资源描述
Medical Englishfor postgraduates主讲人：彭继兰主讲人：彭继兰 1章节课件Medical Englishfor postgraduav Word building基本意义单位基本意义单位 第一种符号第一种符号 第二种符号第二种符号 (word)(root)v 人人 man anthropv 花花 flower anthov 时时 time chronv 色色 colour chromv 2章节课件 Word building2章节课件章节课件石石 stone lithv 水水 water hydro v 生命生命 life biov 头头 head cephalv 牙牙 tooth dent3章节课件石石 stone v lith-v lithoscope 结石检查器结石检查器v lithectomy 结石切除术结石切除术v lithoid 如石的如石的v -lithv urolith 尿结石尿结石v nephrolith 肾结石肾结石v cholelith 胆结石胆结石4章节课件 lith-4章节课件章节课件v aerolith 陨石陨石v megalith 巨石巨石v monolith 独石柱独石柱v trilith 三石三石(塔塔)v zoolith 动物化石动物化石v entemlith 昆虫化石昆虫化石5章节课件 aerolith 陨石陨石5章节课件章节课件vThe parts of human body 人体部位人体部位 v1.头头head capit-caput-L cephal-G v2.颈颈 neck carotico-Gv cervic-L v3.胸胸 chest pectus-L pectoris a.steth-Gv thorac-G6章节课件The parts of human body 人体部位人体部位 64.腹腹 abdomen abdomin-L lapar-Gv5.腰腰 waist n.lumb-Lv lumbus L n.v6.盆盆,肾盂肾盂 pelvis pelvi-Lv7.肩肩 shoulder om-Lv8.臂臂 arm brachi-L brachium n.v9.肘肘 elbow cubitus L7章节课件4.腹腹 abdomen abdomin-Lv10.前臂前臂 forearm antebrachi-v11.腕腕 wrist carpus-Lv12.手手 hand manu-L manus n.v cheir-kair G8章节课件10.前臂前臂 forearm antebrav13.指指(趾趾)finger(toe)dactyl-G v dactylogram /fingerprint 指纹指纹v phalanx n.Gv digitus n.Lv14.臀臀 buttock v (breech/nump)clunis L n.v gluteal G a.v gloutos n.v.pyg-G9章节课件13.指指(趾趾)finger(toe)dactyl-v15.股股 thigh femur-L n.v16.膝膝 knee genu-Lv17.小腿小腿 leg crus L v18.踝踝 ankle talus L n.v19.足足 foot ped-L v pod-G 10章节课件15.股股 thigh femur-v organs and tissues 组织和器官组织和器官v1.cell 细胞细胞 cyt-cyte Gv2.gland 腺体腺体 aden-Gv3.muscule 肌肉肌肉 muscul-Lv my-Gv4.skin 皮肤皮肤 derm(at)-Gv5.bone 骨骨 oste-Gv6.joint 关节关节 arthr-Gv7.heart 心心 cardi-Gv 心肌心肌 myocardi-11章节课件 organs and tissues 组组v8.brain 脑脑 encephal-Gv cerebrum 大脑大脑 cerebr-Lv cerebellum 小脑小脑 cerebell-Lv9.bile 胆（汁）胆（汁）bili-Lv chole-,chol(o)-Gv10.liver 肝肝 hepat-Gv11.stomach 胃胃 gastr-Gv12.intestine 肠肠 enter-G 12章节课件8.brain 脑脑 encephal-v13.lung 肺肺 pneumon-Gv 肺炎肺炎 pneumonia ,pneumonitis 14.pneum(at)-呼吸，空气，肺呼吸，空气，肺 气胸气胸 pneumothorax 15.bronchus 支气管支气管 bronch-L 16.spleen 脾脾 splen-G 17.kidney 肾肾 nephr-G ren-L 18.testis 睾丸睾丸 orchi(d)-G13章节课件13.lung 肺肺 pneumon-Gv19.womb 子宫子宫 metr-Gv uter-L v20.breast 乳房乳房 mast-Gv mamm-Lv21.spine 脊柱脊柱 rachi-Gv22.eye 眼眼 ophthalm-Gv ocul-Lv 左眼左眼 oculus sinister (0.S.)v 右眼右眼 oculus dexter (0.D.)14章节课件19.womb 子宫子宫 metr-23.ear 耳耳 auri-L 外耳，心耳外耳，心耳 ot-G otitis media 中耳炎中耳炎24.nose鼻鼻 