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Agrarian Society:Bihar,IndiaRabiyaJawahir,NikitaPeoples,RabiyaJawahir,NikitaPeoples,FrederickCave,NicoleMcClain,FrederickCave,NicoleMcClain,JohnRigdon,KathyHerington,StephanieMurad,JohnRigdon,KathyHerington,StephanieMurad,东风汽车配件 http:/AgrarianSociety:Bihar,IndAgrarian Societies Overviewn nBasedonfarmingasmainmethodofsubsistencen nUseoftheplowdistinguishesthistypefromhorticulturalsocietiesn nAdvancedagrariansocietieshavewidespreadaccesstoiron/steeltoolsn nThereissignificantspecializationoflaborinbothregionsandcommunitiesAgrarianSocietiesOverviewBasAgrarian Societies Cont.n nThereisoftenagoverningelitethatcontrolsboththepoliticalandtheeconomicaspectsoflifen nTradeisincreasinglyimportantn nNearlyeverysocietywasonceruledbyakingorothermonarchn nMilitaryconflictismuchmorecommonAgrarianSocietiesCont.ThereAgrarian Societies Cont.n nReligionalsoplaysamuchmoreimportantrolen nConstructionofmajorarchitecturalworksismorecommonspecificallytemplesandshrinesn nAdvancementofleisureandartsn nFurtherstratificationofthesocialclassesAgrarianSocietiesCont.ReligiGeographyn nUppernortheastcornerofIndia,rightbeforeitgetssqueezedbetweenBhutanandBangladesh.n nManyimportantriverspassthroughBihar.n nInthesouthernfoothillsoftheHimalayaMountainRange,touchingNepal.Biharisthetanstatewithintheredshape.GeographyUppernortheastcorneIndo-Gangetic Plainn nOneofthemostOneofthemostnotablefeaturesofnotablefeaturesofBiharisitslocationinBiharisitslocationintheIndo-GangetictheIndo-GangeticPlain.Plain.n nThisplainisveryThisplainisveryfertile,makingitidealfertile,makingitidealforanagrarianforanagrariansociety.society.Indo-GangeticPlainOneofthePopulation and Landn nBiharhasapopulationof82,878,796n nItisamajoritymalepopulation(52.6%)n nThetotalareaoflandis94,163sq.kmn nThisisdividedintotwomainregions:theNorthGangaPlainandtheSouthGangaPlainn nFurtherdividedthereare37districtsn nCapitalcityisPatnaPopulationandLandBiharhasaPopulation and Other Statisticsn nPercapitaincomeisRs21,696thisis$538.50n nDensity:880peoplepersq.milen nBirthrate:30.9per1000n nDeathrate:7.9per1000n nPopulationgrew28.4%from1991-2001PopulationandOtherStatisticEconomyBiharlagsbehindintheoverallprogressofIndia.BiharlagsbehindintheoverallprogressofIndia.n nPercapitaGDP:Rs.4000permonthinBiharvs.PercapitaGDP:Rs.4000permonthinBiharvs.nationalaverageofRs.12000permonth.nationalaverageofRs.12000permonth.n nNearly10%morepeoplelivingbelowtheNearly10%morepeoplelivingbelowthepovertylinethantheaverageforIndiapovertylinethantheaverageforIndiaReasonsforslowdevelopmentReasonsforslowdevelopmentn nInadequateinvestmentininfrastructure,Inadequateinvestmentininfrastructure,irrigation,andtechnologyirrigation,andtechnologyn nCastedominatedpoliticsCastedominatedpoliticsEconomyBiharlagsbehindinthEconomy:Agriculturen n2cropseasons:Kharif2cropseasons:Kharif&Rabi&Rabin nMajorcrops:Majorcrops:RiceRice SugarSugar TobaccoTobacco WheatWheat JuteJuten nOtherminorcrops:Otherminorcrops:ChilliChilli MangoMango OilSeedsOilSeedsEconomy:Agriculture2cropseaEconomy:AgricultureEconomy:AgricultureEconomy:Mineral Productionn nVerylittleduetothedivisionofsouthernBiharintotheseparatestateofJharkhandn nMostmineralproductiontakesplaceinJharkhandn nSomeMineralsProducedCoalCoalBauxiteBauxiteDolomiteDolomiteEconomy:MineralProductionVerEconomy:Mineral ProductionEconomy:MineralProductionEconomy:Attempts