希腊罗马神话：Introduction课件

Greek&Roman MythologyGreek&RomanMythologyLecture 1IntroductionCourseobjectivesGrades&ReferencebookDefinitionoftermsDevelopmentofGreekandRomanMythologyTheoriesofinterpretingmythsLecture1IntroductionI.Course Objectives(课程目标课程目标)Learnthestories(myths)aboutGreek&Romangods,goddesses,andheroesDeveloptheabilitytoreadcriticallyandexplorethemeaningbehindthemyths.Knowmoreaboutthesociallife,customs,religionandhistoryofancientGreece;understandpeopleinprimitivesocietyandwesterncultureI.CourseObjectives(课程目标)LeaI.Course Objectives(课程目标课程目标)(Con.)GainanunderstandingofhowGreek&Romanmythshaveinfluencedlaterliterature,art,language,film,etc.Developthepowertoexpressideasinwrittenform.I.CourseObjectives(课程目标)(CoII.Grades&Reference Book ClassPerformance(30%),whichincludes:Attendanceandclassparticipation(15%),Quizzes(15%)PaperWriting(20%)FinalExamination(50%)II.Grades&ReferenceBookClII.Grades&Reference Book 古希腊罗马神话传说古希腊罗马神话传说(The Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome)II.Grades&ReferenceBook古III.Mythology(definitions)定义定义“Studyofmyth”Whatismyth?Whatdoyouthinkofwhenyouheartheword“myth”?“Thatsjustamyth.”Myth(Mythos)inGreekmeans“story”III.Mythology(definitions)定III.Mythology(definitions)定义定义DifferenttypesofSTORYSagaLegendFolktale民间故事Folklore民间传说Epic史诗Fable寓言，童话Fairytale童话III.Mythology(definitions)定What is a myth?Myth Greek mythos“a traditional story with collective importance.”Myths are“traditional”tales.Lat.trado,“hand over.”Handed over orally and transmit a cultures sense of itself:past wisdom,memories,and modelsHence a myth has“collective importance.”What is a myth?Myth Greek myWhat is a myth?A myth has no identifiable author.A myth that is written down in a literary form uses a story that preceded it.e.g.Sophocless Oedipus plays.What is a myth?A myth has no iWhat is a myth?Oral transmission will create constant changes in the myth.Various ways of emphasizing motives and meaning:Variants in the narrative elements:Oedipus in Sophocles and HomerA“myth”is the complex of all variants.What is a myth?Oral transmissiMythisatraditionalstorywithcollectiveimportance.OralNoidentifiableauthorManyvariantsofthesamemythpossibleCulturallyimportanttothepeoplewhotoldthemandlistenedtothemMythisatraditionalstorywiTypes of MythCan be distinguished by the nature of the main characters and the meaning they had for the listeners.Divine MythSupernatural beings are the main actorsLegend(Saga)Main actors are human heroesFolktalesMain actors are ordinary people or animalsTypes of MythCan be distinguisDivine MythsTrue Myths or Myths ProperDivine MythsTrue Myths or MythTypes of Myth:Divine MythGods are beings that are vastly superior,more powerful,and more splendid than human beings.Control forces of nature and can cause cosmic disasters.Their divine myths take place in a time when the world was different from the way it is now.Before time and space functioned as it does now.Types of Myth:Divine MythGodsTypes of Myth:Divine MythDivine myth often provide the grand explanations for why the cosmos is the way it is.Its overall structureIts rhythmsHumankinds place in it and its duties and roles.Types of Myth:Divine MythDiviTypes of Myth:Divine MythDivine myth and modern theoretical science both tell of the origins of the fundamental arrangement of the cosmos as we experience itDivine myth attributes the causes to the acts of GodsTheoretical science refers to impersonal and general lawsTypes of Myth:Divine MythDiviTypes of MythLegendTypes of MythLegendLegendAs divine myth is analogous 相似的 to theoretical science,so legend is analogous to history.