nas-Lotorhinolaryngology耳鼻喉科学耳鼻喉科学 rhin-Grhinophyma(肥大性）酒糟鼻肥大性）酒糟鼻25.throat 咽咽 pharyng-Gpharynx n.pharyngitis 咽炎咽炎 throat 喉喉 laryng-G larynx n.15章节课件23.ear 耳耳 auri-L 外耳，心耳外耳，心耳 喉炎喉炎 laryngitis26.tooth dent-L dentistry 牙科学牙科学 dentist牙科医生牙科医生 denture 义齿，牙托义齿，牙托 odont-Godontolith 牙结石牙结石27.blood vessel angi-G vascul-L vascular adj.vasospasm 血管痉挛血管痉挛 vasoconstriction 血管收缩血管收缩16章节课件 喉炎喉炎 laryngiv28.vein 静脉静脉 ven-L phleb-G v29.artery 动脉动脉 arteri-Lv30.nerve 神经神经 neur-G vneurasthenia神经衰弱神经衰弱v31.blood 血血 haem-,hemat-,hem-32.bladder 膀胱膀胱 G cyst-cystitis 膀胱炎膀胱炎v cystofibroma 囊性纤维瘤囊性纤维瘤17章节课件28.vein 静脉静脉 ven-L v33.bile duct 胆管胆管 cholangi-v34.fat 脂肪脂肪 lip-Gv35.fibre 纤维纤维 fibr-Lv36.trachea 气管气管 trache-G v37.meninx 脑膜脑膜,脊髓膜脊髓膜 mening-G 38.spinal cord脊髓脊髓 myel-G 18章节课件 33.bile duct 胆管胆管 cholangi-v39.encephalomyel-脑脊髓脑脊髓 v40.colon 结肠结肠 colo-Gv41.thrombus血栓血栓 thromb-G （embolus，plug)v42.platelet血小板血小板 thrombocyt-G19章节课件39.encephalomyel-脑脊髓脑脊髓 vDiseases and morbid condition 疾病和病态疾病和病态v1.炎炎(inflammation)-itis Gv2.疼痛疼痛(ache)-algia G neuralgia 神经疼痛神经疼痛 v myalgia 肌肉疼痛肌肉疼痛 v arthralgia关节疼痛关节疼痛v3.膨出，疝膨出，疝 (hernia)-cele Gv gastrocele 胃疝胃疝v4.扩张扩张,膨胀膨胀(dilation)-ectasis G v bronchiectasis 支气管扩张支气管扩张20章节课件Diseases and morbid condition v5.充血充血,血症血症(congestion)-emia G v anemia 贫血症贫血症 v leukemia 白血病白血病 v bacteremia 菌血症菌血症 v6.巨大巨大,肿大肿大(swelling)-megaly Gv hepatomegaly 肝肿大肝肿大v splenomegaly 脾肿大脾肿大v7.瘤瘤(tumor)-oma Gv fibroma 纤维瘤纤维瘤 lipoma 脂肪瘤脂肪瘤v encephaloma 脑瘤脑瘤21章节课件5.充血充血,血症血症(congestion)-emiav8.病病,(异常异常)增多增多(abnormal increase)v -osis acidosis 酸中毒酸中毒v leukocytosis白细胞增多白细胞增多v9.减少减少(decrease)-penia G lymphocytopenia 淋巴细胞减少淋巴细胞减少v leukocytopenia 白细胞减少白细胞减少v10.麻痹麻痹,瘫痪瘫痪(paralysis)plegia Gv hemiplegia 半身不遂半身不遂v quadriplegia 四肢瘫痪四肢瘫痪22章节课件8.病病,(异常异常)增多增多(abnormal increv11.下垂下垂(prolapse)-optosis v gastroptosis 胃下垂胃下垂v choleocystoptosis 胆囊下垂胆囊下垂v12.出血出血(hemorrhage)-rrhagiav rhinorrhagia 鼻出血鼻出血v gastrorrhagia胃出血胃出血23章节课件11.下垂下垂(prolapse)-optosis v Surgical Operation（外科手术）（外科手术）v1.穿刺穿刺(puncture)-centisis G v abdominocentisis 腹腔穿刺腹腔穿刺v thoracocentisis 胸腔穿刺胸腔穿刺 v2.切除术切除术(excision,removal,resection)-ectomy Gv thyroidectomy 甲状腺切除术甲状腺切除术v3.切开术切开术(incise,incision),otomy G v tracheotomy 气管切开术气管切开术 v angiotomy 血管切开术血管切开术24章节课件 Surgical Operation（外（外v4.造口术造口术,吻合术吻合术 (anastomose v.anastomosis n.)-ostomyv gastrostomy胃吻合术胃吻合术v enterostomy 肠造口术肠造口术v colostomy 结肠造口术结肠造口术v tracheostomy气管造口术气管造口术v5.