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American LiteratureModernism1American LiteratureModernism1Section One American ModernismSection Two Modern PoetrySection Three American DramaSection Four Modern NovelsAmerican Modernism(19181945)2Section One American ModernismAmerican Modernism?Backgrounds of American Modernism?Definition and Features of American Modernism3American Modernism?BackgroundsBackground of Modernism1 The Effect of the First World Warand the Great Depression:2 New Theories and Ideasa.German:Karl Marx and Nietzscheb.Austrian:Sigmund Freudc.William James and Carl Jungd.French Impressionism,German Expressionism and Cubism4Background of Modernism1 The EImpressionism5Impressionism5Expressionism6Expressionism6Cubism7Cubism7Definition of Modernism?During the first decades of the 20th century modernism became an international tendency in art and literature.It began in Germany in the 1890s,and spread worldwide,and ended in the early 1940s.It included a wide range of artistic expressions such as symbolism,impressionism,post-impressionism,imagism,expressionism and so on.8Definition of Modernism?Durin?The distinctive feature of literary modernism was its strong and conscious break with traditional forms,perceptions and techniques of expression,and its great concern with language and all aspects of its medium.9?The distinctive featureof litA Ezra Pound(1885-1975)andImagist Movement(19091917)Followers of PoundB T.S.Eliot(1888 1965)and New Poetry MovementFollowers of EliotC E.E.Cummings(18941962)D Three Types of PoetsModern Poetry 10A Ezra Pound(1885-1975)andImImagist Movement?Definition of Imagism?Three principles of Imagism?Examples of Imagist poetry11Imagist Movement?Definition ofThe Imagist Movement(Imagism)?Led by Ezra Pound and flourished from 1909 to 1917,the movement advanced modernism in arts which concentrated on reforming the medium of poetry as opposed to Romanticism,especially Tennyson s wordiness and high-flown language in poetry.12The Imagist Movement(Imagism)The three principles followed by the Imagists were:?Direct treatment?Economy of expression(3)“Free verse 13The three principlesfollowed bDirect Treatment?The subject of the poem must be expressed in such a way as to resemble it and reproduce it as closely as possible.Simple language must be used to create an image which the reader can immediately see in his own imagination.Each word must be used with great exactitude to produce a precise image and nothing more.14Direct Treatment?The subject oEconomy of expression?No word must be used which does not contribute directly to the image.The language must be concentrated.There must be no drawing of conclusions,no explanations.15Economy of expression?No word Free verse?No unnecessary words may be included in order to make meter or a rhyme.A poem should be composed with the phrasing of music,not a metronome.16Free verse?No unnecessary wordExamples of Imagist Poems?In a Station of the Metroby Ezra Pound?The Red Wheelbarrowby William Carlos Williams17Examples of Imagist Poems?In aIn a Station of the Metro?The apparition of these faces in the crowd;?Petals on a wet,black bough.Ezra Pound18In a Station of the Metro?The The Red WheelbarrowSo much dependsupona red wheelbarrowglazed with rainwaterbeside the whitechickensWilliam Carlos Williams19The Red WheelbarrowSo much depEzra Pound(18851972)埃兹拉.庞德?His life?His works?His contribution20Ezra Pound(18851972)埃兹拉.庞德?His Life (1)?Born in 1885 in Hailey,Idaho?Brought up in Pennsylvania?Studied Romance languages at college and university?In 1908 sailed to Europe and first poetry in Venice?Arrived in London and founded Imagism?In 1912 editor of“Poetry”and blue-penciled“The Waste Land”21His Life (1)?Born in 1885 in His life (2)?In 1913 began studying Chinese Language and ancient Chinese culture?In 1914 sponsored Vorticism?In 1915 finished“Cathay”and began working on“Cantos”?“Homage to Sextus Propertius in 1917?