开头结尾3原则课件

开头结尾开头结尾3原则原则原则1：开头结尾模式化，中间段落个人化。原则2：开头结尾快速简明，中间段落精耕细作。原则3：开头结尾相互呼应，中间段落紧扣主题。文章开头引言*评论背景*重述主题个人观点写作计划文章开头之背景法笼统背景法（恶俗背景法）with the development of economy and science/technology 事例背景法写背景的方法利弊类：指出题给proposal背后的现象；Should people pay for public transportation?Bus and subway tickets become increasingly unaffordable for people nowadays.(Peoples expenses on public transportation become a huge burden nowadays.)Some people point out a possible solution that the government should adopt a free public transportation policy.文章开头之问题法可不可以照抄原题？不可以！对题目进行改写Whether大法Whether people should pay for the public transportation becomes a hot topic today.Whether advertising makes products much better than they really are becomes a hot topic today.Whether大法The question about whether people should pay for the public transportation is the one that has been concerned a lot.The question about whether advertising makes products much better than they really are is the one that has been concerned a lot.Should大法利弊类专用Should people pay for the public transportation?My answer is negative.Should people use mobile phones on public transportation vehicles?My answer is yes.Never倒装大法Never in history was the issue of parenting so emphasized as it is in modern society.Never in history was the issue of environment preservation so emphasized as it is in modern society.说明“多样性”Peoples opinion may differ when it comes to whether people should pay for public transportation.In my opinion,a free public transportation policy surely benefits the whole public and the government.说明“普遍性”It is a prevalent phenomenon that many governments have made their bus service free.表示观点的三种句型表示观点的三种句型1 1、普遍观点、普遍观点2 2、正反观点、正反观点3 3、我的观点、我的观点1 1、普遍观点、普遍观点 often often claimedclaimedIt is It is widely widely believed thatbelieved that generally generally suggestedsuggested1 1、普遍观点、普遍观点A large number of A large number of people people The vast majority ofThe vast majority ofhold the opinionhold the opinionargue argue thatthatinsist insist assuassume e2 2、正反观点、正反观点Some experts/scientists/Some experts/scientists/critics point out.critics point out.NeverthelessNevertheless,other common people are other common people are strongly strongly against the view.They against the view.They believe that believe that Some hold that;meanwhile,there is an equally good argument that3 3、我的观点、我的观点I am a believer in the I am a believer in the argument argument that that Personally,I maintain Personally,I maintain thatthatI personally believe I personally believe thatthatIn conclusion,I feIn conclusion,I feel it l it is better is better for tofor to写作计划写作计划I will illustrate my idea in two aspects.There are several reasons why I agree/disagree with this statement.I will explain my opinion with following reasons.My reasons are as follows.文章开头之引语法用引语，一般是名人名言或成语谚语等开头，显得有涵养，并且更有说服力。缺点是我们头脑中的英文名人名言少得可怜，并且容易用错（注意是英文名人名言少得可怜）什么样的语可以引？有英文原话的，或有标准翻译的什么样的名人名言不能引用？用引语的3个不允许之1不允许现场翻译中文名人名言典籍Dao can dao,very dao.The Tao that can be expressed in words,is not the true and eternal Tao.用引语的3个不允许之2不允许引用网络“经典语言”“不在分校后恋爱，就在分校后变态”。“not fall in love after divided school,will BT after divided school.”用引语的3个不允许之3不允许打肿脸愣充名人。例如本来是邻居王大爷说的，一想很有道理，说成是某哲学家说的。主要句型：主要句型：1 1、As a proverb says,As a proverb says,2 2、As a famous saying goes,As a famous saying goes,3 3、As As 人名人名，身份身份，said,said,“”.“”.e.g.e.g.As As NewtonNewton，a great scientist a great scientist,said,said,“”.“”.人人 名名 身身 份份 常用谚语汇总：常用谚语汇总：1 1、Facts speak louder than words.Facts speak louder than words.2 2、Money cannot buy time.Money cannot buy time.3 3、Failure is the mother of Failure is the mother of success.success.4 4、Pride goes before a fall.Pride goes before a fall.5 5、MoreMore hastehaste,less speedless speed.常用谚语汇总：常用谚语汇总：1 1、Facts speak louder than words.Facts speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩。事实胜于雄辩。2 2、Money cannot buy time.Money cannot buy time.寸金难买寸光阴。寸金难买寸光阴。3 3、Failure is the mother of Failure is the mother of success.success.失败是成功之母。失败是成功之母。4 4、Pride goes before a fall.Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。骄者必败。5 5、More haste,less speed.More haste,less speed.欲速则不达。欲速则不达。6 6、Man proposes,God disposesMan proposes,God disposes 7 7、Time and tide Time and tide wait for no manwait for no man.8 8、Health is better than wealth.Health is better than wealth.9 9、DiamondDiamond cut diamond.cut diamond.1010、There are plenty of fish in There are plenty of fish in the sea.the sea.6 6、Man proposes,God disposes.Man proposes,God disposes.谋事在人，成事在天。谋事在人，成事在天。7 7、Time and tide wait for no man.Time and tide wait for no man.时不我待。时不我待。