缝合术缝合术(suture)orrhaphy v cardiorrhaphy,neurorrhaphy,angiorrhaphy25章节课件4.造口术造口术,吻合术吻合术 25章节课件章节课件Position 方位方位v1.在在之上之上,在在之外之外 epi-Gv (on,out)v epicondyle 髁上骨髁上骨v epicardium 心外膜心外膜v epicardiectomy 心外膜切除术心外膜切除术v epidermis 表皮表皮26章节课件Position 方位方位1.在在之上之上,在在之外之外 ev 在在上上,超过超过(above)v super-Lv supra-L superacute 超急性的超急性的v supernormal 超常的超常的v superextension 伸展过度的伸展过度的v supra-epiocondylar 位于髁上骨之上的位于髁上骨之上的v supranormal 超常的超常的v suprarenal 肾上的，肾上腺的肾上的，肾上腺的27章节课件 在在上上,超过超过(above)27章节课件章节课件v2、在、在下，次于，不足下，次于，不足 sub-Lv(under)v subacute 亚急性的亚急性的v subtotal 次全的次全的v subclinical 亚临床的亚临床的v subcostal 肋下的肋下的v subnutrition 营养不足营养不足v下，在下下，在下(beneath)infra-L 28章节课件2、在、在下，次于，不足下，次于，不足 sub-L28v infracostal 肋下的肋下的v infracortical 皮质下的皮质下的v infraorbital 眼眶下的眼眶下的v infra-axillary 腋下的腋下的v3、向内，在内（、向内，在内（within）end(o)-Gv endocrine 内分泌内分泌v endotoxin 内毒素内毒素29章节课件 infracostal 肋下的肋下的29章章金v endoscope 内窥镜内窥镜v endogenous 内源性的内源性的v内，在内内，在内(within)intra-L v intracardiac 心脏内的心脏内的v intramuscular 肌肉内的肌肉内的v intraoperative 手术中的手术中的v intravenous 静脉内的静脉内的 v intrahepatic 肝内的肝内的30章节课件金金 endoscope 内窥镜内窥镜30章节课件章节课件v在内，入内，进入在内，入内，进入(within)intro-Lv introgastric 导入胃内的导入胃内的v intromit 插入插入v introvert 性格内向的性格内向的v introflexion 内屈内屈v4、外，外侧、外，外侧(outside)ect(o)-G v ectocardic 心脏异位的心脏异位的31章节课件在内，入内，进入在内，入内，进入(within)intro-L31v ectogenous 外源性的外源性的v ectotoxin 外毒素外毒素v向外向外 、在外、在外(outside)exo-G v exotoxin 外毒素外毒素v exocrine 外分泌外分泌v exocardia 心脏异位心脏异位v外，额外、向内外，额外、向内(outward)extra-Lv 32章节课件 ectogenous 外源性的外源性的3v加在形容词之前表示超出、越出加在形容词之前表示超出、越出之外之外v extracellular 细胞外的细胞外的v extrasystole 期外收缩的期外收缩的v extralegal 法律权力以外的法律权力以外的v extraordinary 非凡的非凡的v5、在、在前前(before)ante-Lv anteflexin (子宫子宫)前屈前屈v antemarital 婚前婚前33章节课件加在形容词之前表示超出、越出加在形容词之前表示超出、越出之外之外33章节课件章节课件v A.M.=antemeridian 午前、上午午前、上午v antemortem 死前死前v(before)pre-L v precardium 心前部（心口）心前部（心口）v premature 早产的，早产的，v precapillary 前毛细血管前毛细血管v presystole 收缩前期收缩前期34章节课件 A.M.=antemeridian 午前、上午前、上v前，初，前体前，初，前体(before,forward)pro-G v proenzyme 酶原酶原v procedure 程序程序v prochromosome 初染色体初染色体v6、post-L(after)v postmeridian 午后的午后的v postdiastolic 舒张后的舒张后的v posthepatitic 肝炎后的肝炎后的35章节课件前，初，前体前，初，前体(before,forward)prv postcerebral 大脑后的大脑后的v postwar 战后的战后的v postcerebellar 小脑后的小脑后的v postmortem 死后死后(尸检尸检)v postgraduate 研究生研究生vretro-L(backward)向后，倒退向后，倒退v retroperitoneal 腹膜后的腹膜后的v retroaction 反作用的反作用的36章节课件 postcerebral 