,Zhou dynasty and Warring States in which writingStates in which writing appearedappeared onon turtle bones(forturtle bones(for oracleoracle divination)divination)and bronzeand bronze vessels(for vessels(for records and rituals or affairs of records and rituals or affairs of the State).the State).甲甲骨骨文文金金文文战战国国鸟鸟虫虫书书小小篆篆小篆：小篆：small seal was the official script after the unification of China(B.C.221);prior to that,there had been various writing styles,systems of measurement and standards of currency.To better rule the country,the emperor decided to“书同文、车同轨、统一度量衡书同文、车同轨、统一度量衡”(“write the same language,standardize vehicle axles,and make uniform benchmarks of measurement).Small or lesser seal script became the standard.隶体隶体/隶书隶书:official script originated in the warring states period prior to the unification and was a popular writing style until the period of the Three Kingdoms,lasting about 500 years(221 B.C.300 A.D.)隶隶书书隶书：隶书：At the time of unification,there were strict laws and criminal offenses that generated massive paper work for prison wardens.To speed up the processing time,the wardens had to develop the small seal script into what was later to be recognized as“official script”.This was nothing less than a revolution in the history of Chinese writing,referred to as the“reform of li scrpt”(隶，隶，slaves).秦始皇统一时期，国家的法律非常严格，许多人被关到了监狱秦始皇统一时期，国家的法律非常严格，许多人被关到了监狱里，狱吏每天要处理大量的案件。为了能节省时间，更快速地里，狱吏每天要处理大量的案件。为了能节省时间，更快速地记录下每个案件的审理过程，狱吏们慢慢开始使用一套不同于记录下每个案件的审理过程，狱吏们慢慢开始使用一套不同于小篆的写法。这种写法简单方便，对小篆做了很大程度的改变，小篆的写法。这种写法简单方便，对小篆做了很大程度的改变，这就是隶书。隶书在汉字的发展史上有着非常重要的作用，是这就是隶书。隶书在汉字的发展史上有着非常重要的作用，是汉字的一次革命。从小篆变为隶书，俗称汉字的一次革命。从小篆变为隶书，俗称“隶变隶变”。隶变使汉。隶变使汉字进一步脱离了图画的性质，变为了纯符号的文字。字进一步脱离了图画的性质，变为了纯符号的文字。楷楷 体体RegularRegular script,script,knownknown asas “kai”style,“kai”style,beganbegan inin EasternEastern HanHan (200(200 A.D.)andA.D.)and becamebecame widelywidely adoptedadopted duringduring thethe Sui,Sui,TangTang andand SongSong dynasties.dynasties.EvenEven today,today,overover 16001600 yearsyears later,later,peoplepeople stillstill useuse thethe scriptscript whenwhen theythey writewrite formally.formally.楷书起于东汉末，通行于隋唐，经过宋元一楷书起于东汉末，通行于隋唐，经过宋元一直到今天，已经有直到今天，已经有16001600年以上的历史了。年以上的历史了。行行书书Running script草书草书Cursive or grass script