at Industrializationn nOilrefineryinBarauniOilrefineryinBaraunin nMotorscooterplantatMotorscooterplantatFatuhaFatuhan nPowerplantatPowerplantatMuzaffarpurMuzaffarpurn nNosustainedeffortsNosustainedeffortsEconomy:AttemptsatIndustriaPolityn nBicameralLegislatureBicameralLegislature Upper-houseLegislativeCouncilUpper-houseLegislativeCouncil Lower-houseLegislativeAssemblyLower-houseLegislativeAssemblyn nGovernorappointedbypresidentofIndiaGovernorappointedbypresidentofIndia HeadofstateHeadofstaten nRealexecutivepowerrestswithChiefMinisterRealexecutivepowerrestswithChiefMinistern n7administrativedivisionsand39divisions7administrativedivisionsand39divisionsn nEachdivisionhasadivisionalcommissionerEachdivisionhasadivisionalcommissionern nDistrictmagistrateandcollectorineachDistrictmagistrateandcollectorineachdivisiondivisionn nSubdivisionalofficerineachofthe76Subdivisionalofficerineachofthe76subdivisionssubdivisionsPolityBicameralLegislaturePolity(contd)n nHighcourtatPatnaHighcourtatPatna ChiefjusticeandseveralotherjusticesChiefjusticeandseveralotherjustices Districtcourtsandsubdivisionalcourts,andvillageDistrictcourtsandsubdivisionalcourts,andvillagecouncilscouncilsn nCurrently2mainpoliticalformationsCurrently2mainpoliticalformations NDANDA JanataDalandBharatiyaJanataPartyJanataDalandBharatiyaJanataParty RashtriyaJanataDalRashtriyaJanataDal IndianNationalCongressIndianNationalCongressPolity(contd)HighcourtatPPast Polityn n1995LaluPrasadYadavbecamechiefminister1995LaluPrasadYadavbecamechiefminister CorruptionchargesforcedhisresignationbutCorruptionchargesforcedhisresignationbutanointedhiswifeCMthroughproxyanointedhiswifeCMthroughproxy LedtodeteriorationofadministrationLedtodeteriorationofadministration Votedoutofpowerin2005Votedoutofpowerin2005n nRecentelectionsRecentelections HavewitnessedunprecedenteddeploymentofHavewitnessedunprecedenteddeploymentofsecurityforcessecurityforces VaryingviewsonsuccessofsuchforceVaryingviewsonsuccessofsuchforcePastPolity1995LaluPrasadKinship:3 Kinship GroupsAhirsAhirsn nEndogamous/exogamousclansEndogamous/exogamousclansn nMarriagesarrangedMarriagesarrangedn nMarriageoffirstcousinsprohibitedMarriageoffirstcousinsprohibitedn nWedattimeofmarriageWedattimeofmarriagen nBridemovesintohouseholdofhusbandsfamilyBridemovesintohouseholdofhusbandsfamilyn nExtendedfamilyExtendedfamilyn nDivorceallowedbutrequiresapprovaloftheDivorceallowedbutrequiresapprovalofthecastescouncilcastescouncilKinship:3KinshipGroupsAhirsMundasn nEndogamous/Exogamousn nDontmarrybeforetheboycanbuildaplowandthegirlcanweaveandspinn nMarriagesnegotiatedanddependonconsentofinvolvedpartiesn nBride-pricepaidinbothcashandgoodsn nTakeupresidenceinhusbandsfathershousen nNuclearfamilypreferredMundasEndogamous/ExogamousOraonsn nVillageandclanexogamyn nPatrilinealextendedfamilyn n5-7membersn nArrangedmarriagesmostcommonn nBridepricepaidn nDivorcerareasmarriageisseenaslifelongundertakingOraonsVillageandclanexogamySocial Stratification:Bihars Caste Systemn nIndiasCasteSystem:describesthesocialstratificationandsocialIndiasCasteSystem:describesthesocialstratificationandsocialrestrictionsinsociety,“inwhichsocialclassesaredefinedbyrestrictionsinsociety,“inwhichsocialclassesaredefinedbythousandsofendogamoushereditarygroups,oftentermedasthousandsofendogamoushereditarygroups,oftentermedasjtisjtis orcastes”.orcastes”.n