大脑后的大脑后的36章节课件章节课件v retrobronchial 支气管后的支气管后的v7、旁，外，副、旁，外，副，远处，远处 para-G v parathyroid 甲状旁腺的甲状旁腺的v paraplegia 截瘫的，下肢麻痹的截瘫的，下肢麻痹的v parasympathetic 副交感的副交感的v8、在、在周围周围 peri-Gv pericardium 心包心包37章节课件 retrobronchial 支气管后的支气管后的37章节章节v periosteum 骨膜骨膜v perimeter 周长周长38章节课件 periosteum 骨膜骨膜38章节课件章节课件v Comparison 对比对比v1.macro-大大(异常体积异常体积)Gv巨球蛋白巨球蛋白 macroglobulinv巨细胞巨细胞 macrocytev巨结肠巨结肠 macrocolonv肉眼检查肉眼检查 macroscopevmega-G 巨直肠巨直肠 megarectumvmegalo-G 巨巨 脾脾 megalosplenia39章节课件 Comparison 对比对比39章节课件章节课件v micro-小小 Gv 微生物微生物 microbev 显微镜显微镜 microscopev 显微外科显微外科 microsurgeryv 微型手术刀微型手术刀 microtomev 微波微波 microwave40章节课件 micro-小小 G40章节课件章节课件v 2.multi-多多 Lv 多病灶的多病灶的 multifocalv 多核的多核的 multinuclearv 多型的多型的 multiformv 多菌感染多菌感染 multi-infectionv 细胞簇细胞簇 multicellv pluri-多多 Lv 多核的多核的 plurinuclear41章节课件 2.multi-多多 L41章章v 全血球减少全血球减少 pluricytopenia v 多种耐药性的多种耐药性的 pluriresistantv poly-多多 Gv 多腺瘤多腺瘤 polyadenomav 多血管炎多血管炎 polyangiitis v 红细胞增多症红细胞增多症 polycytemiav 多动脉炎多动脉炎 polyarteritis 42章节课件 全血球减少全血球减少 pluricytopen oligo-少少,不足不足 Gv 红细胞过少红细胞过少 oligocytemiav 白细胞过少白细胞过少 oligoleukocytosisv 营养不足营养不足 oligotrophiav 胆汁过少胆汁过少 oligocholia43章节课件 oligo-少少,不足不足 G43章节课件章节课件v3.tachy-快快 Gv心动过速心动过速 tachycardiav呼吸急促呼吸急促 tachypneav记速器记速器 tachymeterv快速免疫法快速免疫法 tachyphylaxisv心收缩过速心收缩过速(期外收缩期外收缩)tachysystole 44章节课件3.tachy-快快 G44章节课件章节课件vbrady-慢慢 Gv心动过缓心动过缓 bradycardiav呼吸徐缓呼吸徐缓 bradypneav心舒张期延长心舒张期延长 bradydiastole45章节课件brady-慢慢 G45章节课件章节课件v4.hyper-过高过高,超过超过 Gv高血压高血压 hypertensionv高脂肪血症高脂肪血症 hyperlipemiav代谢过盛代谢过盛 hypermetablismv体温过高体温过高 hyperthermiav hypo-低下低下,过少过少 Gv低血糖症低血糖症 hypoglycemiav贫血贫血 hypohemia=anemiav低血压低血压 hypotensionv甲状腺技能减退甲状腺技能减退 hypothyroidism v 46章节课件4.hyper-过高过高,超过超过 G46章节课章节课 Examination 检查（方法和仪器）检查（方法和仪器）v1.-ography 造影术造影术,X光照相术光照相术,描记法描记法v 胆管造影术胆管造影术 cholangiographyv 心动描记法心动描记法 cardiographyv 放射照相术放射照相术 radiographyv 断层摄影术断层摄影术 temographyv 胆囊造影术胆囊造影术 cholecystography47章节课件 Examination 检查（方检查（方v2.-oscopy 镜检法镜检法,检查法检查法v 膀胱镜检法膀胱镜检法 cystoscopyv 胃镜检查法胃镜检查法 gastroscopyv 喉镜检查法喉镜检查法 laryngoscopyv 气管镜检法气管镜检法 tracheoscopyv 结肠镜检法结肠镜检法 coloscopyv 肝脏检查法肝脏检查法 hepatoscopy48章节课件2.-oscopy 镜检法镜检法,检查法检查法48章节课件章节课件v3.(o)metry-计数法，测量法计数法，测量法v血小板计数法血小板计数法 thrombometryv白细胞计数法白细胞计数法 leukocytometryv红细胞计数法红细胞计数法 erythrocytometryv结石测定法结石测定法 lithometryv血红素测定法血红素测定法 hemoglobinometry49章节课件3.(o)metry-计数法，测量法计数法，测量法49章节课件章节课件v4.