“What happened in the human past?”Central characters are great human heroes.The gods play a role,but they are not at center stage.Apollo orders Orestes to kill his mother,but Orestes is the main character.LegendAs divine myth is analogLegendThese are not the acts of ordinary human beings,but they are still human.Legends took place on earth in the remote past and were thought by the Greeks to be real human events.LegendThese are not the acts oLegendThe archaeological discovery reveals that these legends contain elements of historical accuracy.Eg.,TroyLegendThe archaeological discoFolktalePrimary purpose is to entertain.May also explain or justify traditional forms of society and beliefs.Good eventually wins outFamily structures and orderMany popular films,TV programs,and novels are analogous to folktales.FolktalePrimary purpose is to Myth(definitions)Mythproper(正统神话)“Traditional(i.e.passedonbygenerations)storyaboutthegodsandhumankindsrelationshiptothegods”Saga/Legend(传奇)“traditionalstorywhichhasitsoriginsinhistoricalevent”,concernedwithheroesFolktale(民间故事)“traditionalstorytoldmainlyforthesakeofentertainment”,concernedwithcommonpeopleMyth(definitions)MythproperMyth(other terms,cont)Textinthiscoursemainlyorganizedaround2categories:1)myth(i.e.storiesaboutthegods)2)saga(i.e.storieswithoriginsinhistoricalevents)Myth(otherterms,cont)Some Myths to CategorizeJasonandtheGoldenFleeceBirthofAthenaSomeMythstoCategorizeJason1.Literature（文学）(1)WorksoftwoinfluentialGreekwriters1)Iliad ilid伊里亚特 Odyssey disi 奥德赛byHomer荷马(around800BCE)2)Theogony i:gni 神谱 Works and Days 工作与时日byHesiodhi:sid(approx.activebetween750-650BC)（赫西奥德）IV.Sources of Greek and Roman Mythology 1.Literature（文学）IV.Sources(2)thedramaticworksofAeschyluseskls(埃斯库罗斯approx.600-500BC）,Sophoclesskli:（索福克勒斯approx.5cen.BC）,Euripidesjuripidi:（欧里庇得斯approx.5cen.BC）andAristophanesristi:（阿里斯托芬approx.500-400BC）(3)WorkofimportantRomanwriterOvid(奥维德)Metamorphoses 7metm:fuz 变形记(approx.8AD)2.Theworkofhistorians,likeHerodotushirts(希罗多德,被称为西方历史之父,approx.5cen.BC)(2)thedramaticworksofAescV.Theories of Interpretation:OutlineIntroductionHistoricalEtiological（原因说）AllegoricalCharterRitualPsychologicalTheoriesStructuralistFeministandGenderStudiesConclusionV.TheoriesofInterpretation:Theories of Interpretation:IntroductionManyattempttocomeupwithONEtheorytoexplaintheoriginofALLmyths.Greekmythstoovariedforanyoneinterpretationtoworkforallmyths.Eachtheorydoesworkforsomemyths.TheoriesofInterpretation:InEuhemerism ju:hemerzm(神话即历史论),whichclaimsthatthegodswereoriginallyhistoricalheroeswhowerelaterdeified.Peoplearestilllookingforhistoricaltruthshiddenbehindmythswiththehelpofarcheology.Eg.ThehistoricalsiteofTroy,innorthwesternAsiaMinor1.HistoricalEuhemerismju:hemerzm(神话2.AetiologicalMythsinventedtogiveacauseorexplanationforsomethinginrealworld.E.g.Whytheseasonsvary(PersephoneandDemeter)IcarianaikrinSea(伊卡洛斯海）ortheislandofIcaria(P371,P246)2.AetiologicalMythsinventedThe Abduction of PersephoneTheAbductionofPersephone2.AetiologicalIcarianaikrinSea(伊卡洛斯海）gotitsnamefromIcarusaikrs&hisfatherDaedalusdi:dls(代达罗斯)whoescapedfromCrete(克里特)bymakingwingsheldtogetherwithwaxIcarusflewtooclosetosun&waxmeltedHefellintoseawhichtookitsnamefromhimIcarian，过分冒险的;胆大妄为的2.AetiologicalIcarianaikThe Lament for IcarusDaedalus and IcarusTheLamentforIcarusDaedalusMap of GreeceMapofGreeceMythsareallegorical(寓言的)statementsaboutnaturalphenomenalikesun,moon,wind,rain,etc.E.g.Zeussendsrain&haslightningboltashisweaponE.g.mythofHelioshi:lis(赫利俄斯)(sungod)ridingacrosstheskyinagoldenchariotfromE.toW.