“Hugh Selwyn Mauberley”in 1920?Treason in World War Two and released in 1958?Returned to Italy and died there in 1972 22His life (2)?In 1913 began stHis works?Personae(1909)人物?Exultations(1909)狂喜?Cathay(1915)译著华夏?Homage to Sextus Propertius(1917)向赛克斯特斯.普罗波蒂斯致敬?Hugh Selwyn Mauberley(1920)?The Cantos?The ABC Reading(Literary Essay)23His works?Personae(1909)人物?A Established Imagism with British poet T.E.Hulmein 1908;?B Suggested 3 principles for Imagism with RichardAldington and Hilda Doolittle?C Sponsored Vorticism with painter Windham Lewisin 1914;?D Leading role in poetic renovation and renaissance in the first 25 years of the 20th century?E Father of modern American poetryHis contribution24?AEstablished Imagism with BrNew Poetry Movement?The years 19121914 witnessed the appearance of a new poetic revolution.The new poets wrote a poetry that defied most of the accepted rules,and dealt with subjects which had not been dealt with.They wrote in new ways and techniques.The new verse was responsive to the fragmentized nature of modern life.25New Poetry Movement?The years T.S.Eliot(18881965)?His life?His works?His contribution?About his work26T.S.Eliot(18881965)?His liHis life?famous American poet,playwright and critic?major figure in New Poetry Movement?a key to modern British and American poetry 27His life?famous American poet,?Born in St.Louis,Missouri;received a good education,especially with classic literature;went to Harvard in 1906;explored the poetry of the 17th Metaphysical poets;finished The Love Song in 1911;settled down in England in 1915 teaching,working as a bank clerk,writing book reviews,suffering an unhappy marriage while composing poetry.28?Born in St.Louis,Missouri;His works?Poems:The Love Song of J.Alfred PrufrockGerontion The Waste Land The Hollow Men Ash-Wednesday Four Quartets?Dramatic works:Sweeney Agonistes;Murder in the Cathedral;The Cocktail Party,The Confidential Clerk;29His works?Poems:The Love Song His contribution?a giver of laws and the arbiter of taste in new poetry and criticism?a literary dictator in American literary history.30His contribution?a giver of la?His basic themes of his criticismconcerned the relationship between tradition and individual talent,and between the past,the present and the future.31?His basic themes of his criti?His famous doctrine on poets and poetry is known as the“impersonal theory”or the theory of impersonality and objectivity.One of the things that this theory emphasizes is the relation of a poem to the poems by other authors and suggests“the conception of poetry as a living whole of all the poetry that has ever been written”.It explains the importance of tradition and the past.Another thing that this theory tries to focus on is the relation of the poem to its author.32?His famous doctrine on poets?a He started the reevaluation of poets like Milton and the Romantics.?b He did more to popularize the 17th-century Metaphysical poets and late-19th-century French Symbolism.?c He emphasized the need to see the vitality of the literature of the past and to draw from literary traditions other than English literature.33?aHe started the reevaluation?His poetry is difficult to read:?1)For one thing the images and symbols seem very much disconnected.?2)Another difficulty lies in his learned quotations and allusions.34?His poetry is difficult to re?His The Waste Land(P180-183)?1)It was composed in the autumn of 1921.?2)Its epigraph is taken from the Satyricon of Petronius representing the motif and the somber mood of the poem:desperate struggle to attain salvation.?3)Its title draws its significance from the Fisher King lengend.?4)It reveals his strong historical sense:the past is of great significance to writers.?5)It was a poem of despair for the 1920s and 1930s.35?His The Waste Land(P180-183)?E.E.Cummings?His life?His works?His contribution?His style36E.E.Cummings?His life?His wHis worksPoems:?Tulips and Chimneys?XLI Poems?Is 5?No thanks?Complete Poems?Drama:Him Santa Claus?Prose:The Enormous Room-4 months wrong experience in prison Eimi-his experience in RussiaSix Non-lectures-speeches at Harvard37His