n“TheIndianConstitutionhasoutlawedcaste-baseddiscrimination,“TheIndianConstitutionhasoutlawedcaste-baseddiscrimination,andcastebarriershavemostlybrokendowninlargecities.andcastebarriershavemostlybrokendowninlargecities.However,itstillpersistinruralareasofthecountry,andinvariousHowever,itstillpersistinruralareasofthecountry,andinvariousforms,doescontinuetoplayamajorroleinIndiansocietyandforms,doescontinuetoplayamajorroleinIndiansocietyandpolitics”.politics”.SocialStratification:BiharsDominant Castes of Biharn nDifferentCastes:Brahman,Bhumihar,Rajput,DifferentCastes:Brahman,Bhumihar,Rajput,BaniasandKayasthaarethedominantcastesBaniasandKayasthaarethedominantcastesn nKayasthasandBaniasarethetwoimportantKayasthasandBaniasarethetwoimportantcastegroupsinthecitiesandtowns.castegroupsinthecitiesandtowns.n nTheBrahmansandKshatriyasbelongtotheTheBrahmansandKshatriyasbelongtothesameracialstock,buttheKshatriyas“aremoresameracialstock,buttheKshatriyas“aremoremixedbecauseoftheirmarriagewithvariousmixedbecauseoftheirmarriagewithvariousstocksofpeople”.stocksofpeople”.DominantCastesofBiharDiffern nTheKayasthasareprominentinallmodernprofessionalTheKayasthasareprominentinallmodernprofessionaloccupationsandaregenerallygiventhestatusofeliteoccupationsandaregenerallygiventhestatusofelitecastes.castes.n nTheBaniaspredominateintradeandcommerce.TheBaniaspredominateintradeandcommerce.n nBhumiharsareregardedasacastedifferentfromtheBhumiharsareregardedasacastedifferentfromtheBrahmansandRajputs.HowevermembersofalltheseBrahmansandRajputs.Howevermembersofallthesecastegroupshaveoccupiedprominentpositionsinthecastegroupshaveoccupiedprominentpositionsintheeducationalandpoliticallifeofthestate.educationalandpoliticallifeofthestate.KayasthasBaniasBhumihars,Rajputs or BrahmansTheKayasthasareprominentinLower Castes of Biharn nThelowercastesconsistoftheKoiri,Kurmi,Kahar,andtheAhirn nTherearemanyCasterivalriesandprejudicesbecauseofnarrow-mindedness;however,moderndayeducationsystemsandeffortstheenlightenedyouth,“aregraduallydoingawaywiththeprejudices”.LowerCastesofBiharThelowern nTheAhirs(Yadavas),KurmisandKoirisareland-owningcastes,andTheAhirs(Yadavas),KurmisandKoirisareland-owningcastes,andtheyliveintheplainsofBihar.theyliveintheplainsofBihar.n nTheAhirsorYadavasareagriculturalcaste.Cattle-raisingistheirTheAhirsorYadavasareagriculturalcaste.Cattle-raisingistheirhereditaryoccupation,andmostaresettledcultivators.Somestillhereditaryoccupation,andmostaresettledcultivators.Somestillroamaboutsellingmilkandghee.roamaboutsellingmilkandghee.n nKoirisareagriculturists.TheyaredistinguishedfromKurmisandKoirisareagriculturists.TheyaredistinguishedfromKurmisandotherpurelycultivatingcastesbytheirskillingrowingvegetablesotherpurelycultivatingcastesbytheirskillingrowingvegetablesandotherspecialcashcrops.Theyworkasmarket-gardenersintheandotherspecialcashcrops.Theyworkasmarket-gardenersintheneighborhoodsofthebigtowns.ManyKoirisarerichlandownersneighborhoodsofthebigtowns.ManyKoirisarerichlandownersthatstillholdoccupancyrights.thatstillholdoccupancyrights.Ahirs=raise cattleKoirisTheAhirs(Yadavas),KurmisanMost notable castes of Biharn nThemostnotablecastesareBhumij,Chamar(Mochi),ThemostnotablecastesareBhumij,Chamar(Mochi),Dhobi,Dom,Dusadh,Musahar,NatandPasi.Dhobi,Dom,Dusadh,Musahar,NatandPasi.n nTheirmeansoflivelihoodishardmanuallaborormenialTheirmeansoflivelihoodishardmanuallaborormeniallabor.labor.n