8 8、Health is better than wealth.Health is better than wealth.健康胜于钱财。健康胜于钱财。9 9、Diamond cut diamond.Diamond cut diamond.强中更有强中手（人外有人）。强中更有强中手（人外有人）。1010、There are plenty of fish in There are plenty of fish in the sea.the sea.天涯何处无芳草。天涯何处无芳草。1111、Rest breeds rust.Rest breeds rust.1212、Penny wise and pound foolish.Penny wise and pound foolish.1313、As you make the bed,so you As you make the bed,so you must lie in it.must lie in it.1414、Silence is golden.Silence is golden.1515、Put the cart before the Put the cart before the horse.horse.1111、Rest breeds rust.Rest breeds rust.生命在于运动。生命在于运动。1212、Penny wise and pound foolish.Penny wise and pound foolish.因小失大。因小失大。1313、As you make the bed,so you As you make the bed,so you must lie in it.must lie in it.自食其果自食其果1414、Silence is golden.Silence is golden.沉默是金。沉默是金。1515、Put the cart before the Put the cart before the horse.horse.本末倒置。本末倒置。名言的名言的“三重境界三重境界”：1 1、引用名人名言、谚语。、引用名人名言、谚语。2 2、改写名人名言。、改写名人名言。3 3、自创名言！、自创名言！直接引用时，范围要广。直接引用时，范围要广。可以引自莎士比亚，你的祖母，可以引自莎士比亚，你的祖母，一首流行歌曲，一句电影台词或者一首流行歌曲，一句电影台词或者一句广告语。一句广告语。一一重重天天直直接接引引用用Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.EdisonIf winter comes,can spring be far behind?Today you do others dont do,tomorrow you do others cannot do.一一重重天天直直接接引引用用It is not because things are It is not because things are difficult that we do not dare;difficult that we do not dare;it is because we do not dare it is because we do not dare that they are difficult.that they are difficult.Lucius Annaeus Lucius Annaeus Seneca Seneca (塞内加：塞内加：Roman philosopher,Roman philosopher,statesman,playwright)statesman,playwright)一一重重天天直直接接引引用用Impossible is nothing.Impossible is nothing.Just do it.Just do it.To me,the past is black and white,To me,the past is black and white,but the future is always colorful.but the future is always colorful.对我而言对我而言,过去平淡无奇过去平淡无奇;而未来而未来,却是却是绚烂缤纷绚烂缤纷.(.(轩尼诗酒轩尼诗酒)一一重重天天直直接接引引用用Look,Simba,everything the Look,Simba,everything the light touches is our kingdom.light touches is our kingdom.Life is like a box of Life is like a box of chocolate,you never know what chocolate,you never know what you are going to getyou are going to get.一一重重天天直直接接引引用用 Doing hard things is what Doing hard things is what makes people better.makes people better.The future is now.The future is now.My greatest My greatest gloryglory is not never is not never falling,but rising every time falling,but rising every time when I fall.when I fall.-Oliver Goldsmith一一重重天天直直接接引引用用Love as if you have never been Love as if you have never been hurt.hurt.Work as if you didnt need money.Work as if you didnt need money.Dance as if no one is watching.Dance as if no one is watching.Give as if you already have all.Give as if you already have all.Pray as if God is listening.Pray as if God is listening.一一重重天天直直接接引引用用I am short,I am fat,I am I am short,I am fat,I am proud of thatCarfieldproud of thatCarfield常常见见人人名名Shakespeare Shakespeare 十六世纪的英国剧作家，诗十六世纪的英国剧作家，诗人，人，3737部戏剧，部戏剧，154154首十四行诗。首十四行诗。肖伯纳肖伯纳 Bernard Shaw Bernard Shaw 爱默生爱默生Emerson Emerson 高尔基高尔基Gorky(gork Gorky(gork 植物人植物人)海伦、凯勒海伦、凯勒Helen Keller Helen Keller 罗素罗素 RussellRussell苏格拉底苏格拉底SocratesSocrates亚里士多德亚里士多德 AristotleAristotle柏拉图柏拉图Plato Plato 培根培根Bacon Bacon The Bible The Bible 圣经圣经改改造造名名言言 Education means“teach Education means“teach people to know what they do not people to know what they do not know before.know before.改造改造 Education does no mean Education does no mean“teach people to know what“teach people to know what they do not know before”,It they do not know before”,It means“means“ensble people to behav people to behave what they do not behavwhat they do not behave before”.before”.二二重重天天改改造造名名言言Ask not what your country can Ask not what your country can do for you,ask what you can do do for you,ask what you can do for your country.for your country.改造：改造：Ask not what the nature Ask not what the nature can do for the human race,ask can do for the human race,ask what human race can do for the what human race can do for the nature.nature.Ask not what your parents can Ask not what your parents can do for you,ask what you can do do for you,ask what you can do for your parents.for your parents.三三重重天天自自创创名名言言For the world,you are a For the world,you are a lonely lonely person;for your family,you person;for your family,you are are the world.the world.文章开头之定义法给题目中某个概念下定义，围绕你下的定义进行讨论，即定一下一个前提；优点：适当创新，突出个性；缺点：定义偏差大，人们不能接受；很多题目不适合下定义。文章开头之混合法“背问引定”四种方法可以结合起来用，使开头内容丰富；缺点：花费时间多，造成“头太大”。结尾必须有结尾；结尾必须呼应主题；结尾可以提出建议；结尾可以展望未来。To put all in a nutshell,总结第一个论点；besides，总结第二个论点；what is more,总结第三个论点.Therefore,I have to insist upon my attitude that 总结文章态度.