worksPoems:?Tulips and Chi?His contribution?Against traditional poetry with bold attempts at composing poems?Unique style?Cubism&Dadaism-guide his poems38?His contribution?Against tradHis style?New spatial arrangement of words;?New poems dealing with“un-poetic subjects”;?His scramble word order in syntactic anagram;?His extension of the semantic possibilities of words(he chooses to stretch,squeeze,or intensify by typographical acrobatics or grammatical innovations);(see an example on P208)39His style?New spatial arrangem?in Just-?spring when the world is mud-?luscious the little?lame balloonman?whistles far and wee?and eddieandbill come?running from marbles and?piracies and its?spring?when the world is puddle-wonderful?the queer?old balloonman whistles?far and wee?and bettyandisbel come dancing?from hop-scotch and jump-rope and 40?in Just-?spring when the?its?spring?and?the?goat-footed?balloonman whistles?far?and?wee41?its?spring?and?the?goatThree Types of Modern Poets?A:Chicago Poets?B:Leading figures in the poeticrevolution?C:in-between poets42Three Types of Modern Poets?A:Chicago Poets?Vachel Lindsay(18791931)维切尔.林赛?Edgar Lee Masters(18691950)埃德加.李.马斯特斯?Carl Sandburg(18781967)卡尔.桑德堡?Hart Crane(18991932)哈特.克兰/克莱恩43Chicago Poets?Vachel Lindsay(1Leading figures in the poetic revolution?Ezra Pound(18851972)埃兹拉.庞德?T.S.Eliot(18881972)T.S.艾略特?E.E.Cummings(18941962)卡明斯44Leading figures in the poetic Followers of Imagism:?Amy Lowell(18741925)艾米.洛威尔?Hilda Doolittle(18861961)（希尔达.杜利特尔）?William Carlos Williams(18831963)威廉.卡洛斯.威廉斯45Followers of Imagism:?Amy LoweFollowers of T.S.Eliot:?Wallace Stevens(18791955)华莱士.史蒂文斯46Followers of T.S.Eliot:?Wallin-between poets?Robert Frost(18741963)罗伯特.弗罗斯特?Edwin Arlington Robinson(18691935)埃德温.阿灵顿.罗宾逊47in-between poets?Robert FrostChicago Poets?Chicago:the revolutionary center against traditional poetry?Poetry (a magazine)?Adhere to the tradition of Whitman?Reflect feelings of laboring people48Chicago Poets?Chicago:the revVachel Lindsay(1879 1931)维切尔.林赛?“a tramp and a beggar”?The Tree of Laughing Bells?Rhymes To Be Traded for Bread?General William Booth Enters into Heaven and Other Poems?The Congo and Other Poems-widely recognized as an exponent of the“new poetry”Tried to stimulate a popular taste for poetry through a method that he called“the higher vaudeville”in which his recitations were marked by a dramatic use of gesture and chant,emphasizing his strong rhythms and syncopation.Eg:?Abraham Lincoln Walks at Midnight;?The Congo?The Santa-Fe Trail 49Vachel Lindsay(18791931)维切尔?The Chinese Nightingale and Other Poems-marked the peak of his artistic achievement:?its title poem and The Ghost of Buffaloes?In Praise of Johnny Appleseed one of his most significant pieces?Later collections with comparatively little value:?The Daniel Jazz?The Golden Whales of California?Collected Poems?The Candle in the Cabin?Johnny Appleseed?His prose works include:?Adventures While Preaching the Gospel of Beauty?A Handy Guide of Beggars?The Golden Book of Springfield a mystic Utopia based on his gospel of beauty?The Litany of Washington Street a book of political essays?His biography was written by his friend Edgar Lee Masters?Mark Harriss City of Discontent an interpretation of his life and his region50?The Chinese Nightingale and OEdgar Lee Masters(18691950)埃德加.李.马斯特斯?Kansas-born lawyer in Chicago?First entered literature as an avocation?A Book of Verse?Maximilianblank-verse drama?Spoon River Anthology:free-verse epitaph?suddenly catapulted into fame?The New Spoon River-a bitter commentary on the vicious urban standards of changing America?Domesday Book and its sequel The Fate of the Jury陪审团的命运?among the best of his later poetry51Edgar Lee Masters(18691950)?other later poetry:?Songs and Satires?The Great Valley?Toward the Gulf?Starved Rock?Dramatic poems:?Lee?Jack Kelso?Godbey?Lichee Nuts statements of philosophy in the Chinese manner?Invisible Landscapes?Poems of People?The New World panoramas of America and its outstanding figures?Illinois Poems?Also wrote prose and novel52?other later poetry:?Songs andCarl Sandburg(18781967)卡尔.