nAbout92percentofthetotalpopulationofthesecastesAbout92percentofthetotalpopulationofthesecasteslivesinthevillagewhilethoseinthetownsandcitiesarelivesinthevillagewhilethoseinthetownsandcitiesareslum-dwellerswhoworkonpavements(muchlikeourslum-dwellerswhoworkonpavements(muchlikeourhomeless).Althougheducationisfreeforthem,thevasthomeless).Althougheducationisfreeforthem,thevastmajorityofthemstillilliterate.majorityofthemstillilliterate.MostnotablecastesofBiharThn nTheMusaharsarefieldlaborerswhosewagesarepaidinTheMusaharsarefieldlaborerswhosewagesarepaidincashorinkindaccordingtothetraditionalcustominthecashorinkindaccordingtothetraditionalcustominthevillages.villages.n nTheDusadhsareofaboriginaldescent.AlargenumberTheDusadhsareofaboriginaldescent.Alargenumberofthemserveaswatchmen.Theyarealsoemployedasofthemserveaswatchmen.Theyarealsoemployedasvillagemessengers,grooms,elephantdriversandwoodvillagemessengers,grooms,elephantdriversandwoodcuttersandporters.cuttersandporters.n nTheDhanuksareservantclassfoundineveryplaceTheDhanuksareservantclassfoundineveryplacewheretherearehighcasteHindus.TheyperformmenialwheretherearehighcasteHindus.Theyperformmenialhouseholddutiesalongwiththeirfamily.SomeDhanukshouseholddutiesalongwiththeirfamily.SomeDhanuksarealsoarealsocultivatorswhilethefemalesactasmaidcultivatorswhilethefemalesactasmaidservants.servants.MusaharsDusadhsDhanuksTheMusaharsarefieldlaborerCaste System Todayn nPrejudiceagainstthelowercastesisgraduallyPrejudiceagainstthelowercastesisgraduallydisappearinginBihar.disappearinginBihar.n nInthecountrydistricts,theinfluenceofZamindar(landInthecountrydistricts,theinfluenceofZamindar(landlords)familiesisstillconsiderable,buttheirinfluenceislords)familiesisstillconsiderable,buttheirinfluenceisbasedmoreontheirpositionaslandlordsthanasbasedmoreontheirpositionaslandlordsthanaspersonsoftitle.personsoftitle.n nThemiddleclassismadeupofprofessionalsthatfortheThemiddleclassismadeupofprofessionalsthatforthemostparthavedoneawaywithcasteprejudices.mostparthavedoneawaywithcasteprejudices.n nMarriageissomewhatdifferent:thoughinter-casteMarriageissomewhatdifferent:thoughinter-castemarriagesarenowrelativelycommoninIndia,manymarriagesarenowrelativelycommoninIndia,manyIndiansstillconsidercasteamajorcriterionforIndiansstillconsidercasteamajorcriterionformatrimonialchoices.matrimonialchoices.n nBiharisstillprefertogoinforarrangedmarriagesintheirBiharisstillprefertogoinforarrangedmarriagesintheirowncommunityandcaste.owncommunityandcaste.CasteSystemTodayPrejudiceagIdeology:Three Main Religions in Biharn nHinduismn nBuddhismn nJainismIdeology:ThreeMainReligionsIdeology:Hinduismn nThethirdlargestreligionintheworldwithdiversesects.n nFiveBasicTenets:Dharma(ethicsorduties)Dharma(ethicsorduties)Samsara(thecontinuingcycleofrebirth)Samsara(thecontinuingcycleofrebirth)Karma(actionandreaction)Karma(actionandreaction)Moksha(liberationfromsamsara)Moksha(liberationfromsamsara)Yogas(pathsorpractices)Yogas(pathsorpractices)Ideology:HinduismThethirdlaIdeology:Buddhismn nGovernedbytheteachingsofSiddharthaGovernedbytheteachingsofSiddharthaGautamaknownasBuddhaGautamaknownasBuddha RebirthRebirth KarmaKarma TheFourNobleTruthsTheFourNobleTruths ThereissufferingThereissuffering ThereisacauseofsufferingThereisacauseofsuffering ThereisthecessationofsufferingThereisthecessationofsuffering ThereisawayleadingtothecessationofsufferingThereisawayleadingtothecessationofsufferingn