-graph G 描记器，记录器描记器，记录器 ，照片，照片v 肠运动记录器肠运动记录器 enterographv 脉搏计脉搏计 angiographv 呼吸运动描记器呼吸运动描记器 pneumographv 肝搏动描记器肝搏动描记器 hepatographv5.-gram 描记波，描记图，照片描记波，描记图，照片v 肌运动描记波肌运动描记波 myogramv 心动图心动图 cardiogram50章节课件4.-graph G 描记器，记录器描记器，记录器 v5.scope-镜，检查器镜，检查器 v 胃镜胃镜 gastroscopev 气管镜气管镜 tracheoscopev 膀胱镜膀胱镜 cystoscopev 口腔镜口腔镜 stomatoscopev 石镜检查器石镜检查器 lithoscopev 呼吸检查器呼吸检查器 pneumoscopev 肌缩检查器肌缩检查器 myoscope51章节课件5.scope-镜，检查器镜，检查器 51章节课件章节课件v6.-(o)meter 计数器，测量器计数器，测量器v 细胞计数器细胞计数器 cytometerv 结石测定器结石测定器 lithometerv 血小板计数器血小板计数器 thrombometerv 血成分测定器血成分测定器 hematometerv 肠腔测量器肠腔测量器 enterometerv 血管口径张力器血管口径张力器 angiometerv 肌力计肌力计 myometerv 呼吸气量测定器呼吸气量测定器 pneumometer 52章节课件6.-(o)meter 计数器，测量器计数器，测量器52章节课件章节课件v Exercisev 1.关节疼痛关节疼痛 8.脑膜炎脑膜炎 v 2.膀胱疝膀胱疝 9.血管扩张血管扩张v 3.脂血症脂血症 10.静脉出血静脉出血 v 4.肝瘤肝瘤 11.脾肿大脾肿大 v 5.血小板减少血小板减少 12.脑瘫脑瘫 v 6.神经官能症神经官能症 13.腰穿腰穿 v 7.子宫下垂子宫下垂 14.肝切除术肝切除术53章节课件 Exercise53v Exercisev 1.关节疼痛关节疼痛 arthralgiav 2.膀胱疝膀胱疝 cystocelev 3.脂血症脂血症 lipemiav 4.肝瘤肝瘤 hepatomav 5.血小板减少血小板减少 thrombocytopeniav 6.神经官能症神经官能症 neurosisv 7.子宫下垂子宫下垂 hysteroptosisv /metroptosis/uteroptosis54章节课件 Exercise54v 8.脑膜炎脑膜炎 meningitisv 9.血管扩张血管扩张 angiectasisv 10.静脉出血静脉出血 phleborrhagiav 11.脾肿大脾肿大 splenomegalyv 12.脑瘫脑瘫 encephaloplegiav 13.腰穿腰穿 lumbocentisisv 14.肝切除术肝切除术 hepatectomy55章节课件 8.脑膜炎脑膜炎 meningiv15.静脉放血术静脉放血术 16.胃肠吻合术胃肠吻合术 17.血管缝合术血管缝合术 18.气管切开术气管切开术 19.支气管镜检法支气管镜检法 20.充气胃镜检查法充气胃镜检查法 21.肺肺x光照相术光照相术 22.肾造影术肾造影术 23.巨淋巴细胞巨淋巴细胞 24.显微外科显微外科 25.多动脉炎多动脉炎 26.细胞增多症细胞增多症 27.白细胞减少白细胞减少 28.心动过速心动过速 29.呼吸缓慢呼吸缓慢 30.高血糖症高血糖症 31.甲状腺机能亢进甲状腺机能亢进 32.低血压低血压56章节课件15.静脉放血术静脉放血术 16.胃肠吻胃肠吻v15.静脉放血术静脉放血术 phlebotomyv16.胃肠吻合术胃肠吻合术 gastroenterostomyv17.血管缝合术血管缝合术 angiorrhaphyv18.气管切开术气管切开术 tracheotomyv19.支气管镜检法支气管镜检法 bronchoscopyv20.充气胃镜检查法充气胃镜检查法 pneumogastroscopyv21.肺肺x光照相术光照相术 pneumonography57章节课件57章节课件章节课件 22.肾造影术肾造影术 nephrographyv23.巨淋巴细胞巨淋巴细胞 macrolymphocytev24.显微外科显微外科 microsurgeryv25.多动脉炎多动脉炎 polyarteritisv26.细胞增多症细胞增多症 cytosis/polycythemiav27.白细胞减少白细胞减少 oligocytosis oligocythemiav28.心动过速心动过速 tachycardia58章节课件 29.呼吸缓慢呼吸缓慢 bradypneav30.高血糖症高血糖症 hyperglycemiav31.甲状腺机能亢进甲状腺机能亢进 hyperthyroidismv32.