&returningbyriverOceanus3.AllegoricalMythsareallegorical(寓言的)sta4.Chartermythexplainsandjustifiessocial,economic,political,aswellasreligiouspracticesofasocietyE.g.mythabouttheoriginofhumankindssacrificestoGreekgodsCustomforhumanstogetmeatfromsacrificeswhilegodsonlygetbonesGoesbacktolongtimeagowhenmen&godswereatabanquet&PrometheustrickedZeusmeathiddeninsideanoxsstomachandboneswrappedinfat.i.e.thismythstatesprecedentforwhythingsaredoneinthiswayforsacrifice;itschartermythforsacrificialpractices4.Charter5.RitualMythscomefromreligiousritualsMythsarestoriesinventedtoexplainritualsandceremoniesRitualofDionysusdainaiss:tearingapartlivinganimalandeatingitsfleshEuripides,Bacchae bki:Pentheustornapartbyhismother&womenofThebesi:bz(底比斯)underinspirationofDionysus5.RitualMythscomefromreli Psychological TheoriesFreudfrid(弗洛伊德)Jungju(荣格)PsychologicalTheoriesFreudPsychological Theories:1.Freud(1)mythistheexpressionnotofsocialforcesbutoftheinnermechanismsofthesoul.(2)psychosexualdevelopment(3)thetheoryoftheunconscious(4)theinterpretationofdreams(5)theOedipusedipsComplex(俄狄浦斯情结)PsychologicalTheories:1.FPsychological Theories:1.Freud(1)Mythscouldbeexplainedpsychologicallyaswish-fulfillmentfantasies(愿望实现)E.g.myth(orsaga)ofOedipusedips:FreudsOedipuscomplex“everymales1stlustisdirectedtowardshismother&his1stjealousy&hatredisdirectedtowardshisfather.”ElectrascomplexbyJungPsychologicalTheories:1.F(2)DreamsandmythsaresimilarinhowtheyworkFreudsawdreamsastheexpressionofrepressedorconcealeddesires.MythsmayhavebeenformulatedinrelationtoproblemsineverydaylifeSymbolsusedinmythsasdevicetorelieveanxietybyhidingtruesignificance(2)DreamsandmythsaresimilaPsychological Theories:2.JungLikeFreud,Jungsawrelationshipbetweendreams&mythDreamsarerevelationsof“collectiveunconscious”Archetypesorimagesindreams&mythsEarth-motherSupremeskygodWiseoldmanjealouswifeJungmaintainsthatthesearchetypesrecuragainandagaininmyths&dreamsUsedbymindtoreleaseonefromanxietyPsychologicalTheories:2.JuStructuralist-Claude Levi-StraussMythasmodeofcommunicationinwhichthestructureorinterrelationshipsbetweentheparts,ratherthantheindividualelementsalone,establishmeaning.Humanbehaviorispatternedandthehumanmindhasabinarystructure,suchasraw/cooked,life/death,hunter/hunted,nature/culture,male/female.Themeaningofamythis“coded”initsstructure.Oneoftheprincipalaimsofmythistonegotiatebetweenpairsofoppositesandtoresolvethem.Structuralist-ClaudeLevi-SFeminist and Gender Studies of MythApproachmythfromperspectiveofwomen,especiallybylookingatmythfromperspectiveoffemalecharactersinmyth,centeredonthetreatmentandpositionofwomen.RoleofwomeninGreeksocietypatriarchalsocietymajorityofliteraturewrittenbymen&hasastrongmalebiassomeearlyliteraturehasmisogynistictonewomenwerecitizensbutdidnthavearoletoplayinciviclife.Theydidnthavetherighttovote.doublestandardinsexualbehaviourFeministandGenderStudiesofTheroleofwomeninreligiousritualswasfundamental;andtheyparticipatedinmanyfestivalsoftheirown,fromwhichmenwereexcluded.TheroleofwomeninreligiousFeminist Interpretations of MythThemeofrapethemeofrapeverycommoninGreekmythusuallymalegodpursuingamortalwomanZeus&Apolloaremostfrequentrapistse.g.Leda&SwanApollo&DaphnedfniFeministInterpretationsofMyLeda and the SwanLedaandtheSwanLeda and the SwanLedaandtheSwanApollo and DaphneApolloandDaphneinmostcaseswomendidntwanttohavesexualrelationswiththesegodsbuttheyhavenochoiceprobablyareflectionofasocietyinwhichsexualviolenceagainstwomenwascommonplaceGoddessesdontbehaveinsuchapromiscuousfashion(Aphroditeanexception)whichreflectswomensroleinsocietyinmostcaseswomendidntwanThemeofHomosexualityE.g.ZeusandGanymedeThemeofHomosexualityZeus and Ganymede g nimi:d盖尼米得盖尼米得Ganymede,A Trojan boy of great beauty whom Zeus carried away to be cupbearer to the gods on OlympusZeusandGanymedegnimi:d盖ConclusionNoonetheoryorapproachwillworkonallmyths,buteachtheorymaybeofvalueinunderstandingparticularmythsorgroupsofmyths.AscourseproceedswellapplysomeofthetheoriesofinterpretationtosomemythsConclusionNoonetheoryorapp