nOftendescribedasawayoflifeinsteadofaOftendescribedasawayoflifeinsteadofareligion.religion.Ideology:BuddhismGovernedbyIdeology:Jainismn nFoundedinthe6thcenturyB.C.inancientBihar.n nThreemaintenets:Ahimsa(non-violence):TowardsbothhumansandAhimsa(non-violence):Towardsbothhumansandanimals.Leadstothepropagationofvegetarianismanimals.Leadstothepropagationofvegetarianism Aparigraha(non-attachment):FreeingthesoulAparigraha(non-attachment):Freeingthesoulthroughthedisregardofmaterialobjects.throughthedisregardofmaterialobjects.Anekantwad(relativity):Noabsolutetruth.EverythingAnekantwad(relativity):Noabsolutetruth.Everythingispossible.ispossible.Ideology:JainismFoundedinthEducation:Historyn nHistoricallyBiharhasbeenamajorcenteroflearningn nOriginatedfromthetimeofBuddhaorevenearliern nHomeofoneoftheearliestuniversities,Nalanda,whichdatesbacktothe5thcenturyn nVikramshia,whichisanotheruniversityislocatedthereaswellEducation:HistoryHistoricallyEducation:HistorynDuringmedievalperiod,educationwaslostnBelievedthatmaraudingarmiesoftheinvadersdestroyedthecentersoflearningEducation:HistoryDuringmedieEducationn nDuring1970sand1980sgovernmenttookcontroloverprivateschoolsn nBecausegovernmentwasill-equippedthestandardsoftheschoolsbegantofalln nHowever,governmentdidnottakeoverschoolsranbyChristianmissionaries,andtheseschoolsstillprovidedqualityeducationEducationDuring1970sand1980Educationn nCentralgovernmentrunsaCentralgovernmentrunsanumberofKendriyanumberofKendriyaVidyalayas(CentralSchools)Vidyalayas(CentralSchools)n nJawaharNavodayaSchoolsJawaharNavodayaSchoolsweremadebythelatePrimeweremadebythelatePrimeMinisterRajivGandhiforMinisterRajivGandhiforruralchildrenruralchildrenn nHavebeensuccessfulinHavebeensuccessfulinprovidingqualityeducationprovidingqualityeducationtotheweakersectionsofthetotheweakersectionsofthesocietysocietyEducationCentralgovernmentruEducationn nModernBiharhasaninadequateeducationalModernBiharhasaninadequateeducationalinfrastructurewhichplacesahugeimpactinfrastructurewhichplacesahugeimpactbetweensupplyanddemandbetweensupplyanddemandn nThegrowingpopulationhasmadethesituationThegrowingpopulationhasmadethesituationevenworse,andhasledtoa“flooding”oftheevenworse,andhasledtoa“flooding”ofthestudentpopulationtootherstatesinordertostudentpopulationtootherstatesinordertoobtainabettereducationobtainabettereducationn nOnly51%ofthechildrenenrolledinprimaryOnly51%ofthechildrenenrolledinprimaryschoolactuallyattend,59%ofthosewhodoschoolactuallyattend,59%ofthosewhodoattenddonothavetextbooks,and13%oftheattenddonothavetextbooks,and13%ofthechildreninBihararenotenrolledatall.childreninBihararenotenrolledatall.EducationModernBiharhasaniEducationn nHasanoverallliteracyof47.53%Hasanoverallliteracyof47.53%n nMaleliteracyrateof60.32%Maleliteracyrateof60.32%n nFemaleliteracyrateof33.57%Femaleliteracyrateof33.57%n nOnly21%ofallprimaryschoolteachershaveOnly21%ofallprimaryschoolteachershavecompletedthematriculationcompletedthematriculationn nBecauseofthelawofaffirmativeactionthatBecauseofthelawofaffirmativeactionthatreservesjobsandeducationforpeopleofreservesjobsandeducationforpeopleofbackwardclasses,studentsfromBihararebackwardclasses,studentsfromBiharareperformingwellinrespecttobettereconomicallyperformingwellinrespecttobettereconomicallywelloffstatesinIndiawelloffstatesinIndiaEducationHasanoverallliteraStatus