低血压低血压 hypotension59章节课件 Unit Onev1.Compared with other nutrients,there is less demand for vitamins and mineral salt.v2.Lack of Vitamin C may result in scurvy,a disease which is characterized by painful muscle,weakness,hemorrhage,fragile bones,loose teeth and dental caries.60章节课件Unit One1.Compared with other v3.Vitamins are classified according to the letters of English alphabet.They are referred to as Vitamins A,B,C,D,E,K and complex Vitamin B.v4.Nutriology(The science of nutrition)is the study of how food affects human body.vOr:Nutriology is a science which deals with the study of how food affects the human body.61章节课件3.Vitamins are classified accov5.It is thought that Vitamin C can improve short-term memory and even can“cure”schizophrenia.62章节课件5.It is thought that Vitamin Cv Unit Fourv1.Existence(Subsistence)depends on a continuous supply of food and oxygen.The former enters the human body through the digestive system while the latter through the respiratory system.v2.Sometimes the vessels of the liver or kidneys may contract,in which case the organ could shrink.63章节课件 Unit Fov3.One typical symptom of nephritis is edema which means abnormal accumulation of fluids in body tissues or body cavities.v 4.The long-term damage to nephrons has finally made the kidneys completely lose their functions.v5.When renal function is destroyed,the excretory speed of uric calcium slows down.64章节课件3.One typical symptom of neph Unit Six1.Although DNA dactyloscopy(fingerprint)was not used as a method of differential examination,it was used to find/seek hereditary marks for hereditary disorders.2.If only a small number of a childs DNA strips tally with his mothers or his fathers,the childs parents are others,not those whose fingerprints have been examined.65章节课件 Unit Six653.par.4 on P.394.So called viral transduction is to insert the desired gene into a virus that would infect the afflicted tissue and use the virus to get the gene to its target cells with defective genes.5.The last sentence on page 41.66章节课件3.par.4 on P.3966章节课件章节课件 Unit Eightv1.The heart,blood and vessels make up three important parts of the vascular system.v2.The oxygenated blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins.v3.Capillaries are the small blood vessels which Join the arterioles to venules.67章节课件 v4.Mild hypertension is limited by some vspecialists to the numbers/readings of vdiastolic pressures between 90-110 mmHg.v5.Before middle age a person with systolic pressure above 150 or diastolic pressure above 90 all the time should be considered as a hypertensive.68章节课件4.Mild hypertension is limitedv Unit Elevenv1.Leukemia is characterized by