桑德堡?American modern poet and biographical writer?Benefit from his humble personal backgrounds and rich experience?Write plain poems for plain people“为朴素的人民写朴素的诗”?To be sound of the people 成为“人民的声音”?Contribution to colloquial style of American literature?be awarded the American Poetry Society prize in 1919 and 1920?be awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his Complete Poems in 1950?53Carl Sandburg(18781967)卡尔.桑德His works?In Reckless Ecstasy?Chicago Poems?Famous Imagist poems:?Fog?Lost?The Harbor Chicago?Cool Tombs?I Am the People,the Mob?The People,Yes?The American Songbag-folk songs of cowboys,vagabond and black people?Biography of Lincoln (6 volumes)?1 autobiography?1 historical novel?Cornhuskers?Smoke and Steel?Good Morning,America?Collected Poems 54His works?In Reckless Ecstasy Hart Crane(18991932)哈特.克兰/克莱恩?Poor childhood，adolescence and life?White Buildings-early 23 poems?The Bridge?He was not approved until 1937.55Hart Crane(18991932)哈特.克兰/克Amy Lowell(18741925)艾米.洛威尔?Female American poet and critic?Leading advocator and organizer of Imagist Movement together with?Ezra Pound?Amplify Pounds principles for Imagism(36)?John Keats(1925)?A Dome of Many Colored Glass(1912)?Sword Blades and Poppy Seed(1914)?Men,women and Ghosts(1916)?Pictures of the Floating World(1919)?Legend(1921)56Amy Lowell(18741925)艾米.洛威尔?Hilda Doolittle(18861961)（希尔达.杜利特尔）?Well-known as an American Imagist poet?One major representative of Imagism?Once lover and later friend of Ezra Pound?H.D.(pen name given by Ezra Pound)?Trilogy:The Walls Do Not Fall(1944)?Tribute to Angles(1945)?The Flowering of the Rod(1946)枝干开花-combine personal experience with contemplation on historyUsing classical images 运用古典意象:?Hymen(1921)?Heliodora and Other Poems(1924)?Collected Poems(1925,1940);?Helen in Egypt(1961)?Her long novels:?Hedylus(1928)?Bid Me to Live(1960)57Hilda Doolittle(18861961)（希尔William Carlos Williams(18831963)威廉.卡洛斯.威廉斯?a most important figure in modern American poetry?unique theory on literary composition?“say it!No ideas but in things.”(Book I,Paterson)“思想仅寓于事物中”?Free verse and accentual verse自由体诗、重音诗?Famous American poet58William Carlos Williams(1883His works?Poem 诗集?The Tempers?Spring and All?A Novelette and Other Prose?Kora in Hell?Collected Earlier Poems?Collected Later Poems?The Desert Music?Journey to Love?Pictures from Breughed?The Red Wheelbarrow?Paterson?White Mule 小说三部曲?Many Loves and Other Plays?In the American Grain?Selected Essays?Selected Letters?Autobiography 59His works?Poem 诗集?The TempeWallace Stevens(18791955)华莱士.史蒂文斯?Unsuccessful lawyer and then worked in insurance company?Insurance and poetryreality and imagination/art?value of art and mission of artists?duty of poets?Harmonium (first collection of his poems at the age of 44)?Notes toward a Supreme Fiction?The Idea of Orders?The Man with the Blue Guitar?Parts of a World?Transport to Summer?The Auroras of Autumn?Collected Poems?Opus Posthumous?The Necessary Angel 60Wallace Stevens(18791955)华莱Robert Frost(18741963)罗伯特.弗罗斯特?“New England poet”?Robert Frost was the most popular American poet of this century.?received four Pulitzer Prizes for his poetry:The Road Not Taken Mending Wall Fire and Ice Acquainted with the Night61Robert Frost(18741963)罗伯特.弗罗Robert Frost?Literary Achievements?His works?His style?Appreciation of his poems:1 Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening2 The Road Not Taken 62Robert Frost?Literary AchievemLiterary Achievements?Frost mainly wrote about the landscape and people in New England.?He wrote many poems that investigate the basic theme of mans life.63Literary Achievements?Frost maHis works:?My butterfly?A Boys Will?North of Boston?Mountain Interval?New Hampshire?West-Running Brook?A Further Range?Mending Wall?After Apple-Picking?The Birches?A Witness Tree?Steeple Bush?A Masque of Mercy?Collected Poems?Complete Poems?In the Clearing?won Pulitzer Prize 4 times?Appointed as professor or visiting poet