of Womenn nWomeninBihararesubjectedtofollowingasystemcalledPurdah,anditisalmostasoppressiveastheTalibanerainAfghanistan.n n88%ofgirlsmarrybeforeage17-despitethefactthatnationallawsayswomencannotmarrybeforetheage18.StatusofWomenWomeninBiharPurdah Systemn nPurdahliterallymeanscurtainn nReachesacrossHinduandMuslimlines.n nWomenmustbecoveredinpublic.n nWomencannottravelwithouttheirhusbandspermission.n nMostwomencanonlyassociatewithfamilymembers,orthoseapprovedbythefamily.n nOften,menevendotheshoppingsothatwomendonotneedtogooutinpublicunaccompanied.PurdahSystemPurdahliterallyStatus of Womenn nWomenmustWomenmusthaveadowryhaveadowrybeforetheygetbeforetheygetmarried.married.n nAwomansAwomanspossessionsgotopossessionsgotoherhusband,andherhusband,andthenuponherthenuponherdeath,toherdeath,toherchildren.children.AwomaninBiharhasveryfewpossessions,usuallynoeducation,andverylittleautonomy.StatusofWomenWomenmusthaveCulture of Bihar:Festivalsn nChhathChhath WorshipoftheSunWorshipoftheSunGodGodn nTeejTeej WorshipofGoddessWorshipofGoddessParvatiParvatiCultureofBihar:FestivalsChhBihar:Musicn nFolksongsdealingFolksongsdealingwitheverydaylifewitheverydaylife sohar-performedsohar-performedduringchildbirthduringchildbirth sumangali-associatedsumangali-associatedwithweddingwithwedding ropnigeet-performedropnigeet-performedduringtheseasonofduringtheseasonofsowingpaddysowingpaddy katnigeet-performedkatnigeet-performedduringthepaddyduringthepaddyharvestingseasonharvestingseasonBihar:MusicFolksongsdealingQuestion 1n nWhatdoesthewordpurdahmean?a)closedb)curtainc)cut-offd)womane)wickedQuestion1WhatdoesthewordQuestion 2n nAlthoughIndiaismakingalleffortstodoawaywithcaste-discriminations,inwhichpartsofIndiadoescastediscriminationstillplayamajorroleinsocietyandpolitics?a)TownsTownsb)citiescitiesc)urbanareasurbanareasd)ruralareasruralareasQuestion2AlthoughIndiaismaQuestion 3n nComparedtotherestofIndiaeconomically,Biharisa)ProgressingatthesamerateProgressingatthesamerateb)LaggingbehindLaggingbehindc)AdvancingmorequicklyAdvancingmorequicklyQuestion3ComparedtotherestQuestion 4n nWhichofthefollowingreligionsoriginatedinancientBihar6thCenturyBC?a)HinduismHinduismb)JainismJainismc)IslamIslamQuestion4WhichofthefollowiQuestion 5n nWhatisthefestivalofChhathfor?a)WorshipofGoddessParvatiWorshipofGoddessParvatib)WorshipoftheGodoftheSunWorshipoftheGodoftheSunc)CelebrationofagoodharvestCelebrationofagoodharvestQuestion5WhatisthefestivalWorks Citedn nhttp:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_caste_systemhttp:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_caste_systemn nhttp:/www.country- nhttp:/orion.oac.uci.edu/pranjan/bihar.pdfhttp:/orion.oac.uci.edu/pranjan/bihar.pdfn nhttp:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttp:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharn n http:/www.bihar.org.in/economy/http:/www.bihar.org.in/economy/n n“Bihar.”“Bihar.”EncyclopediaBritannicaEncyclopediaBritannica.n nNolan,Patrick.HumanSocieties.ParadigmPublishers.Boulder,CO.2004Nolan,Patrick.HumanSocieties.ParadigmPublishers.Boulder,CO.2004n nhttp:/ nhttp:/gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/CensusStats-01.htmhttp:/gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/CensusStats-01.htmn nhttp:/www.infochangeindia.org/bookandreportsst96.jsphttp:/www.infochangeindia.or
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