abnormal proliferation of leukocytes often with anemia and enlargement of lymph nodes,spleen and liver.2.At present the causes of leukemia is still unknown.The diagnosis can be made according to the examination of the peripheral blood and spinal cord.69章节课件 Unit Eleven69章节章节v3.The changes of quality and quantity in the corresponding types of leukocytes may be found in the patients peripheral blood.4.In the patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia,their lymphocytes were suspected of being immuno-incompetent.So the patients are susceptible to infection with bacteria and may develop virulent reaction to viral infection.70章节课件3.The changes of quality andv5.Leukemia may occur at any age but children and young people are more susceptible to acute lymphocytic leukemia than the elderly.v Unit Twelve v1.High temperature(with much moisture)with(plus)high humidity is one of the most effective methods to kill(eliminate)microbes.71章节课件5.Leukemia may occur at any v2.Many medical substances have the ability to inhibit the growth and metablism of microbes or kill the microbes.v3.The reaction of tissues to infection are similar to those due to injury,They are both included under the process of inflammation.72章节课件2.Many medical substances hav4.The nature of the process of inflammation depends on many factors,chief among which are the types of tissue in which the infection is lodged and the nature of the causative organism.v5.There is no such an operation that is not companied by a certain degree of inflammation.73章节课件4.The nature of the process Unit Eighteenv1.Tumors are abnormal cell of unrestrained growth&tissue masses.v2.Although various factors can be considered as carcinogenic causes,the most important cause is mutation of DNA&RNA.74章节课件Unit Eighteen1.Tumors are abnov3.As a result of the development of industrialization&technology,there are various carcinogenic agents naturally or man-made in our environment.v4.Malignant tumors can detach themselves from tumor site,travel through the bloodstream and lymphatic system,and establish a new tumor site at a distant region within the body.75章节课件3.As a result of the developmev5.Cause of cancer may not only be extrinsic(outside of the body,or environmental)but may also be intrinsic(originating within the body itself).76章节课件5.Cause of cancer may not only
展开阅读全文