by dozens of universities?Be entitled“national poet”by American senate at age of 75?Recited his poem The Gift Outright on Inauguration Day of John Kennedy?Last poem at age of 8864His works:?My butterfly His style?Frost took no part in the literary movement in the 20th century.He did not experiment with form,as many poets did in the 1920s.He used conventional forms,plain and a graceful style.His poems were verycarefully constructed yet he made them seem effortless by using colloquial language and familiar,conversational rhythms.Images and metaphors in his poems are drawn from the simple country life and the pastoral landscape that can be easily understood-mowing,scything,winds rustling in the grass,birds singing,as well as ponds,roads,the cycle of the seasons,and the alteration of night and day.Most of Frost s poems are short and direct on the information level,and they have simple diction.However,profound ideas are delivered under the disguise of the plain language and the simple form.By using simple spoken language and conversational rhythms,Frost achieved an effortless grace in his style.He combined traditional verse forms sonnet,rhyming couplets,blank verse.He wrote in both the metrical forms and the free verse,and sometimes he wrote in a form that borrows freely from the merits of both,in the form that might be called semi-free or semi-conventional.65His style?Frost took no part iStopping by Woods on a Snowy Eveningby Robert FrostWhose woods these are I think I know.His house is in the village though;He will not see me stopping hereTo watch his woods fill up with snow.My little horse must think it queerTo stop without a farmhouse nearBetween the woods and frozen lakeThe darkest evening of the year.He gives his harness bells a shakeTo ask if there is some mistake.The only other sounds the sweepOf easy wind and downy flake.The woods are lovely,dark and deep,But I have promise to keep,And miles to go before I sleep,And mile to go before I sleep.66Stopping by Woods on a Snowy EStopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening?It represents a moment of relaxation from the onerous journey of life,an almost aesthetic enjoyment and appreciation of natural beauty which is wholesome and restorative against the chaotic existence of modern man.67Stopping by Woods on a Snowy EThe Road Not Takenby Robert Frost?TWO roads diverged in a yellow wood,?And sorry I could not travel both?And be one traveler,long I stood?And looked down one as far as I could?To where it bent in the undergrowth;?Then took the other,as just as fair,?And having perhaps the better claim,?Because it was grassy and wanted wear;?Though as for that the passing there?Had worn them really about the same,?And both that morning equally lay?In leaves no step had trodden black.?Oh,I kept the first for another day!?Yet knowing how way leads on to way,?I doubted if I should ever come back.?I shall be telling this with a sigh?Somewhere ages and ages hence:?Two roads diverged in a wood,and I?I took the one less traveled by,?And that has made all the difference.68The Road Not Takenby Robert Fr?I shall be telling this with a sigh?Somewhere ages and ages hence:?Two roads diverged in a wood,and I?I took the one less traveled by,?And that has made all the difference.69?I shall be telling this with“The Road Not Taken?This poem is written in classic five-line stanzas,with the rhyme scheme a-b-a-a-b and conversational rhythm.The poem seems to be about the poet,walking in the woods in autumn,choosing which road he should follow on his walk.In reality,it concerns the important decisions which one must make in life,when one must give up one desirable thing in order to possess another.Then,whatever the outcome,one must accept the consequences of one s choice for it is not possible to go back and have another chance to choose differently.In the poem,the poet hesitates for a long time,wondering which road to take,because they are both pretty.In the end,he follow
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